Accuracy versus Readability: Reconciling the Two Extreme Poles of Bible Translation Versions

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Ni Made Diana Erfiani
Keyword(s):  
Sermon On The Mount ◽  
Bible Translation ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Free Translation ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
Scientific Arguments ◽  
Accuracy Data ◽  
Proper Translation ◽  
Selection Of

This study aims at providing scientific arguments against the phenomena that appear in the Bible translation especially the extreme poles of literal and free translation versions. These two contradictory poles can be reconciled so that the literal products are not only accurate but also readable and vice versa the products of free translation version are not only readable but has a high level of accuracy. Data is in the form of terms taken from a famous biblical text of English – Indonesian translation entitled “The Sermon on the Mount” from two different versions namely literal and free translations. This study reveals that the reconciliation process of the two extreme poles can be done through the selection of proper translation procedure and by applying the chosen procedure correctly. Based on the finding, the meeting point of literal and free translation versions lies on the literal procedure, whereas the method of choosing correct procedure in literal translation can be done by way of starting from literal procedure to the left and from literal procedure to the right for the free translation version.

scholarly journals PENENTUAN JURUSAN PADA PROSES PENERIMAAN MAHASISWA DENGAN PENDEKATAN LOGIKA FUZZY

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-200
Author(s):  
Ari Purno Wahyu ◽  
Umi Hayati
Keyword(s):  
Membership Function ◽  
Fuzzy Inference ◽  
Function Type ◽  
Academic Field ◽  
Computer Knowledge ◽  
Selection Test ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
Selection Of

Choosing a major is not an easy matter. There are many factors that must be taken into account and carefully thought out so that in choosing a major, it will cause big losses. There are many ways to determine the selection of majors, one of which is by using fuzzy logic. Determination of majors is determined from the results of the selection test in the academic field with the subjects of Mathematics, English and Computer Knowledge. With the aim of recommending the selection of the right major according to academic abilities and improving quality. By using the fuzzy inference model Mamdani max-min method. The system simulation was tried using the MATLAB Fuzzy Toolbox software. The system design is carried out in several stages, namely: (1) formation of fuzzy sets, (2) formation of rules, (3) determination of the composition of rules, and (4) confirmation (defuzzification). Defuzzification is carried out using the Composite Moment method, with the types of membership functions used are mf-triangular, mf-trapezoid and mf-gaussian. From the results of the tests carried out, it shows that the mf-triangular and mf-trapezoid membership function types produce almost the same level of accuracy. While the membership function type mf-gaussian produces a high level of accuracy for mathematics by 87.50%, English 100% and computer knowledge 81.58%.  

scholarly journals Translation Methods Found in New Testament Bible of Mark’s Gospel

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-179
Author(s):  
Ni Wayan Swarniti
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Formal Method ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Translation Theory ◽  
Bible Translation ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Free Translation ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Translation Methods

Language is one of the important things in human life. By using the language, we can communicate with others. This research tried to analyze the bible translation by using methods of translation theory by Newmark (1988). This research was a qualitative research that focused to analyze the Gospel according to Mark. Bible entitled New Testament (2005) was published by The Indonesian Bible Society for The Gideons International. It was printed by Percetakan Lembaga Alkitab Indonesia. The book consists of 727 pages. Informal method was used to present the results of the analysis. It was the explanation of the translation methods used. Formal method was used to describe the table of the frequency of the translation methods applied in the bible translation found in new testament bible of Mark’s gospel. The translation methods found in data source were word for word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, free translation, idiomatic translation, and communicative translation. Adaptation was not found in all chapters of data source. The most translation method applied in new testament bible of Mark’s gospel was free translation. Free translation had the highest percentage in every chapter in new testament bible of Mark’s gospel. In the other word, the translator tried to transfer the meaning from source text into target text with changing the form based on cultures in target language.

scholarly journals Studi Numerik Optimasi Propeller Kapal Selam 29 meter Dengan Menggunakan High Skew

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Cahya Kusuma ◽  
I Made Ariana
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
Skew Angle ◽  
Optimum Velocity ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
Selection Of

Indonesia is an archipelagic nation and most shallow water channel in Western Indonesia, making the concept of mini submarine use by the Navy to be the right choice. One of the most important engineering is to design a mini submarine propeller with a high level of optimization. This research method is based on the result of numerical simulation using Computer Fluid Dynamic (CFD) which use B-series as base with skew variation 36o, 45o, 54o. It is expected that the results of this research can provide solutions in the selection of efficient design propeller for mini submarine 29m. With the open water diagrams generated then obtained the greatest efficiency value on B4-522 with skew obtained at 45 ° skew angle. The optimum velocity value is at J = 0.07 at 8.9 knots with an efficiency value of 0.856.

scholarly journals No culture shock? Addressing the Achilles heel of modern Bible translations

2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-325
Author(s):  
S.J. Joubert
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Distance ◽  
Culture Shock ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Bible Translation ◽  
Bible Translations ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
Initial Culture ◽  
The Right ◽  
New Generation

Modem Bible translations are often more sensitive to the needs of their intended readers than to the right of biblical texts to be heard on their own terms as religious artefacts from the ancient Mediterranean world. Since all biblical documents linguistically embody socio-religious meanings derived from ancient Mediterranean societies, they also need to be experienced as different, even alien, by modem readers. Without an initial culture shock in encountering a Bible translation modem people are held prisoners by Western translations of the Bible. Therefore, translations should instil a new sensitivity among modem readers to the socio-cultural distance between them and the original contexts of the Bible. In order to help facilitate this historical awareness, a new generation of "value added" translations must, in creative and responsible ways, begin to provide a minimum amount of cultural information to assist modem readers in assigning legitimate meanings to the linguistic signs encapsulated on the pages of the Bible.

Scriptural Markup in the Bible Translation Community

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Robie
Keyword(s):  
Reference Materials ◽  
Real World ◽  
Markup Language ◽  
Reference Systems ◽  
Electronic Publication ◽  
Common Reference ◽  
Bible Translation ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The Right

At XML conferences, most discussion of scriptural markup revolves around formats like OSIS and other TEI formats that are not widely used in the Bible translation community. The Bible translation community cares deeply about its translation data, and has developed a backslash-delimited markup language called USFM that is well-suited for marking up Scripture for Bible translation and publishing. It has also developed an XML-based equivalent called USX that is suitable for electronic publication. Neither of these languages is closely related to TEI or its conventions. Although USFM is well-suited for representing Scripture, it is not well-suited for representing lexicons, USFM handbooks, commentaries, translation handbooks, critical apparatus, and many other kinds of resources that translators use as they work. This has been a bottleneck for making some kinds of resources available to translators. Twenty years ago, a team that included well-known XML professionals designed OSIS to meet the needs of this community, but despite the technical merits of OSIS, the translation community continued to use USFM and USX instead. This paper explores the reasons that caused this community to choose USFM and USX, ways to leverage XML to provide reference materials to working translators, and reference systems needed to relate resources to each other. In the course of this paper, we will explore a wide variety of formats designed by different communities with different tastes for different purposes, including USFM, USX, XML, JSON, YAML, and CSV/TSV. All of these are text-based formats that support Unicode and allow data to be clearly labeled. Of course, life would be simpler if all data were created in the same format, but as long as common reference systems can make relationships among data clear, this variety of formats is not particularly problematic. The structure and relationships in the data are more important than the physical format. This paper discusses these issues in the context of Paratext, software actively used by over 10,000 working Bible translators in more than 2,900 languages. It explains the value of USFM, but also the problems caused by its lack of extensibility and the ways that Paratext is using XML to overcome that problem. This paper also gives some real-world examples of mediating among different formats to create resources that work well together, respecting the right of data creators to use formats that work for them. These same issues also occur outside of Paratext in systems that query or process the same kinds of data in other environments that do not use USFM. The same reference systems used to enable XML inside Paratext can also be used to integrate XML formats outside of Paratext and to create new resources that can be used in a wide variety of systems.

scholarly journals RANCANG BANGUN ALAT UKUR PANJANG KAKI DAN PENENTU STOK SEPATU YANG TERSEDIA SECARA DIGITAL MENGGUNAKAN ARDUINO MEGA 2560 BERBASIS WEBSITE

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Asep Hermawan ◽  
Abdul Muid ◽  
Irma Nirmala
Keyword(s):  
Main Function ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Shoe Size ◽  
Foot Length ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
Device Test ◽  
Selection Of

<p><em>Shoes have become a necessity and human lifestyle in keeping with the times. The main function of the shoe is to protect the foot from being injured due to environmental conditions. Shoe size is also a factor that influences the safety and comfort of activities so that the right size shoes are needed.For the sake of comfort in doing activities, shoes with the right size are needed to reduce injury. Some foot injuries can be caused due to incorrect selection of shoes so that they have a bad impact on the feet. To answer these problem, digital foot length measuring device will be made in this study using LDR sensor and diodesIn addition, this device can also recommend the right shoe sizes from various shoe brands available on the website page. To connect supporting software and hardware it will be managed by Arduino MEGA. Test results on 40 samples indicate that the system can recommend shoe sizes to users with a high level of suitability. Digital device test results obtained difference between 0cm - 1cm with a tolerance value of 1cm. On manual measurements of user's foot length and shoe size obtained a difference between 0,4cm – 1,5cm with a tolerance value of 1,5cm.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: Shoe Size, LDR Sensor, Arduino MEGA, Website</em><strong> </strong></p><p><em>Sepatu </em><em>sudah</em><em> menjadi kebutuhan dan g</em><em>aya hidup </em><em>manusia dalam mengikuti perkembangan zaman. Fungsi utama s</em><em>epatu </em><em>adalah </em><em>melindungi kaki agar tidak cedera karena kondisi lingkungan</em><em>. Ukuran sepatu juga menjadi faktor yang mempengaruhi keamanan dan </em><em>kenyamanan dalam beraktivitas</em><em> sehingga </em><em> dibutuhkan sepatu dengan ukuran yang </em><em>tepat.</em><em> </em><em>Beberapa cedera kaki dapat disebabkan  karena salah dalam pemilihan ukuran sepatu sehingga berdampak buruk bagi kaki. Untuk m</em><em>enjawab permasalahan tersebut,</em><em> </em><em>dalam penelitian ini direalisasikan alat ukur panjang telapak kaki secara digital menggunakan sensor LDR dan Dioda. Selain itu alat ini juga dapat merekomendasikan ukuran sepatu yang tepat dari berbagai merek sepatu yang tersedia di halaman website. Untuk menghubungkan perangkat lunak dan perangkat keras pendukung maka akan diatur oleh Arduino MEGA. Hasil pengujian pada 40 sampel menunjukkan bahwa sistem dapat merekomendasikan ukuran sepatu kepada pengguna dengan tingkat kesesuaian yang tinggi. Pengujian alat digital diperoleh selisih antara 0cm – 1cm dengan nilai toleransi sebesar 1cm. Untuk pengukuran manual panjang kaki dan ukuran sepatu pengguna didapatkan selisih antara 0,4cm – 1,5cm dengan nilai toleransi sebesar 1,5cm.</em></p><p><strong><em>Kata kunci</em></strong><em> : Ukuran Sepatu, Sensor LDR, Arduino MEGA, Website</em></p>

¿Griego o hebreo? Agustín y Jerónimo sobre la traducción bíblica

Augustinus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-185
Author(s):  
Teppei Kato ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Literary Work ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Greek Text ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Literal Translation ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Free Translation ◽  
High Level ◽  
Biblical Translation

This article elucidates the main topic in the discussion between Augustine and Jerome about biblical translation, by focusing on their views about the language of the source text of translation. According to the historical study of translation, translators at the time of Cicero were allowed to show their creativity, since they presupposed the reader’s ability to compare the Greek text with the Latin translation. Cicero, accordingly, chose free translation as his own principle. Augustine expected the readers of the Bible to compare the source text with the translation, claiming that the source text should be the Greek Bible, namely, the LXX. However, Augustine preferred literal translation, for he estimated the reader’s comprehension of the source text to be low. Jerome, on the other hand, anticipated the readers at a high level, so that he basically adopted free translation as a translation method of any kind of literary work, including the Bible. Moreover, since Jerome accepted the Hebrew text as the original text, rejecting the authority of the LXX, he recommended the non-Hebrew readers ask the Hebrews to examine the accuracy of his translation. In addition, as Augustine and Jerome have different attitudes towards translation, they also have different views on the ideological state of the LXX: Augustine allowed the LXX to be a free translation, while Jerome strictly demanded it to be a literal translation, even though their own translation theories are opposite, respectively.

scholarly journals Grundtvig og Gammel Testamente - den danske Bibel eller Septuaginta

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-80
Author(s):  
Christian Thodberg
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Kingdom Of God ◽  
Bible Translation ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right

Grundtvig and the Old Testament - the Danish Bible or the SeptuagintBy Christian ThodbergThe article begins with an account of Grundtvig’s attitude to the Old Testament (OT). Gmndtvig does not have to presuppose the New Testament when dealing with OT, but can read it freely: it is the same God that acts in both books of the Bible, though in different ways, according to how he leads and maintains his people. The same freedom finds expression in Gmndtvig’s sermons where he moves about effortlessly in the whole of the Biblical universe.Some of these sermons are dominated by a solemn, Old Testament tone, especially those that follow a triadic stmcture: first the Old Testament prophecy is mentioned, in the middle its fulfilment in and with the coming of Christ is described, and finally follows the most important part, the fulfilment of the prophecy in the present, Grundtvig not failing to place his activity in the centre - but as a stage, naturally, in the course of the history of salvation.In Grundtvig’s hymns, too, this structure recurs, as in Blomstre som en Rosengaard, in which the triadic structure is connected with the so-called Vstructure, the right side of the »V« of the hymn describing the fulfilment of the prophecy. By means of the V-structure Thodberg shows how baptism is the focus of the hymn, and also that in his interpretation of Isaiah 35 as a prediction of baptism Grundtvig leans on the Septuagint rather than the contemporary Danish Bible translation. In the Danish Hymn Book, Blomstre som en Rosengaard is only a torso - baptism is not the essential thing here.The article mentions a number of other examples of influence from the Septuagint on Grundtvig’s hymns and sermons. Among these the hymn Hyggelig, rolig stands out since it contains a large number of phrases that refer to the Septuagint. This applies to stanza 4 in which Grundtvig shows how even the person most troubled by doubts and most deeply bereaved will have a foretaste of the Kingdom of God when approaching Heaven in his or her heart on the tone ladder of songs of praise. This is a rendering of Psalm 84 in the Septuagint. The article concludes that from the 1830s Grundtvig makes extensive use of the Septuagint when quoting from OT. The background is that Grundtvig regarded the Septuagint as more poetical than the Danish translation from 1736, and - more importantly - that in preferring the Septuagint Grundtvig follows Irenaeus by relying on the Bible of the New Testament and the Old Church.

scholarly journals EMBRYO YIELD OF COWS-DONORS AND FUNCTIONAL ASYMETRY OF THE OVARIES

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 247-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. Sidashova ◽  
V. F. Stahovski ◽  
S. I. Kovtun
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
World Market ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Functional Asymmetry ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Embryo Yield ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
Selection Of

In recent years, experiments aimed at studying the structural asymmetry of paired organs have been conducted increasingly in veterinary medicine. The main factor, which prompted this interest, was extensive use of reproductive biotechnology methods to solve the problems of infertility. In experiments on laboratory animals and in clinical medicine, several authors have found that the nature of pathological processes in paired organs had some differences. Parameters of species functional asymmetry at the level of systems and organs are considered in terms of enantiomorphousness as a trait of adaptive evolution. The study of structural features of physiological and pathological processes in paired gonads of cows will increase the efficiency of biotechnological methods of folliculogenesis stimulation and production of more viable eggs. On the other side, it will reduce the cost of expensive drugs and working time due to more efficient pre-selection of animals for producing embryos. The aim of the research was to study structure and pattern of functional asymmetry of ovaries of high-producing cows and its influence on the level of quality embryos formation. Material and methods of research. The researches were carried out during 2011-2012 at two dairy breeding farms – "Agro-Soyuz" JSC (Dnipropetrovsk region) and "RVD-Agro" PE (Cherkasy region). Two groups of high-producing cows were formed of milking breeding stock, yields of which during the best lactation exceeded the average of the herd by 20-60% The animals were tested during the phased comprehensive research on suitability to removing embryos from them and use of the selected cows in the group of regular donors of embryos, in accordance with applicable requirements of embryo transplantation technology for cattle. During the selection and preparation of cows-donors, washing embryos and their morphological evaluation, we simultaneously performed collecting and analysing data on the activity of functional entities of the left and the right ovaries during luteal phase by palpation according to the advanced approaches. The comparison was performed during cows’ induced cycles using injections of synthetic analogues of F2α prostaglandin on standard procedures and after hormonally induced polyovulation in donors using follicle stimulating hormone drugs and on the standard and prolonged procedures. Results. Pattern of relationship between functional asymmetry of ovaries of high-producing cows-donors and their level of embryo yield was found. Palpation revealed that at cows with sufficient technology and high embryo yield after hormonally induced superovulation, ratio of the number of corpora luteal of the left ovary to the right had a tendency to approach the universal proportion of 38%:62% which is typical for luteogenes of cows in the induced and spontaneous cycles. In group of cows with low yields of high-quality embryos, the ratio of ovarian corpora luteal L: R was significantly different. The observed indicator of functional ovarian asymmetry needs to be researched more and it can be used as a criterion for resource-raising effect at selection of stable donors of embryos at high-yielding herds in the future. The significant change of functional asymmetry of donors-cows’ ovaries after hormone stimulation of polyovulation was shown, including the found phenomenon of inversion of dominant activity of gonads. It was experimentally stated that the high level of producing qualitative embryos for transplantation (9,50-9,86 per washing) was characterized for the cows with sufficient functional asymmetry of ovaries after polyovulation. Conclusions. Based on the fact that high-quality embryos from high-producing cows of different breeds will have breeding, biological and economic values in the world market of genetic resources in the next years, it is necessary to step up scientific research to study the patterns of functional asymmetry of the cows’ reproductive system as one of important biological factors influencing on effectiveness of embryo transplantation technology.

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