scholarly journals THE USE OF PUNISHMENT IN THE FORM OF FORCED LABOR AT THE PRESENT STAGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 128-132
Author(s):  
N.G. Abramova ◽  
◽  
E.E. Bosak ◽  
A.V. Oskolkov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Criminal Punishment ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
The Past ◽  
Independent Form ◽  
The Right

In this article, through an analysis of scientific literature over the past three years, attention is drawn to the most discussed problematic aspects of the designation and execution of sentences in the form of forced labor at the present stage, which determined the relevance of the chosen topic. It is substantiated that the possibility of a court appointing forced labor as an independent form of punishment is fixed at the legislative level. It has been rightly noted that endowing persons convicted of forced labor with signs of a person who is competitive in the labor market will increase the chances of his positive employment. Thus, the effective serving of forced labor by convicts will ensure the realization of the right of victims to compensation for harm caused by a crime to them. The article clearly formulated proposals aimed at improving the institution of forced labor as a form of criminal punishment. The mechanisms that can be implemented as part of the execution of this type of criminal punishment are justified. The conclusion is drawn about the need for a criminal and criminal executive policy to improve remedies and the procedure for their practical application, taking into account previous domestic experience in the execution of other types of punishment.

From GCMs to river flow: a review of downscaling methods and hydrologic modelling approaches

1999 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chong-yu Xu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Hydrologic Models ◽  
Hydrologic Modelling ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

The scientific literature of the past decade contains a large number of reports detailing the development of downscaling methods and the use of hydrologic models to assess the potential effects of climate change on a variety of water resource issues. This article reviews the current state of methodologies for simulating hydrological responses to global climate change. Emphasis is given to recent advances in climatic downscaling and the problems related to the practical application of appropriate models in impact studies. Following a discussion of the advantages and deficiencies of the various approaches, challenges for the future study of the hydrological impacts of climate change are identified.

Biochar

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Ecology ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Right ◽  
Intended Use ◽  
Existing Data

Interest in biochar among soil and environment researchers has increased dramatically over the past decade. Biochar initially attracted attention for its potential to improve soil fertility and to uncouple the carbon cycle, by storing carbon from the atmosphere in a form that can remain stable for hundreds to thousands of years. Later it was found that biochar had applications in environmental and water science, mining, microbial ecology and other fields. Beneficial effects of biochar and its environmental applications cannot be fully realised unless the chemical, physical, structural and surface properties of biochar are known. Currently many of the analytical procedures used for biochar analysis are not well defined, which makes it difficult to choose the right biochar for an intended use and to compare the existing data for biochars. Also, in some instances the use of inappropriate procedures has led to erroneous or inaccurate values for biochars in the scientific literature. Biochar: A Guide to Analytical Methods fills this gap and provides procedures and guidelines for routine and advanced characterisation of biochars. Written by experts, each chapter provides background to a technique or procedure, a stepwise guide to analyses, and includes data for biochars made from a range of feedstocks common to all presented methods. Discussion about the unique features, advantages and disadvantages of a particular technique is an explicit focus of this handbook for biochar analyses. Biochar is primarily intended for researchers, postgraduate students and practitioners who require knowledge of biochar properties. It will also serve as an important resource for researchers, industry and regulatory agencies dealing with biochar.

A 200-Year History of the Study of Childhood Language Disorders of Unknown Origin: Changes in Terminology

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence B. Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Language Impairment ◽  
Specific Language Impairment ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Language Disorder ◽  
Language Disorders ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Developmental Language Disorder ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

Purpose The current “specific language impairment” and “developmental language disorder” discussion might lead to important changes in how we refer to children with language disorders of unknown origin. The field has seen other changes in terminology. This article reviews many of these changes. Method A literature review of previous clinical labels was conducted, and possible reasons for the changes in labels were identified. Results References to children with significant yet unexplained deficits in language ability have been part of the scientific literature since, at least, the early 1800s. Terms have changed from those with a neurological emphasis to those that do not imply a cause for the language disorder. Diagnostic criteria have become more explicit but have become, at certain points, too narrow to represent the wider range of children with language disorders of unknown origin. Conclusions The field was not well served by the many changes in terminology that have transpired in the past. A new label at this point must be accompanied by strong efforts to recruit its adoption by clinical speech-language pathologists and the general public.

COMMONWEALTH Forum: The Politics of Science or the Science of Politics

Commonwealth ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Arway
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Factual Information ◽  
The Past ◽  
Difference Of Opinion ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Scientific Facts ◽  
Environmental Agency ◽  
Laws And Regulations

The challenges of including factual information in public policy and political discussions are many. The difficulties of including scientific facts in these debates can often be frustrating for scientists, politicians and policymakers alike. At times it seems that discussions involve different languages or dialects such that it becomes a challenge to even understand one another’s position. Oftentimes difference of opinion leads to laws and regulations that are tilted to the left or the right. The collaborative balancing to insure public and natural resource interests are protected ends up being accomplished through extensive litigation in the courts. In this article, the author discusses the history of environmental balancing during the past three decades from the perspective of a field biologist who has used the strength of our policies, laws and regulations to fight for the protection of our Commonwealth’s aquatic resources. For the past 7 years, the author has taken over the reins of “the most powerful environmental agency in Pennsylvania” and charted a course using science to properly represent natural resource interests in public policy and political deliberations.

Accelerating Agricultural Growth—Is Irrigation Institutional Reform Necessary? (Distinguishedl Lecture)

1996 ◽  
Vol 35 (4I) ◽  
pp. 399-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Mellor
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Institutional Reform ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Agricultural Growth ◽  
The Past ◽  
Major Reform ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Economic Growth Rates

The right to the flow of income from water is vigorously pursued, protected, and fought over in any arid part of the world. Pakistan is of course no exception. Reform of irrigation institutions necessarily changes the rights to water, whether it be those of farmers, government, or government functionaries. Those perceived rights may be explicit and broadly accepted, or simply takings that are not even considered legitimate. Nevertheless they will be fought over. Pakistan has a long history of proposals for irrigation reform, little or none being implemented, except as isolated pilot projects. Thus, to propose major changes in irrigation institutions must be clearly shown to have major benefits to justify the hard battles that must be fought and the goodwill of those who might win those battles for reform. Proponents of irrigation institution reform have always argued the necessity of the reforms and the large gains to be achieved. Perhaps, however, those arguments have not been convincing. This paper will briefly outline the failed attempts at irrigation reform to provide an element of reality to the discussion. It will then proceed to make the case of the urgency of reform in a somewhat different manner to the past. Finally, current major reform proposals will be presented. This paper approaches justification of irrigation reform by focusing on the agricultural growth rate. It does so because that is the critical variable influencing poverty rates and is a significant determinant of over-all economic growth rates. The paper decomposes growth rates and suggests a residual effect of deterioration of the irrigation system that is large and calls for policy and institutional reform. The data are notional, suggesting the usefulness of the approach and paves the way for more detailed empirical analysis and enquiry for the future.

SOME PROBLEMIC ISSUES ARISING DURING THE PERFORMANCE OF A PUNISHMENT IN THE FORM OF DEPRIVATION OF THE RIGHT TO TAKE A CERTAIN POSITION OR TO PERFORM CERTAIN ACTIVITIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-57
Author(s):  
Ирина Александровна Лакина ◽  
Анна Борисовна Назарова
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Criminal Punishment ◽  
Initial Investigation ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Right ◽  
Legal Character

В статье рассматриваются проблемные вопросы, возникающие при организации исполнения уголовного наказания в виде лишения права занимать определенную должность или заниматься определенной деятельностью. Анализируются статистические данные о количестве назначенных судами Российской Федерации наказаний и мер уголовно-правового характера, не связанных с лишением свободы, о количестве осужденных лиц, состоящих и прошедших по учетам уголовно-исполнительных инспекций Российской Федерации. Авторами статьи обосновывается необходимость осуществления первоначальных розыскных мероприятий в отношении изучаемой категории подучетных лиц и, как следствие, внесение соответствующих изменений в действующее законодательство Российской Федерации, в связи с тем что в настоящее время положения указанных нормативно-правовых актов не предполагают проведение первоначальных розыскных мероприятий и объявления в розыск осужденных к уголовному наказанию в виде лишения права занимать определенную должность или заниматься определенной деятельностью. В формате рекомендаций, направленных на повышение эффективности проведения первоначальных розыскных мероприятий, приводятся конкретные предложения, ориентированные на снижение показателя заведенных розыскных дел. Авторами статьи акцентируется внимание на необходимости дальнейшего научного анализа теоретических, практических и концептуальных аспектов, связанных с правоотношениями, возникающими при реализации уголовного наказания в виде лишения права занимать определенную должность или заниматься определенной деятельностью. The article deals with the problematic issues arising in the organization of execution of criminal punishment in the form of deprivation of the right to hold a certain position or engage in certain activities. Statistical data on the number ordered by the courts of the Russian Federation of punishments and measures criminally-legal character are not related to deprivation of freedom, the number of convicted persons which held the records of the penal inspections of the Russian Federation. The authors of the article substantiates the need to implement the initial investigation governmental activities in the study category of the registered individuals, and as a consequence, appropriate changes to the existing by-law of the Russian Federation, in connection with the, that now provisions of the specified normative legal acts do not assume carrying out initial search actions and announcements in search condemned to criminal punishment in the form of deprivation of the right to occupy a certain position or to be engaged in certain activity. In the format of recommendations aimed at improving the effectiveness of the initial search activities, specific proposals aimed at reducing the rate of opened search cases are presented. The authors of the article focus on the need for further scientific analysis of theoretical, practical and conceptual aspects related to legal relations arising in the execution of criminal punishment in the form of deprivation of the right to hold a certain position or engage in a certain activity.

СТИМУЛИРОВАНИЕ ПРАВОПОСЛУШНОГО ПОВЕДЕНИЯ ОСУЖДЕННЫХ В МЕСТАХ ЛИШЕНИЯ СВОБОДЫ В СОВЕТСКОМ И СОВРЕМЕННОМ РОССИЙСКОМ ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВЕ

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Kuzmin ◽  
Irina Polyanskaya
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Punishment ◽  
Personal Time ◽  
Labor Camps ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
Executive System ◽  
The Right ◽  
Stimulation Of

Статья подготовлена на основе использования нормативных правовых актов и архивных документов различных исправительно-трудовых лагерей, указанных в сносках, что позволяет судить о территориальных рамках источников. Исследуется генезис становления и развития практики стимулирования правопослушного поведения осужденных посредством норм, не изменяющих их правовое положение в период отбывания уголовного наказания в виде лишения свободы на различных этапах функционирования исправительно-трудовой (уголовно-исполнительной) системы. На основе изученных документов можно сделать вывод, что в основу дифференциации поощрительных норм, распространявшихся на осужденных, положены следующие критерии: 1) поощрения, не изменяющие условия отбывания уголовного наказания в виде лишения свободы; 2) поощрения, изменяющие условия содержания осужденных. Из ранее применявшихся мер поощрений в современном уголовно-исполнительном законодательстве используются следующие: объявление благодарности с занесением в личное дело, материальное поощрение, право на дополнительную посылку, передачу и др. Среди других мер поощрения можно выделить увеличение времени ежедневной прогулки до двух часов для осужденных, содержащихся в строгих условиях отбывания наказания в колониях и тюрьмах. Также законодатель предусмотрел возможность проводить праздничные и выходные дни за пределами учреждения для осужденных, содержащихся в колониях-поселениях.The article is prepared on the basis of the use of normative legal acts and archival documents of various correctional labor camps mentioned in the footnotes, which allows to judge the territorial scope of the sources. The Genesis of formation and development of practice of stimulation of law-abiding behavior of condemned by means of the norms which are not changing their legal position during serving of criminal punishment in the form of imprisonment at various stages of functioning of correctional labor (criminal Executive) system is investigated. On the basis of the studied documents, it can be concluded that the basis for the differentiation of incentive norms that apply to convicts are the following criteria: 1) incentives that do not change the conditions of serving a criminal sentence in the form of imprisonment; 2) incentives that change the conditions of detention of convicts. Of the previously applied measures of incentives in the modern penal legislation the following are used: the announcement of gratitude with entering in personal time, material encouragement, the right to an additional parcel, transfer, etc. Among other measures of encouragement it is possible to allocate increase in time of daily walk to two hours for condemned detainees in strict conditions of serving of punishment in colonies and prisons. Also, the legislator provided the opportunity to spend holidays and weekends outside the institution for convicts held in colonies-settlements.

scholarly journals Unprecedented Coordination-Induced Bright Red Emission from Group 12 Metal-Bound Triarylazoimidazoles

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1739
Author(s):  
Artyom A. Astafiev ◽  
Olga V. Repina ◽  
Boris S. Tupertsev ◽  
Alexey A. Nazarov ◽  
Maria R. Gonchar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Metal Complexes ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Photo Luminescence ◽  
Red Emission ◽  
The Past ◽  
Highly Efficient ◽  
Luminescence Emission ◽  
New Family ◽  
Group 12

Arylazoimidazoles are important dyes which were intensively studied in the past. In contrast, triarylazoimidazoles (derivatives which carry aryl substituents at the imidazole core) received almost no attention in the scientific literature. Here, we report a new family of simple and easily accessible triarylazoimidazole-group 12 metal complexes, which feature highly efficient photo-luminescence emission (Φ up to  0.44). Novel compounds exhibit bright red emission in solution, which could be excited with a visible light.

Does the Injunction Gap Violate Implementers’ Fair Trial Rights Under the ECHR?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Léon E Dijkman
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Fair Trial ◽  
European Convention ◽  
The Past ◽  
European Court ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Federal Supreme ◽  
Validity Of A Patent

Abstract Germany is one of few jurisdictions with a bifurcated patent system, under which infringement and validity of a patent are established in separate proceedings. Because validity proceedings normally take longer to conclude, it can occur that remedies for infringement are imposed before a decision on the patent’s validity is available. This phenomenon is colloquially known as the ‘injunction gap’ and has been the subject of increasing criticism over the past years. In this article, I examine the injunction gap from the perspective of the right to a fair trial enshrined in Art. 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. I find that the case law of the European Court of Human Rights interpreting this provision supports criticism of the injunction gap, because imposing infringement remedies with potentially far-reaching consequences before the validity of a patent has been established by a court of law arguably violates defendants’ right to be heard. Such reliance on the patent office’s grant decision is no longer warranted in the light of contemporary invalidation rates. I conclude that the proliferation of the injunction gap should be curbed by an approach to a stay of proceedings which is in line with the test for stays as formulated by Germany’s Federal Supreme Court. Under this test, courts should stay infringement proceedings until the Federal Patent Court or the EPO’s Board of Appeal have ruled on the validity of a patent whenever it is more likely than not that it will be invalidated.

The Specter of the Past: Reconstructing Conservative Historical Memory in South Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-362
Author(s):  
Myungji Yang
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
New Right ◽  
Historical Narratives ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Far Right ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Right

Through the case of the New Right movement in South Korea in the early 2000s, this article explores how history has become a battleground on which the Right tried to regain its political legitimacy in the postauthoritarian context. Analyzing disputes over historiography in recent decades, this article argues that conservative intellectuals—academics, journalists, and writers—play a pivotal role in constructing conservative historical narratives and building an identity for right-wing movements. By contesting what they viewed as “distorted” leftist views and promoting national pride, New Right intellectuals positioned themselves as the guardians of “liberal democracy” in the Republic of Korea. Existing studies of the Far Right pay little attention to intellectual circles and their engagement in civil society. By examining how right-wing intellectuals appropriated the past and shaped triumphalist national imagery, this study aims to better understand the dynamics of ideational contestation and knowledge production in Far Right activism.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document