scholarly journals Gyrification Index and Encephalizaton Quotient of Brain of Surti Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alka Suman ◽  
Sweta Pandya
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
Exposed Surface ◽  
Brain Mass ◽  
Encephalization Quotient ◽  
Gyrification Index ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Surti Buffalo

The brain of Surti buffaloes presents many cortical foldings. These are called gyrification. In the present study on brain of 12 Surti buffaloes, the folded cerebral hemispheres presented various sulci and gyri of different sizes. Gyrification Index (GI) was measured by the sum of the complete exposed surface and superficially exposed surface of cerebral cortex. The overall mean value of gyrification index of both of cerebral hemispheres was 2.52±0.02. The Encephalization Quotient (EQ) is the ratio of brain mass to body mass, which gives rough estimate of the intelligence of the Surti buffaloes. The overall mean value of encephalization quotient of Surti buffaloes was found to be 0.74.

Morphology and Morphometry of Rhinencephalon of Brain of Surti Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alka Suman ◽  
Sweta Pandya ◽  
Vanila Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
Olfactory Bulbs ◽  
Hollow Structures ◽  
Flat Bands ◽  
Olfactory Tract ◽  
Morphology And Morphometry ◽  
Surti Buffalo ◽  
Morphometrical Study

The morphological and morphometrical study of brain of Surti buffaloes was conducted on all the structures of the rhinencephalon which were located on the ventral surface of the cerebral hemispheres. The structures included paired olfactory bulb,olfactory tract,lateral and medial olfactory striae and pyriform lobe. The olfactory bulbs were oval, hollow structures which continued caudally with the olfactory tract. The overall mean length and width of right bulb were 3.45±0.06 and 1.46±0.03 cm, while those of left bulb were 3.42±0.06 and 1.43±0.03 cm, respectively. The olfactory tracts were short,wide and flat bands which divided caudally into two lateral and medial striae. The pyriform lobes were two pear shaped structures.

scholarly journals I. A record of experiments upon the functions of the cerebral cortex

1887 ◽  
Vol 42 (251-257) ◽  
pp. 111-111
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Exact Condition ◽  
Cortex Cerebri ◽  
Motor Region ◽  
The Brain

The paper consists, as its title implies, of a record of experiments relating to the functions of the cerebral cortex, a subject upon which the authors have been engaged during three years. The experiments have been entirely made upon monkeys. After describing the methods employed, the general results of excitation and of extirpation of various parts of the cerebral hemispheres on one or both sides are given, and the cases in which the method of ablation has been employed are then recorded in detail, the symptoms observed during life and the condition of the brain after death being systematically noted. Each case is illustrated by one or more drawings, showing the exact condition of the brain post mortem . In some instances sections of the brain are also represented. The paper includes also a topographical plan of the excitable or motor region of the cortex cerebri .

Real Brains and Model Brains

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Penrose ◽  
Martin Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Alan Turing ◽  
The World ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Brain

Inside our heads is a magnificent structure that controls our actions and somehow evokes an awareness of the world around. Yet, as Alan Turing once put it, it resembles nothing so much as a bowl of cold porridge! It is hard to see how an object of such unpromising appearance can achieve the miracles that we know it to be capable of. Closer examination, however, begins to reveal the brain as having a much more intricate structure and sophisticated organization. The large convoluted (and most porridge-like) portion on top is referred to as the cerebrum. It is divided cleanly down the middle into left and right cerebral hemispheres, and considerably less cleanly front and back into the frontal lobe and three other lobes: the parietal, temporal and occipital. Further down, and at the back lies a rather smaller, somewhat spherical portion of the brain - perhaps resembling two balls of wool - the cerebellum. Deep inside, and somewhat hidden under the cerebrum, lie a number of curious and complicated-looking different structures: the pons and medulla (including the reticular formation, a region that will concern us later) which constitute the brain-stem, the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, corpus callosum, and many other strange and oddly named constructions. The part that human beings feel that they should be proudest of is the cerebrum - for that is not only the largest part of the human brain, but it is also larger, in its proportion of the brain as a whole, in man than in other animals. (The cerebellum is also larger in man than in most other animals.) The cerebrum and cerebellum have comparatively thin outer surface layers of grey matter and larger inner regions of white matter. These regions of grey matter are referred to as, respectively, the cerebral cortex and the cerebellar cortex. The grey matter is where various kinds of computational task appear to be performed, while the white matter consists of long nerve fibres carrying signals from one part of the brain to another. Various parts of the cerebral cortex are associated with very specific functions.

scholarly journals Structure of the Upper and Lower Surfaces of Human Corpus Callosum

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Boiagina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain

The corpus callosum in the interval between the cerebral hemispheres is a plate of white matter, uneven in thickness, in which two surfaces are distinguished - the upper and lower ones, bent according to its lateral profile. The objective of the study was to study the individual variability of location of the lateral and medial longitudinal strips on the upper surface of the corpus callosum, as well as structural features of its lower surface. The material was the brain of men and women (10 specimens each) of the second period of adulthood, who died for the causes not related to the pathology of the central nervous system. After two weeks of fixation in a 10% formalin solution, the brain was prepared by separating the cerebral hemispheres and other parts of the brain from the corpus callosum, resulting in exposure of its upper and lower surface, which was photographed using a digital camera. As evidenced by the obtained data, the width of the trunk of the corpus callosum in men varies from 9 to 16 mm, whereas in women the difference between the minimum (11.0 mm) and the maximum (20.0 mm) values is greater than in men, when in fact there is only small difference of the arithmetic mean value. Thus, we offer to consider the lateral longitudinal strips to be the boundaries of the corpus callosum hemispherical part and the distance between them determines the width of this formation, which in average is 13.0 ± 2.5 mm in men and 14.4 ± 2.7 mm in women. In the meantime, the nature of the individual variability of the width of the corpus callosum trunk in women is more diverse than in men.

Gross anatomical and biometrical parameters of hippocampus in Surti buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harishbhai P. Gori ◽  
Subhash C. Dubal ◽  
Shabir Ahmad Malik ◽  
Sawan D. Rathwa
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Caudal Part ◽  
Hippocampal Commissure ◽  
Deep Groove ◽  
Medial Surfaces ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Surti Buffalo

The present study was conducted on hippocampus of six adult Surti buffalo. Hippocampus was a small organ located within the medial temporal lobe of the brain. The hippocampus made a curve from the deep face of the piriform lobe around the thalamus and formed the caudal part of the floor of the lateral ventricle. It was separated deeply by the hippocampal fissure from the dentate gyrus. The two hippocampi were connected at their highest parts by transvers fibers which constituted the hippocampal commissure. The hippocampus was as long “C” or small “Y”shaped structure. The ventro-medial hippocampal surface had a deep groove, the hippocampal sulcus, which divided this surface into a lateral and medial surfaces. The ventricular surface of the hippocampus was covered with a thin layer of white matter, the alveus, which arises from the crus of the fornix, and was therefore continuous with the fimbria. Moreover, the uncus was not observed. Several equations showed significant (P less than 0.5) and positive co-relationship between the weight of hippocampus and the weight of brain. The ratio of weight of the hippocampus and weight of the brain was about 1: 37.

Brain Asymmetry and Autonomic Control of the Heart

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Wittling
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Cardiac Activity ◽  
Autonomic Control ◽  
Brain Asymmetry ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
Response System ◽  
Lower Brain Stem ◽  
The Brain

Neurocardiology has shown that the dynamic performance of the heart is strongly influenced by the brain, including the cerebral cortex. Neural control is mediated by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers innervating the pacemaker, conductile, and contractile tissues of the heart. In this review, evidence is presented that autonomic control of the heart is lateralized, each brain side influencing cardiac activity in a different manner. Moreover, it is shown that asymmetries observed at the level of the cerebral hemispheres are characterized by different principles than asymmetries at the levels of the lower brain stem and the peripheral pathways. Findings on lateralized control of the heart are integrated into a general model of brain asymmetry, in which it is postulated that each hemisphere has a unique and comprehensive response system characterizing its cognitive, emotional, and physiological functioning.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

Neurotransmitter systems of female mouse brain during growth of malignant melanoma modeled on the background of chronic pain

2018 ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
О.И. Кит ◽  
И.М. Котиева ◽  
Е.М. Франциянц ◽  
И.В. Каплиева ◽  
Л.К. Трепитаки ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Malignant Melanoma ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Female Mouse ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Malignant Growth ◽  
Course Of Disease ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Melanoma Growth

Известно, что биогенные амины (БА) участвуют в злокачественном росте, их уровень изменяется в ЦНС при болевом воздействии, однако исследований о сочетанном влиянии хронической боли (ХБ) и онкопатологии на динамику БА в головном мозге не проводилось. Цель: изучить особенности баланса БА в коре головного мозга в динамике роста меланомы, воспроизведенной на фоне ХБ. Материалы и методы. Работа выполнена на 64 мышах-самках, весом 21-22 г. Животным основной группы меланому В16/F10 перевивали под кожу спины через 2 недели после перевязки седалищных нервов. Группой сравнения служили мыши с меланомой без боли. Уровни БА: адреналина, норадреналина, дофамина (ДА), серотонина (5-НТ), гистамина, а также 5-ОИУК определяли методом иммуноферментного анализа. Результаты. У мышей с ХБ уменьшается содержание большинства БА, однако уровень ДА не изменяется. Метаболизм 5-НТ происходит с участием МАО. Развитие меланомы сопровождается увеличением содержания ДА и 5-НТ, тогда как МАО - ингибируется. Направленность сдвигов БА при развитии меланомы на фоне ХБ оказалась практически такой же, как и без неё. В то же время ХБ ограничивает накопление 5-НТ в коре мозга при меланоме, что сопровождается более агрессивным её течением. Выводы. ХБ ограничивает включение стресс-лимитирующих механизмов в головном мозге при развитии меланомы у мышей, что приводит к более агрессивному течению злокачественного процесса. Biogenic amines (BA) are known to be involved in malignant growth, and their CNS levels change in pain; however, there are no studies of combined effects of chronic pain (CP) and cancer on BA dynamics in the brain. Aim: To study features of BA balance in the cerebral cortex during melanoma growth associated with CP. Material and methods. The study included 64 female mice weighing 21-22 g. In the main groups, B16/F10 melanoma was transplanted under the skin of the back two weeks following sciatic nerve ligation. Mice with melanoma without pain were used as the control. Concentrations of BA: adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), histamine and 5-HIAA were measured with ELISA. Results. Concentrations of BAs decreased in mice with CP although DA levels did not change. 5-HT metabolism involved MAO. The development of melanoma was accompanied by increases in DA and 5-HT whereas MAO was inhibited. The direction of BA changes during the development of melanoma was the same with and without CP. At the same time, CP with melanoma limited accumulation of 5-HT in the cerebral cortex, which resulted in even more aggressive course of cancer. Conclusion. CP restricted the activation of cerebral stress-limiting mechanisms during the development of melanoma in mice, which resulted in a more aggressive course of disease.

scholarly journals Long-Term Glucose Starvation Induces Inflammatory Responses and Phenotype Switch in Primary Cortical Rat Astrocytes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Kogel ◽  
Stefanie Trinh ◽  
Natalie Gasterich ◽  
Cordian Beyer ◽  
Jochen Seitz
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Synapse Formation ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Glucose Starvation ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Phenotype Switch ◽  
The Unfolded Protein Response ◽  
The Brain

AbstractAstrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the brain and crucial to ensure the metabolic supply of neurons and their synapse formation. Overnutrition as present in patients suffering from obesity causes astrogliosis in the hypothalamus. Other diseases accompanied by malnutrition appear to have an impact on the brain and astrocyte function. In the eating disorder anorexia nervosa (AN), patients suffer from undernutrition and develop volume reductions of the cerebral cortex, associated with reduced astrocyte proliferation and cell count. Although an effect on astrocytes and their function has already been shown for overnutrition, their role in long-term undernutrition remains unclear. The present study used primary rat cerebral cortex astrocytes to investigate their response to chronic glucose starvation. Cells were grown with a medium containing a reduced glucose concentration (2 mM) for 15 days. Long-term glucose starvation increased the expression of a subset of pro-inflammatory genes and shifted the primary astrocyte population to the pro-inflammatory A1-like phenotype. Moreover, genes encoding for proteins involved in the unfolded protein response were elevated. Our findings demonstrate that astrocytes under chronic glucose starvation respond with an inflammatory reaction. With respect to the multiple functions of astrocytes, an association between elevated inflammatory responses due to chronic starvation and alterations found in the brain of patients suffering from undernutrition seems possible.

THE METABOLISM OF NORMAL BRAIN AND HUMAN GLIOMAS IN RELATION TO CELL TYPE AND DENSITY

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irving H. Heller ◽  
K. A. C. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
The Brain

Per unit weight, cerebral and cerebellar cortex respire much more actively than corpus callosum. The rate per cell nucleus is highest in cerebral cortex, lower in corpus callosum, and still lower in cerebellar cortex. The oxygen uptake rates of the brain tumors studied, with the exception of an oligodendroglioma, were about the same as that of white matter on the weight basis but lower than that of cerebral cortex or white matter on the cell basis. In agreement with previous work, an oligodendroglioma respired much more actively than the other tumors. The rates of glycolysis of the brain tumors per unit weight were low but, relative to their respiration rate, glycolysis was higher than in normal gray or white matter. Consideration of the figures obtained leads to the following tentative conclusions: Glial cells of corpus callosum respire more actively than the neurons of the cerebellar cortex. Neurons of the cerebral cortex respire on the average much more actively than neurons of the cerebellar cortex or glial cells. Considerably more than 70% of the oxygen uptake by cerebral cortex is due to neurons. The oxygen uptake rates of normal oligodendroglia and astrocytes are probably about the same as the rates found per nucleus in an oligodendroglioma and in astrocytomas; oligodendroglia respire much more actively than astrocytes.

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