scholarly journals Politeness and Indirectness in Donald Trump’s Intercommunication

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Rauf Kareem Mahmood ◽  
Hezha Muhammad Rasheed
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Methods ◽  
The Face ◽  
Face Saving ◽  
Proper Context

This paper elaborates the notion of politeness as a pragmatic concept and attempts to find answers regarding the strategies followed to achieve a polite act within a course of communication. Both the speaker and the hearer tend to act politely (in accordance to their beliefs regarding a polite act) and expect to be treated alike. However, the type of politeness considered in this paper is different from that of a culture-based concept. Pragmatic Politeness consists of following a number of principles and maxims in accordance to a particular context. Both types of the concepts are connected to the notion of ‘face’ which refers to the image that both the speaker and hearer desire to save, whenever they are intercommunicating. The face saving of interlocutors requires the adaptation of Leech’s Politeness principle and maxims. This paper examines both ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ strategies to approach politeness in Donald Trump’s political intercommunications verify or nullify common claims that politeness is achieved throughout indirect methods. The paper hypothesizes that both strategies are applicable to fulfill a communicative polite behavior on the basis of proper context.

Aspects of orthodontic protocol in cleft lip and palate patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
O. V. Dudnik ◽  
Ad. A. Mamedov ◽  
O. I. Admakin ◽  
A. A. Skakodub ◽  
Y. O. Volkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Comprehensive Approach ◽  
Maxillofacial Region ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Indirect Bonding ◽  
The Face ◽  
Direct And Indirect Methods

Relevance. Cleft lip and palate is one of the severe malformations of the face and jaw, requiring a comprehensive approach to the rehabilitation of the patients, including doctors of various specialties, one of which is orthodontists. A feature of orthodontic treatment is difficulty of fixing bracket systems, as well as lowering the level of oral hygiene, caused by deformation and displacement of fragments of the maxillofacial region.Purpose. Improving the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment and hygiene of the oral caviti in patients with cleft lip and palate in permanent bite period.Materials and methods. A comparison was made of the effetctiveness of fixing brackets systmes with direct and indirect bonding techniques and the effectiveness of oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment using irrigators.Results. The results of the study showed a difference in the effectiveness of using direct and indirect methods of fixing bracket systems in patients with cleft and palate. The use of irrigators as additional means of oral hygiene has demonstrated a positive dynamic of hygiene indices.Conclusions. Results of the study demonstrate the advantages of fixation the brackets by indirect bonding and use additional hygiene products irrigator for improving of oral hygiene.

TINDAK PENGANCAMAN DAN PENYELAMATAN WAJAH ANIES BASWEDAN DAN BASUKI “AHOK” TJAHAJA PURNAMA

Jurnal KATA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 356
Author(s):  
Saiko Rudi Kasenda
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Politeness Theory ◽  
Crucial Point ◽  
Passive Voice ◽  
Positive Image ◽  
The Face ◽  
Face Saving ◽  
The One

<p><em>This article is aimed to investigate face threathening acts and face saving acts demonstrated by Anies Baswedan dan Basuki Tjahaja Purnama as the candidates of DKI Jakarta governor during the debate held in April 2017. Face threatening act and face saving act are analyzed because they are able to show not only their positive image but also the negatve one in front of not only to each candidate but also to the audience watching the debate. Politeness theory from Brown and Levinson (1987.) are employed to analyze both candidates’ face threatening acts and saving acts since this theory provides detailed descriptions of a large range of strategies that can be used to deeply understand both face threatening acts and face saving act performed by the candidates. The context surrounding the debate becomes a crucial point to analyze how politeness strategy is applied to show face thratening act and face saving act. Through qualitative method, this study found that 1) Bald on-record is the strategy used by the candidates to show face threatening and they are intended to show contradictions, to disagree, to insult, to interrupt, to speak out-of-topic, to challenge, and to exaggerate. 2) Both candidates use positive and negative strategies to show face saving act intended to show contradictions, to assert common ground, to show agreement, to joke, to apologize, and to avoid disagreement. 3) The face threatening act and saving acts can be considered as the efforts to defend their argumentations and to preserve their positive faces, 4.) The use of the word “kita” and passive voice can be seen as markers in both candidates’ utterances to minimize the imposed face threatening act and to signal solidarity to each candidate and to audience, 5) While Anies is revealed to be the one who more frequently uses face threatening act, Basuki is the candidate who uses face saving act more often during the debate. The study is expected to enrich the study in the field of pragmatics focusing on the use of politeness strategy. </em></p><p> </p><p>Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi tindak pengancaman muka wajah dan tindak penyelamatan wajah yang ditunjukkan oleh Anies Baswedan dan Basuki Tjahaja Purnama pada Debat Pilkada gubernur provinsi DKI Jakarta 2017.<strong> </strong>Tindak pengancaman wajah dan penyelamatan wajah diteliti pada makalah ini karena dapat merepresentasikan citra positif maupun citra negatif kandidat pilkada Gubernur DKI tidak hanya dihadapan masing-masing kandidat tetapi juga kepada masyarakat umum yang menyaksikan. Teori kesantunan dari Brown dan Levinson digunakan untuk menganalisis tindak pengancaman muka dan tindak penyelamatan muka kedua kandidat karena teori ini memiliki penjelasan yang komprehensif tentang berbagai strategi yang dapat dipergunakan untuk memahami secara mendalam bagaimana tindak pengancaman dan penyelamatan wajah ditunjukkan oleh kedua kandidiat. Konteks topik debat yang diangkat dipahami untuk dapat menganalisis tindak pengancaman dan penyelamatan wajah oleh Anies dan Basuki.  Melalui metode kualitatif, studi ini menemukan bahwa 1) Bald on-record adalah strategi yang sering digunakan untuk menunjukkan tindak pengancaman muka dan ditujukan untuk menyatakan kontradiksi, menyatakan ketidaksetujuan, menyinggung, menginterupsi, berbicara di luar topik pembicaraan, menantang kandidat lain, dan memberikan pernyataan yang berlebihan. 2) Tindak penyelamatan muka dilakukan dengan strategi kesantunan positif dan negatif seperti menyatakan kontradiksi, menegaskan common ground, memberikan persetujuan, membuat lelucon, meminta maaf, dan menghindari ketidaksetujuan. 3) Tindak pengancaman muka dan penyelamatan muka dapat dianggap sebagai cara untuk mempertahankan argumentasi kedua kandidat dan untuk melindungi wajah positif masing-masing.4) Penggunaan kata “kita” dan kalimat pasif dimaksudkan untuk meminmalisiri ancaman sekaligus sebagai sinya solidaritas.5) Anies ditunjukkan sebagai kandidat yang lebih sering menggunakan tindak pengancaman muka, sedangkan Basuki adalah kandidat yang lebih sering menunjukkan penyelamatan muka selama debat berlangsung. Studi ini diharapkan dapat memperkaya pemahaman di bidang pragmatik khususnya tentang penggunaan strategi kesantunan</p>

scholarly journals ‘It’s hard to write a good article’: The online comprehension of excuses as indirect replies

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 1265-1269
Author(s):  
Andrew J Stewart ◽  
Jeffrey S Wood ◽  
Elizabeth Le-luan ◽  
Bo Yao ◽  
Matthew Haigh
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
The Third ◽  
Direct Question ◽  
The Face ◽  
Face Saving ◽  
Threatening Situation ◽  
Negative Face ◽  
Good Article

In an eye-tracking experiment, we examined how readers comprehend indirect replies when they are uttered in reply to a direct question. Participants read vignettes that described two characters engaged in dialogue. Each dialogue contained a direct question (e.g., How are you doing in Chemistry?) answered with an excuse (e.g., The exams are not fair). In response to direct questions, such indirect replies are typically used to avoid a face-threatening disclosure (e.g., doing badly on the Chemistry course). Our goal was to determine whether readers are sensitive during reading to the indirect meaning communicated by such replies. Of the three contexts we examined, the first described a negative, face-threatening situation and the second a positive, non-face threatening situation, while the third was neutral. Analysis of reading times to the replies provides strong evidence that readers are sensitive online to the face-saving function of indirect replies.

Face-saving tactics as an aid to construction negotiation in Hong Kong

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 609-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tak Wing Yiu ◽  
Yuet Nog Chung
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Collaborative Project ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
The Face ◽  
Face Saving ◽  
Distinct Features ◽  
Mutual Agreement

Purpose – In construction, the involvement of complex human interactions and incompatible interests among negotiating parties would pose as an obstacle in any negotiation process. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of face in governing the behaviour of negotiating parties. Design/methodology/approach – This paper identified the generic types of face-saving tactics used by construction negotiators, investigated the tactic-outcome relationships and examined the effects of face-inducement factors on these relationships with the use of moderated multiple regression (MMR). Findings – A taxonomy of face-saving tactics has been developed by employing the technique of principal component of factor analysis. The results suggest that the use of face-saving tactics in construction negotiation would statistically result in an achievement of mutual agreement, maintenance of harmony and avoidance of offending situations. The MMR models finally affirm that some tactic-outcome relationships would significantly depend on the face-inducement factors. Research limitations/implications – This research highlights the usefulness of face-saving tactics in construction negotiation. Practical implications – The findings revealed that these tactics can help facilitate the achievement of mutual agreement, maintain harmony and avoid offending situations. In this connection, an awareness of the proper use of face-saving tactics is worth-noticing in order to have successful dealings in negotiating project disputes. Originality/value – In construction, there are some distinct features which may influence the use of face-saving tactics and the behaviour of project dispute negotiators. The findings of this research would provide an insight into promoting proactive and collaborative project dispute resolution.

scholarly journals Sistema web para estimativa de evapotranspiração potencial por diferentes métodos

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Taison Anderson Bortolin ◽  
Lucas Moraes dos Santos ◽  
Adriano Gomes da Silva ◽  
Vania Elisabete Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Web Application ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Computational Tools ◽  
The Face ◽  
Weather Stations

One of the parameters of the hydrological cycle that has great influence in water management and agricultural production is evapotranspiration. Finding ways to restore this amount of lost water to the ground is essential, whether from rain or irrigation techniques. In general, indirect methods are used to determine evapotranspiration, especially Penman-Monteith. However, the method requires a large number of variables, requiring the use of other indirect methods, less demanding in relation to the required data. Due to a great number of methods to be compared it is interesting to make use of computational tools that allow to automate these calculations. In the face of the problem, the development of a web application that calculates the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in an automated way, from the several mathematical methods found in the literature, was glimpsed. The system provides the user with daily ETo results (mm / month) for a given period of time, as well as the daily average (mm / month), for the month, and monthly (mm / month) for a given month during the period, using up-to-date data from INMET-operated weather stations. The application facilitates the calculation process minimizing the estimation time and contributing to the analysis of the results by the user.

Management of a Potentially Harmful Health Behavior by Clinical Trial

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-297
Author(s):  
Robert E. Coifman
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Health Behavior ◽  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Double Blind Clinical Trial ◽  
The Face ◽  
Face Saving

A parent had been giving mega-doses of vitamin E to an 8-year-old child with 21-D trisomy for five years in the firmly rooted belief that this therapy was responsible for the child's freedom from constant symptoms of systemic and respiratory infection. The design of an unbiased double-blind clinical trial permitted the parent to reach, on her own, the face-saving conclusion that continuation of this therapy was no longer necessary. Applications of this approach and the underlying nonjudgmental attitude to other potentially harmful health behaviors and practices are discussed.

scholarly journals Book Review of Farghal’s Jordan’s Proverbs as a Window into Arab Popular Culture

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Language Usage ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Linguistic Pragmatics ◽  
The Face ◽  
Academic Lectures ◽  
Face Saving ◽  
Near Eastern Studies

Beyond leisurely reading, Farghal presents a tome that has great potential as a text for a wide array of academic lectures: culture, literature, linguistics, comparative studies, Near Eastern studies, etc. One could easily imagine using this work as the basis for a course in sociolinguistics or linguistic pragmatics; in fact, one is reminded of Brown & Levinson’s(1978) seminal work, Politeness: Some universals in language usage, and how Jordan’s Proverbs as a Window into Arab Popular Culture would complement it as a companion text for lectures on the conveyance of potent meaning, being couched within the face-saving speech act of a proverb.

scholarly journals Resonance in dialogue: the interplay between intersubjective motivations and cognitive facilitation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
NELE PÕLDVERE ◽  
VICTORIA JOHANSSON ◽  
CARITA PARADIS
Keyword(s):  
Time Lapse ◽  
Resonance Production ◽  
Cognitive Effect ◽  
Cognitive Activation ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Face ◽  
Face Saving

abstract Dialogic resonance, when speakers reproduce constructions from prior turns, is a compelling type of coordination in everyday conversation. This study takes its starting point in resonance in stance-taking sequences with the aim to account for the interplay between intersubjective motivations and cognitive facilitation in resonance production. It analyzes stance-taking sequences in the London–Lund Corpus 2, determining (i) the type of stance alignment (agreement or disagreement), and (ii) the time lapse between the stance-taking turns. The main findings are, firstly, that resonance is more likely than non-resonance to be used by speakers who express disagreement than agreement, which we interpret as a mitigating function of resonance, and, secondly, that the turn transitions are faster in resonating sequences due to cognitive activation in the prior turn. We propose that the face-saving intersubjective motivation of resonance combines with its facilitating cognitive effect to promote appeasing communication.

scholarly journals The Role of Indonesian Caregivers’ Nonverbal Elements and Face Threatening Acts toward the Aged

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1243
Author(s):  
Putu Dewi Merlyna Yuda Pramesti ◽  
N. L. Sutjiati Beratha ◽  
Made Budiarsa ◽  
I Nengah Sudipa
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Therapeutic Touch ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
The Face ◽  
Face Saving ◽  
Interpersonal Space

This study aimed at finding out the role of Indonesian caregivers’ nonverbal elements and its relation to the face saving of the aged. This study was part of the author’s dissertation research that took the theme of Indonesian caregivers’ language politeness when they worked as caregivers for the aged in Japan. In this article the concept introduced by Brown & Levinson (1978, 1987) on FTA (Face Threatening Act) is used as the concept in the process of analysis beside the concept from Ekman and Friesen (1969) on nonverbal language. Qualitative method was used in this study and the data used were primary data in the form of the Indonesian caregivers’ utterances in their communication with the aged. The Indonesian caregivers who were used as the subjects consisted of 68 and all of them worked in the regions of Yokohama, Toyohashi, and Okayama. From the data analysis it was found that there were 11 types of nonverbal language which belonged to the emblems group, namely (1) eye contact, (2) smiling, (3) holding hand, (4) leaning forward, (5) lowering body position, (6) affirmative nodding, (7) gesture, (8) hugging, (9) patting shoulder, (10) interpersonal space, and (11) therapeutic touch. From the result of the analysis of the interviews with the aged it was concluded that all of these eleven nonverbal elements did not threat the faces of the aged and the use of the nonverbal elements could play the role as a mitigation of the threat towards the faces of the aged.

scholarly journals A Pragma- Stylistic Analysis of Formal Congratulatory Letters in English and Arabic

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-277
Author(s):  
Muna Y. Al-Janabi ◽  
Ibtihal M. Al-Tememi
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Strategy Use ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Stylistic Analysis ◽  
Successful Performance ◽  
Illocutionary Acts ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Face Saving ◽  
Stylistic Device

Politeness strategies are of significant importance to maintain the face of the addressee. Senders of formal congratulatory letters seek to create a positive image in the minds of their addresses by performing particular illocutionary acts and face-saving acts (FSAs) in the form of written texts. To the best knowledge of the researcher, this topic received little attention from linguistic researchers, especially on the pragma-stylistic level. The importance of this study arises from the fact that congratulatory formal letters are an effective tool in the successful performance of foreign relations and thus deserve investigation. The current study investigates the pragma-stylistic aspects of illocutionary acts and FSA Politeness Strategies in some selected English and Arabic formal congratulatory letters written by English and Arabic officials. Findings reveal that assertive constitutes the highest frequency in English data, while expressive occurs more in Arabic. Besides, the FSA politeness strategy (Use appropriate forms of address) includes most of the total frequency in both English and Arabic data, which still it appeared more in English. Additionally, (Exaggerate interest, sympathy with H) comes next in Arabic, while (Be optimistic) appeared more in English. In addition, results show that exaggeration (Hyperbole) is the prevalent stylistic device used in Arabic. Arabic officials usually exaggerate the glorification of people in authoritative positions, while English high officials tend to be more moderate. The findings will be helpful in cross-cultural comparative studies and other related fields.

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