The Distributional Impact of Climate Policy

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale W Jorgenson ◽  
Richard Goettle ◽  
Mun S Ho ◽  
Daniel T Slesnick ◽  
Peter J Wilcoxen
Keyword(s):  
Climate Policy ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Economic Welfare ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Distributional Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Distributional Impacts

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present a new methodology for evaluating the distributional impacts of climate policy. This methodology builds directly on the framework introduced by Jorgenson, Slesnick, and Wilcoxen (1992), but generalizes it by including leisure time, as well as goods and services, in the measure of household welfare. We provide detailed results for 244 different types of households distinguished by demographic characteristics. In addition, we evaluate the overall impact of a cap-and-trade system, as represented in Energy Modeling Forum 22. While there is a wide range of outcomes for different demographic groups, the impact on economic welfare is regressive and generally negative but relatively small.

The Impact of Mental States on Semi-autonomous Driving Takeover Performance: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1372-1376
Author(s):  
Gaojian Huang ◽  
Christine Petersen ◽  
Brandon J. Pitts
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Autonomous Driving ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Manual Control ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

Semi-autonomous vehicles still require drivers to occasionally resume manual control. However, drivers of these vehicles may have different mental states. For example, drivers may be engaged in non-driving related tasks or may exhibit mind wandering behavior. Also, monitoring monotonous driving environments can result in passive fatigue. Given the potential for different types of mental states to negatively affect takeover performance, it will be critical to highlight how mental states affect semi-autonomous takeover. A systematic review was conducted to synthesize the literature on mental states (such as distraction, fatigue, emotion) and takeover performance. This review focuses specifically on five fatigue studies. Overall, studies were too few to observe consistent findings, but some suggest that response times to takeover alerts and post-takeover performance may be affected by fatigue. Ultimately, this review may help researchers improve and develop real-time mental states monitoring systems for a wide range of application domains.

Towards Intelligent Agriculture Using Smart IoT Sensors

2021 ◽  
pp. 231-249
Author(s):  
Vanita Jaitly ◽  
Shilpa Sharma ◽  
Linesh Raja
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Smart Sensors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Smart Agriculture ◽  
Cattle Health ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Contemporary Technology

The word “smart” is quite commonly associated with different types of products of IoT sensors and its contemporary technology. The frequent progress in the contemporary technology includes convention and the progressive integration of microprocessor. This gives the smart sensors application to a wide range of applications. Smart sensors when associated with agriculture are known as smart agriculture. With the help of smart sensors, technology of internet of things has helped agriculture in facilitating its efficiency, which further helps in decreasing the impact of environment on the production of the crops and deprecate the expenses. This is done by a few methods like calculating the condition of the environment, which affects the production of the crops, keeping a check on the cattle health and indicating when some problem occurs. The author discussed about sensors, their nature and evolution, generations of smarts sensors, and how they became better with the course of time in terms of smart agriculture.

scholarly journals Marine Litter in Transitional Water Ecosystems: State of The Art Review Based on a Bibliometric Analysis

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monia Renzi ◽  
Valentina H. Pauna ◽  
Francesca Provenza ◽  
Cristina Munari ◽  
Michele Mistri
Keyword(s):  
Natural Capital ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Marine Litter ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Urban Impacts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Water Ecosystems ◽  
The Impact

Transitional water ecosystems (TWEs), despite their ecological and economic importance, are largely affected by human pressures that could be responsible for significant inputs of litter in the marine environment. Plastic input in coastal ponds, lagoons, river deltas and estuaries, could be driven by a wide range of human activities such as agriculture, waste disposal, municipal and industrial wastewater effluents, aquaculture, fishing and touristic activities and urban impacts. However, it remains unknown what the impact of plastic input in these TWEs could have on natural capital and, therefore, the ability for an ecosystem to provide goods and services to human beings. Given the large interest with regards to the conservation of transitional water ecosystems and the clear exposure risk to plastic and microplastic pollution, this study aims to perform: (i) a bibliometric analyses on existing literature regarding the levels of marine litter in such environments; (ii) a selection among the available literature of homogeneous data; and (iii) statistical analyses to explore data variability. Results suggest that: (i) research on microplastics in these ecosystems did not begin to be published until 2013 for lagoons, 2014 for river mouths and 2019 for coastal ponds. The majority of articles published on studies of microplastics in lagoons did not occur until 2019; (ii) sediments represent the matrix on which sampling and extraction variability allow the statistical analyses on data reported by the literature; (iii) the Analysis of Similarities (ANOSIM) test two-way evidenced that the level of protection of marine and terrestrial areas produced similar values while the habitat type showed low significance in terms of its effect on microplastic levels, shape and size in sediments.

scholarly journals E-COMMERCE IMPACT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Parishev ◽  
Goran Hristovski ◽  
Petar Jolakoski ◽  
Viktor Stojkoski
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Economic Welfare ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Ever since the dawn of merchanting, traders have sought ways to ease the cost of transactions. The recent growth of information and communication technology provided a wide range of solutions for international and national transactions by introducing ecommerce. As a result of this development, e-commerce recently emerged as a dominant transaction activity with a significant impact on the national economies. In recent years the potential of e-commerce has been widely discussed, with a particular focus on its effects on greater economic welfare and prosperity. Yet, despite an abundance of studies that have been done on investigating the role of e-commerce in an economy, a thorough and detailed econometric examination on its impact is still an underexplored avenue. This paper attempts to bridge this gap by investigating the impact of volume of online transactions (e-commerce) and gross capital formation on economic growth, using panel data on 31 European countries covering a 16 years’ period. The empirical panel data model is estimated by employing the Generalized Method of Moments. The main findings from the study show that e-commerce and gross capital formation have positive and significant effects on GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity, with e-commerce having a weaker development-enhancing effect in comparison to gross capital formation. In addition, this paper proposes a fruitful discussion on how to provide balance between the growth of e-commerce, the focus on improving other aspects and generating optimal economic welfare and prosperity. Our paper ends with directions for future research.

scholarly journals Innovative solutions for forming supply chains in the conditions of economic instability

2021 ◽  
Vol 258 ◽  
pp. 06046
Author(s):  
Tatiana Kharlamova ◽  
Andrey Kharlamov ◽  
Peter Lemeshchenko
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Economic Instability ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Important Trend ◽  
The Face ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Implementation Of Innovations ◽  
The Impact

The article examines the changes in the requirements for the development and implementation of innovations in the process of forming and improving supply chains in the face of increasing economic instability. Economic instability is presented as the most important trend in the modern economy and significant factor forming new requirements for supply chains. This, in turn, involves the improvement of applied technologies and development of new technologies, as well as the search for progressive technical and managerial solutions to meet the interests of a wide range of business entities and consumers of goods and services. A distinctive feature of this study is the fact that economic instability is viewed by the authors through the prism of both economic and non-economic processes having, inter alia, an impact on the economic system, including political, military, environmental, epidemiological and other processes. The article focuses on the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, as well as its impact on logistics solutions, and the specific demands on supply chains. It is substantiated that the introduction of technical and managerial innovations in this area will allow us to take into account the features and consequences of the impact of COVID-19 on the economy and to effectively influence the processes associated with improving supply chains. Thus, it will ensure compliance with the requirements and conditions determined by modern conditions associated with increased economic instability.

scholarly journals La Segmentación De Mercado Y La Satisfacción Del Cliente En Los Negocios Comerciales De La Bahía De Guayaquil

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (25) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Rosa Espinoza Toalombo ◽  
Jenniffer Alchundia ◽  
Xavier Layana ◽  
Xiomara Zuñiga ◽  
Diego Tapia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Market Segmentation ◽  
Value Proposition ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
Product Price ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Segmentation Strategy ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

Currently, majority of people who make up the society have a lot of different needs that the market must be willing to meet. The application of the segmentation strategy allows the offering of a commercial mix for the different types of consumers, giving the opportunity to customize and structure a unique combination of elements such as product, price, place, and promotion. This value proposition is potentially superior to that of competition. As a result, this is why it is imperative to study the segmentation of the market and the impact that this gives to the satisfaction of customers who like the goods and services offered in the Bay of Guayaquil. It, however, focuses on contributing to the improvement of the structure and positioning of these markets. The methodology used is empirical-positivist because it generates a new knowledge. The field is in relation to the sample that was surveyed. This study is exploratory because they intend to give us an overview regarding a reality. Finally, the study is descriptive because it details the results of the study. The adaptation of market segmentation is a feasible strategy to meet the needs of consumers and mitigate the risks that the markets present. As a result, it is advisable to divide it by groups in order to differentiate consumers and respond more safely to their preferential needs.

scholarly journals The Price Discrimination on the Shortage Markets: Theoretical Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 71-85
Author(s):  
Irina V. Knyazeva ◽  
◽  
Nikolay N. Zaikin ◽  
Irina V. Bondarenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Price Discrimination ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
The Impact

Antitrust law includes a number of evaluation norms in system of commodity market analysis and proofs of anti-competitive behavior, which provide for using wide range of economics and marketing methods. The widest field of discussing embedded in definition “price discrimination”. Specific research interest presents the making recommendations of regulation of shortage markets with unfounded differences in prices. This question we propose to consider in two articles: in first article we make theoretical analysis of price discrimination in situation of shortage markets, in second article (will be published in no. 4) we analyze marketing aspects and system of sales stimulation, which the seller accomplish on the shortage markets. In the focus of this research is price discrimination as a market mechanism and shortage markets as a market anomaly. The shortage markets in contrast of shortage on the market occurs not for reason that price is below the equilibrium level. The main reason of genesis of shortage markets is speculative demand on the markets and/or difficulties in producing goods and services. These difficulties often set by outside shocks. Price discrimination undergoing of effect of long-run shortage on markets transforming in phenomenon, which damages of consumer wealth and entrepreneurs benefits. In addition, this type of price discrimination decrease the social welfare too. The risks of price discrimination in the case of shortage markets needed new decisions and methods of regulation by state. However now we do not see some consensus in the issue of principles and instruments of state regulation of shortage markets. In the article we try to approbate some scientific results. These results are the hybrid definition of price discrimination; the legislative definitions of price discrimination as a acts which limiting competition; the criteria of functioning of shortage markets; proofs of transforming markets through the impact of long-run shortage; the difference between the case of shortage markets and the case of shortage on the markets in the classical demand-supply model; costs of price discrimination on the shortage markets; perspective antitrust regulation of price discrimination on the shortage markets.

scholarly journals Concept of model support for corporate social performance planning

2019 ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
Lyudmyla Potrashkova
Keyword(s):  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Corporate Social Performance ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Socially Responsible ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Enterprise Activity ◽  
Model Support

Introduction. When planning socially responsible activities, the management of the company faces a problem. The impact of such activities on the resource system and the potential of the enterprise is ambiguous and difficult to assess. On the one hand, socially responsible activities have a positive effect on the image of the enterprise, but on the other hand, they require additional expenditures of the enterprise's resources (since these measures are in essence aimed at ensuring an increased level of satisfaction of the interests of a wide range of stakeholders). This fact complicates the planning of socially responsible activities of the enterprise. As a consequence, enterprise management needs tools in the form of economic and mathematical models that would allow: to evaluate the impact of socially responsible activities on different types of enterprise resources and on its potential as a whole; to make decisions on planning of socially responsible activity of the enterprise on the basis of consideration of the task of reproduction of potential of the enterprise. Purpose. The purpose of this study is to develop a concept for building model support for the planning of socially responsible enterprise activity, taking into account the impact of such activity on the enterprise's potential. Results. To achieve this goal in the work on the basis of the analysis of the theory and practice of corporate social responsibility, formulated the concept that formulate requirements for model support for planning socially responsible activities of the enterprise. According to this concept, the planning of socially responsible activities should be based on an assessment of the enterprise's potential and its dynamics. In order to obtain a more accurate assessment of the impact of socially responsible enterprise activity on different types of resources and enterprise potential, model support for planning processes should include patterns of enterprise stakeholder behavior, taking into account the stakeholder social responsibility factor and the dynamics of the characteristics of their relations with the enterprise. Conclusions. The proposed developments are aimed at enhancing the validity of planning of socially responsible activities of enterprises.

scholarly journals Wildfires as a Source of PAHs in Surface Waters of Background Areas (Lake Baikal, Russia)

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 2636
Author(s):  
Alexander G. Gorshkov ◽  
Oksana N. Izosimova ◽  
Olga V. Kustova ◽  
Irina I. Marinaite ◽  
Yuri P. Galachyants ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lake Baikal ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Water Layer ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Back Trajectories ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Deep Layers ◽  
The Impact

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected in different types of PAH-containing samples collected in Lake Baikal during wildfires in the adjacent areas. The set of studied samples included the following: (i) water from the upper layer (5 m); (ii) water from the surface microlayer; (iii) water from the lake tributaries; (iv) water from deep layers (400 m); and (v) aerosol from the near-water layer. Ten PAHs were detected in the water samples: naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and chrysene. The total PAH concentrations (ƩPAHs) were detected in a wide range from 9.3 to 160 ng/L, characterizing by seasonal, intersessional, and spatial variability. In September 2016, the ƩPAH concentration in the southern basin of the lake reached 610 ng/L in the upper water layer due to an increase in fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene in the composition of the PAHs. In June 2019, ƩPAHs in the water from the northern basin of the lake reached 290 ng/L, with the naphthalene and phenanthrene concentrations up to 170 ng/L and 92 ng/L, respectively. The calculation of back trajectories of the atmospheric transport near Lake Baikal, satellite images, and ƩPAH concentrations in the surface water microlayer of 150 to 960 ng/L confirm the impact of wildfires on Lake Baikal, with which the seasonal increase in the ƩPAH concentrations was associated in 2016 and 2019. The toxicity of PAHs detected in the water of the lake in extreme situations was characterized by the total value of the toxic equivalent for PAHs ranging from 0.17 to 0.22 ng/L, and a possible ecological risk of the impact on biota was assessed as moderate.

scholarly journals Employer Responses to Legislation Protecting Non-Regular Workers: Evidence from South Korea

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
HYEJIN KO ◽  
ANDREW WEAVER
Keyword(s):  
Performance Pay ◽  
Employment Protection ◽  
Employment Protection Legislation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Employment Insecurity ◽  
Employment Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Protection Legislation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Many countries have taken steps to address employment insecurity by enacting employment protection legislation (EPL) for non-regular workers. Although the aggregate impacts of EPL reforms have been examined in the literature, less attention has been paid to the heterogeneous ways that different types of employers respond to these reforms. In this paper, we seek to shed additional light on the impact of non-regular workforce protections by investigating the response of establishments to legal changes in Korea in 2007. We employ a difference-in-difference framework to explore which establishment characteristics predict that employers will convert non-regular workers to regular status. Results indicate that, in the short term, the Korean labor reforms led to increased conversions of fixed-term workers to permanent status. Establishments that have shifted risk onto workers via the use of performance pay are more likely to extend permanent status to non-regular workers. However, establishments that provide favorable employment conditions were less likely to convert. Unions play a double-edged role. Unions in large establishments with a wide range of occupational categories are associated with relatively greater conversion of outsiders to regular status, while unions in smaller, more resource-constrained establishments with a narrower occupational focus are associated with more exclusionary behavior.

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