scholarly journals Peculiarities of the course of coronavirus infection COVID-19 in children of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
O.K. Кoloskova ◽  
S.O. Kramarov ◽  
T.M. Bilous ◽  
L.A. Іvanova ◽  
T.M. Kaminska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

Background. Pandemic of coronavirus disease COVID-19 caused by a new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 still remains a global problem, but the data about the features of the course of COVID-19 infection among children of different ages are limited. The purpose was to conduct a generalized analysis of demographic, epidemiological and clinical features of COVID-19 in children of different ages from different regions of Ukraine. Materials and methods. In accordance with the principles of bioethics, a multicenter retrospective open cohort study of 669 cases of infection caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in children was conducted at the departments of hospital bases of Kyiv, Vinnytsia, Chernivtsi and Odesa. Clinical, laboratory and instrumental mar­kers of COVID-19 coronavirus infection were determined in hospitalized children. Results. The first (І) group included 67 infants under 2 months of age, the second (ІІ) one — 320 children aged from 60 days to 6 years, a subgroup of 127 patients of junior and middle school age formed the third (ІІІ) group, and the fourth (IV) group consisted of 155 adolescents at the age over 12. Damage to internal organs by SARS-CoV-2 virus was characterized by a multi-syste­mic type and manifested by changes in the upper respiratory tract in 70.1 % of cases, lower respiratory tract lesions — in 54.7 %, infectious and inflammatory changes — in 57.2 %, gastrointestinal symptoms — in 9.2 %, and neurological signs — in 17.8 % of observations. According to the results of study, the most frequent clinical symptoms found in the total cohort of patients were fever (51.1 %), general fatigue (51.6 %), sore throat (70.1 %), cough (54.7 %) and poor appetite (52.8 %). Damage to the lung parenchyma with specific clinical and radiological manifestations as a sign of coronavirus disease COVID-19 was detected in 23.9–25.9 % of children from the different regions of Ukraine, with a significantly increased risk of pneumonia among adolescents (odds ratio (OR) = 7.5). The most frequent changes when using additional methods of examination were leukocytosis (18.8 % of cases), thrombocytosis (14.5 %), leukopenia (11.1 %), increased С-reactive protein (43.7 %). Elevated content of platelets was mainly found in children of the first two months of life (38.3 % of cases), and it reliably increased during the period of in-patient treatment, which coincided with the tendencies to increasing the level of C-reactive protein in this age group (OR = 5.0). Conclusions. The analysis of epidemiological, clinical and laboratory features of the course of coronavirus disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 in children of different age groups from different regional hospital bases of Ukraine was consistent with the course in adult patients with COVID-19, but with higher chances of milder forms of the disease (OR = 3.1) among young children, and with involvement of the lower respiratory tract and higher risk of severe course among older children (OR = 7.3).

scholarly journals Serum IgM and C-Reactive Protein Binding to Phosphorylcholine of NontypeableHaemophilus influenzaeIncreases Complement-Mediated Killing

2019 ◽  
Vol 87 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen D. Langereis ◽  
Eva S. van der Pasch ◽  
Marien I. de Jonge
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Classical Pathway ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Surface Binding ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Bacterial Surface ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Tract Infections

ABSTRACTNontypeableHaemophilus influenzae(NTHi) colonizes the human upper respiratory tract without causing disease symptoms, but it is also a major cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children and elderly, respectively. NTHi synthesizes various molecules to decorate its lipooligosaccharide (LOS), which modulates the level of virulence. The presence of phosphorylcholine (PCho) on NTHi LOS increases adhesion to epithelial cells, which is an advantage for the bacterium enabling nasopharyngeal colonization. However, when PCho is incorporated on the LOS of NTHi, it is recognized by the acute-phase C-reactive protein (CRP) and PCho-specific antibodies, both potent initiators of the classical pathway of complement activation. We determined the presence of PCho and binding of IgG and IgM to the bacterial surface for 319 NTHi strains collected from the nasopharynx/oropharynx, middle ear, and lower respiratory tract. PCho detection was higher for NTHi strains collected from the nasopharynx/oropharynx, which was associated with increased binding of IgM and IgG to the bacterial surface. Binding of CRP and IgM to the bacterial surface of PChohighNTHi strains increased complement-mediated killing, which was largely dependent on PCho-specific IgM. The levels of PCho-specific IgM varied in sera from 12 healthy individuals, and higher PCho-specific IgM levels were associated with increased complement-mediated killing of a PChohighNTHi strain. In conclusion, incorporation of PCho on the LOS of NTHi marks the bacterium for binding of CRP and IgM, resulting in complement-mediated killing. Therefore, having a lower PCho might be beneficial in situations where sufficient PCho-specific antibodies and complement are present.

scholarly journals Features of a new Coronavirus infection in children of different ages

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
M. A. Shakmaeva ◽  
T. M. Chernova ◽  
V. N. Timchenko ◽  
T. A. Nachinkina ◽  
K. V. Tetyushin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
One Year

The new coronavirus infection (COVID-1 9) is a socially significant problem around the world. According to available statistics, complications are less common among children, asymptomatic or mild forms of the disease prevail more often.This article presents the features of the viral landscape of the upper respiratory tract in children with ARVI in a pandemic, the clinical and laboratory features of the course of COVID-1 9 in children of different ages.It was found that SARS-CoV-2 is detected only in a third (32.9%) of hospitalized patients with respiratory symptoms, in 4.3% of cases — in combination with seasonal CoV-OC43 / CoV-229E, in 1 1.6% — with other respiratory viruses. The most frequent source of infection with the SARS-Cov-2 were family members. Children with a moderate form of the disease predominated among the patients. The leading symptoms of COVID-19 were fever, catarrhal symptoms, as well as gastrointestinal manifestations and anosmia. A feature of the new coronavirus infection in newborns and children of the first month of life was the absence of fever and intoxication, the lack of expression of catarrhal manifestations when the colon is involved in the pathological process (colitis, rarely — hemocolitis). In the compete blood test in children under the age of one year, monocytosis prevailed, in children over 7 years old — leukopenia and accelerated ESR. Among the changes in the biochemical analysis of blood, the most common was an increased C-reactive protein.

scholarly journals The Basics and the Advancements in Diagnosis of Bacterial Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Diagnostics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Noviello ◽  
David Huang
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Tract Infections

Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are the leading infectious cause of death and the sixth-leading cause of death overall worldwide. Streptococcus pneumoniae, with more than 90 serotypes, remains the most common identified cause of community-acquired acute bacterial pneumonia. Antibiotics treat LRTIs with a bacterial etiology. With the potential for antibiotic-resistant bacteria, defining the etiology of the LRTI is imperative for appropriate patient treatment. C-reactive protein and procalcitonin are point-of-care tests that may differentiate bacterial versus viral etiologies of LRTIs. Major advancements are currently advancing the ability to make rapid diagnoses and identification of the bacterial etiology of LRTIs, which will continue to support antimicrobial stewardship, and is the focus of this review.

scholarly journals Neurological diseases caused by coronavirus infection of the respiratory airways

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-343
Author(s):  
Waqas Ahmed ◽  
Adeel Khan ◽  
Wish Hal Sundar ◽  
Humaira Naseem ◽  
Wanghao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Invasion Routes ◽  
Critical Problems ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) infections are critical problems for public health. They are caused by several different organisms, including the respiratory coronaviruses (CoVs). CoVs usually infect the upper respiratory tract causing the common cold. However, in infants, and in elderly and immunocompromised persons, they can also affect the lower respiratory tract causing pneumonia and various syndromes of respiratory distress. CoVs also have neuroinvasive capabilities because they can spread from the respiratory tract to the CNS. Once infection begins in the CNS cells, it can cause various CNS problems such as status epilepticus, encephalitis, and long‐term neurological disease. This neuroinvasive properties of CoVs may damage the CNS as a result of misdirected host immune response, which could be associated with autoimmunity in susceptible individuals (virus‐induced neuro‐immunopathology) or associated with viral replication directly causing damage to the CNS cells (virus‐induced neuropathology). In December 2019, a new disease named COVID‐19 emerged which is caused by CoVs. The significant clinical symptoms of COVID‐19 are related to the respiratory system, but they can also affect the CNS, causing acute cerebrovascular and intracranial infections. We describe the possible invasion routes of coronavirus in this review article, and look for the most recent findings associated with the neurological complications in the recently published literature.

scholarly journals C-reactive protein or procalcitonin combined with rhinorrhea for discrimination of viral from bacterial infections in hospitalized adults in non-intensive care units with lower respiratory tract infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengchen Duan ◽  
Xiaoying Gu ◽  
Guohui Fan ◽  
Fei Zhou ◽  
Guangfa Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background Whether procalcitonin (PCT) or C-reactive protein (CRP) combined with certain clinical characteristics can better distinguish viral from bacterial infections remains unclear. The aim of the study was to assess the ability of PCT or CRP combined with clinical characteristics to distinguish between viral and bacterial infections in hospitalized non-intensive care unit (ICU) adults with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). Methods This was a post-hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial previously conducted among LRTI patients. The ability of PCT, CRP and PCT or CRP combined with clinical symptoms to discriminate between viral and bacterial infection were assessed by portraying receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves among patients with only a viral or a typical bacterial infection. Results In total, 209 infected patients (viral 69%, bacterial 31%) were included in the study. When using CRP or PCT to discriminate between viral and bacterial LRTI, the optimal cut-off points were 22 mg/L and 0.18 ng/mL, respectively. When the optimal cut-off for CRP (≤ 22 mg/L) or PCT (≤ 0.18 ng/mL) combined with rhinorrhea was used to discriminate viral from bacterial LRTI, the AUCs were 0.81 (95% CI: 0.75–0.87) and 0.80 (95% CI: 0.74–0.86), which was statistically significantly better than when CRP or PCT used alone (p < 0.001). When CRP ≤ 22 mg/L, PCT ≤ 0.18 ng/mL and rhinorrhea were combined, the AUC was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.80–0.91), which was statistically significantly higher than when CRP (≤ 22 mg/L) or PCT (≤ 0.18 ng/mL) was combined with rhinorrhea (p = 0.011 and p = 0.021). Conclusions Either CRP ≤ 22 mg/L or PCT ≤ 0.18 ng/mL combined with rhinorrhea could help distinguish viral from bacterial infections in hospitalized non-ICU adults with LRTI. When rhinorrhea was combined together, discrimination ability was further improved.

Сoronavirus infection COVID-19 in children in the Russian Federation

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
A.V. Gorelov ◽  
◽  
S.V. Nikolaeva ◽  
V.G. Akimkin ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Causal Therapy ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Humanity has recently encountered an infection caused by a new strain of human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). This infection is characterized by a variety of clinical symptoms with lesions not only to the respiratory tract, but also to other organs, lack of causal therapy, and high mortality rate. Wide spread of COVID-19 contributes to the development of this disease in children. Objective. To identify clinical and epidemiological characteristics of new coronavirus infection in children in the Russian Federation (RF). Materials and methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of all confirmed COVID-19 cases among children in the RF between January and June 2020. Information on patients (age, gender, place of residence, reason and date of examination, and clinical form of the disease) was taken from the database containing reports of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing according to from No. 970 ‘Information on cases of infectious diseases in people with suspected coronavirus infection’ for January–June 2020. The results were processed by generally accepted statistical methods with the calculation of the Fisher s-criterion. Differences were considered significant at p <0.05. Results. A total of 47,712 cases of COVID-19 were registered in children during the first 6 months of 2020 in the Russian Federation, which accounted for 8.4% of all COVID-19 cases. Children of all ages are affected with boys having the disease slightly more often than girls (52.2% vs. 47.8%, p > 0.05). The majority of hospitalized children were younger than 3 years of age. The proportion of pneumonia among children treated in inpatient departments was 4.4% and two-thirds of them were older than 3 years (p < 0.001). Upper respiratory tract infections were diagnosed in 83% of children. Almost one-fifth of children (18.2%) had hyperthermia at the disease onset, although high-grade fever (>39°С) was detected only in 2.6% of children. Half of the patients (50.8%) had cough. Only one in four children developed rhinitis/rhinopharyngitis. Symptoms that are pathognomonic for COVID-19, such as loss of smell (anosmia) and taste (ageusia), were registered in 17% of cases only. Conclusion. Children with new coronavirus infection usually have mild disease. Key words: children, coronavirus, COVID-19

scholarly journals The porcine respiratory microbiome: recent insights and future challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattia Pirolo ◽  
Carmen Espinosa-Gongora ◽  
Debby Bogaert ◽  
Luca Guardabassi
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Shotgun Metagenomics ◽  
Genus Level ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Respiratory Microbiome

AbstractUnderstanding the structure of the respiratory microbiome and its complex interactions with opportunistic pathogenic bacteria has become a topic of great scientific and economic interest in livestock production, given the severe consequences of respiratory disease on animal health and welfare. The present review focuses on the microbial structures of the porcine upper and lower airways, and the factors that influence microbiome development and onset of respiratory disease. Following a literature search on PubMed and Scopus, 21 articles were selected based on defined exclusion criteria (20 studies performed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and one by shotgun metagenomics). Analysis of the selected literature indicated that the microbial structure of the upper respiratory tract undergoes a remarkable evolution after birth and tends to stabilise around weaning. Antimicrobial treatment, gaseous ammonia concentration, diet and floor type are amongst the recognized environmental factors influencing microbiome structure. The predominant phyla of the upper respiratory tract are Proteobacteria and Firmicutes with significant differences at the genus level between the nasal and the oropharyngeal cavity. Only five studies investigated the lower respiratory tract and their results diverged in relation to the relative abundance of these two phyla and even more in the composition of the lung microbiome at the genus level, likely because of methodological differences. Reduced diversity and imbalanced microbial composition are associated with an increased risk of respiratory disease. However, most studies presented methodological pitfalls concerning specimen collection, sequencing target and depth, and lack of quality control. Standardization of sampling and sequencing procedures would contribute to a better understanding of the structure of the microbiota inhabiting the lower respiratory tract and its relationship with pig health and disease.

scholarly journals Caesarean section and severe upper and lower respiratory tract infections during infancy: Evidence from two UK cohorts

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246832
Author(s):  
Neora Alterman ◽  
Jennifer J. Kurinczuk ◽  
Maria A. Quigley
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Emergency Caesarean ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Tract Infections

Background Several studies have reported that birth by caesarean section is associated with increased risk of lower respiratory tract infections in the child, but it is unclear whether this applies to any caesarean section or specifically to planned caesareans. Furthermore, although infections of the upper respiratory tract are very common during childhood, there is a scarcity of studies examining whether caesarean is also a risk factor for this site of infection. Methods We obtained data from two UK cohorts: the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) and linked administrative datasets of the population of Wales through the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) databank. The study focused on term-born singleton infants and included 15,580 infants born 2000–2002 (MCS) and 392,145 infants born 2002–2016 (SAIL). We used information about mode of birth (vaginal delivery, assisted vaginal delivery, planned caesarean and emergency caesarean) from maternal report in the MCS and from hospital birth records in SAIL. Unplanned hospital admission for lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) was ascertained from maternal report in the MCS and from hospital record ICD codes in SAIL. Information about admissions for upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) was available from SAIL only. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios for each outcome and cohort separately while accounting for a wide range of confounders. Gestational age at birth was further examined as a potential added, indirect risk of planned caesarean birth due to the early delivery. Findings The rate of hospital admission for LRTI was 4.6 per 100 child years in the MCS and 5.9 per 100 child years in SAIL. Emergency caesarean was not associated with LRTI admission during infancy in either cohort. In the MCS, planned caesarean was associated with a hazard ratio of 1.39 (95% CI 1.03, 1.87) which further increased to 1.65 (95% CI 1.24, 2.19) when gestational age was not adjusted for. In SAIL, the adjusted hazard ratio was 1.10 (95% CI 1.05, 1.15), which increased to 1.17 (95% CI 1.12, 1.22) when gestational age was not adjusted for. The rate of hospital admission for URTI was 5.9 per 100 child years in SAIL. Following adjustments, emergency caesarean was found to have a hazard ratio of 1.09 (95% CI 1.05, 1.14) for hospital admission for URTI. Planned caesarean was associated with a hazard ratio of 1.11 (95% CI 1.06, 1.16) which increased to 1.17 (95% CI 1.12, 1.22) when gestational age was not adjusted for. Conclusions The risk of severe LRTIs during infancy is moderately elevated in infants born by planned caesarean compared to those born vaginally. Infants born by any type of caesarean may also be at a small increased risk of severe URTIs. The estimated effect sizes are stronger if including the indirect effect arising from planning the caesarean birth for an earlier gestation than would have occurred spontaneously. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.

scholarly journals Occupation And Occurrence of Respiratory Infections Among Adults With Newly Diagnosed Asthma

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maritta S. Jaakkola ◽  
Taina K. Lajunen ◽  
Aino K. Rantala ◽  
Rachel Nadif ◽  
Jouni J.K. Jaakkola
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background: Work environments are potential areas for spreading respiratory infections. We hypothesized that certain occupations increase susceptibility to respiratory infections among adults with asthma. Our objective was to compare the occurrence of respiratory infections among different occupations in adults with newly diagnosed asthma.Methods: We analysed a study population of 492 working-age adults with newly diagnosed asthma who were living in the geographically defined Pirkanmaa Area in Southern Finland during a population-based Finnish Environment and Asthma Study (FEAS). The determinant of interest was occupation at the time of diagnosis of asthma. We assessed potential relations between occupation and occurrence of both upper respiratory tract infections and lower respiratory tract infections during the past 12 months. The measures of effect were incidence rate ratio (IRR) and risk ratio (RR) adjusted for age, gender, and smoking habits. Professionals, clerks, and administrative personnel formed the reference group. Results: The mean number of common colds in the study population was 1.85 (95% CI 1.70, 2.00) infections in the last 12 months. The following occupational groups showed increased risk of common colds: forestry and related workers (aIRR 2.20, 95% CI 1.15-4.23) and construction and mining (aIRR 1.67, 95% CI 1.14-2.44). The risk of lower respiratory tract infections was increased in the following groups: glass, ceramic, and mineral workers (aRR 3.82, 95% CI 2.54-5.74), fur and leather workers (aRR 2.06, 95% CI 1.01-4.20) and metal workers (aRR 1.80, 95% CI 1.04-3.10).Conclusions: We provide evidence that the occurrence of respiratory infections is related to certain occupations.

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