Atmospheric Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel and Galvanized Steel after Exposure in Eretan and Ciwaringin, West Java Province, Indonesia

The investigation of corrosion for carbon steel and galvanized steel has been conducted in the marine atmosphere of Eretan and Ciwaringin Districts, West Java Province. The exposure time of the field test was up to 200 days, and their corrosion rates are determined according to weight loss method. The objective of the work is to elucidate the corrosion behavior of those alloys which is affected by distances from coastline and environmental condition. The magnitude of corrosion rate for carbon steel was 20 times as high as that for galvanized steel in both districts The distance from coastline has significantly affected for the magnitude of corrosion rate, where that both alloys in Ciwaringin is lower than that in Eretan. The deposition of chloride ion in Eretan and Ciwaringin Districts were 4.305 mg/m2 day and 1.863 mg/m2 day, respectively, where the higher chloride ion can tend to increase the corrosion rates. Relative humidity (RH) which is over 60% has essential role for corrosion process as well as rainfall. The uniform corrosion attack was observed both alloys after exposure. The corrosion product phases of galvanized steel exhibits as zincite, hydrozincite and simonkolleite in Eretan as the typical coastline atmosphere phases but not in Ciwaringin. The formation of rust product for both metals lead the decrease of further corrosion attack due to the barrier between metal and environment. The usage of galvanized steel is remarkable to minimize corrosion attack compared to that of carbon steel in tropical coastline.

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Effects of Surfactant on Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel in Simulated Crude Oil

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1115.223 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1115 ◽

pp. 223-225

Author(s):

Mohammad Zakaria ◽

Suryanto ◽

Irfan Hilmy

Keyword(s):

Carbon Steel ◽

Corrosion Rate ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Enhanced Oil Recovery ◽

Corrosion Behavior ◽

Oil Recovery ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Uniform Corrosion ◽

Weight Loss Method ◽

Loss Method

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is a technique used in oil and gas industries to increase the amount of crude oil production by injection of brine, a mixture of surfactant, water and seawater. As the results, crude oil contains brine which is corrosive. Surfactant is used to lessen the corrosion effect in addition to increase flowing of oil. In this study, the effect of surfactant on corrosion behavior of carbon steel in simulated enhanced oil recovery crude was investigated. Autoclave machine was used to perform corrosion experiment in the oxygen free environments. Corrosion rate was measure using weight loss method. The results show that surfactant reduces corrosion rate of carbon steel from 0.061 mm/y to 0.042 mm/y and the corrosion type on carbon steel was uniform corrosion.

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Corrosion Behavior of Copper and Carbon Steel in Acidic Media

Baghdad Science Journal ◽

10.21123/bsj.11.4.1577-1582 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 1577-1582

Author(s):

Baghdad Science Journal

Keyword(s):

Carbon Steel ◽

Hydrochloric Acid ◽

Sulphuric Acid ◽

Corrosion Behavior ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Acidic Media ◽

Corrosion Rates ◽

Weight Loss Method ◽

Acid Environment ◽

Loss Method

The corrosion behavior of copper and carbon steel in 1M concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4) has been studied. The corrosion inhibition of copper and carbon steel in 1M concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4) by Ciprofloxacin has been investigated. Specimens were exposed in the acidic media for 7 hours and corrosion rates evaluated by using the weight loss method. The effect of temperature (from 283 ºK to 333 ºK), pH (from 1to 6), inhibitor concentration (10-4 to 10-2) has been studied. It was observed that sulphuric acid environment was most corrosive to the metals because of its oxidizing nature, followed by hydrochloric acid. The rate of metal dissolution increased with increasing exposure time. Corrosion rates of carbon steel in the acidic media found to be higher.

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PENGARUH BASIC SEDIMENT AND WATER TERHADAP LAJU KOROSI PIPA X52 DAN A53 PADA MEDIA OIL SLUDGE.

ROTOR ◽

10.19184/rotor.v10i1.5141 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 13

Author(s):

Naufan Arviansyah ◽

Sumarji Sumarji ◽

Digdo Listyadi Setyawan

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Corrosion Rate ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Measuring Method ◽

Oil Sludge ◽

Uniform Corrosion ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Weight Loss Method ◽

Loss Method

This research have a purpuse to know corrosion rate in pipe X52 and A53 at oil sludge media caused BS and W. Corrosion is a damage of metal that occurs because reaction between metal with environtment and produce unwanted of corrosion product. Pipe X52 and A53 is a type of low carbon steel that use for fluid transportation system in industry. Oil sludge is a sediment of crude oil from main gathering storage and containing variouses elements. Oil sludge have a one of element is Basic Sediment and Water that is can make corrosion happen to distribution pipes. Measuring Method used in this research is weight loss method. The result of corrosion rate in Oil Sludge media containing 30,17% BS and W for pipe A53 is 1,64 x 10-2 mmpy and the result for pipa X52 is 2,47 x 10-2 mmpy. The result of corrosion rate in Oil Sludge media containing 60,67% BS and W for pipe A53 is 2,12 x 10-2 mmpy and for pipe X52 the result is 3,13 x 10-2 mmpy. The result of this research showed pipe A53 have more resistance than pipe X52. The corrosion is classified as uniform corrosion. Keywords : A53, Weight Loss, Oil Sludge, X52.

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A Field Study of Atmospheric Corrosion of Carbon Steel after Short Exposure in Pelabuhan Ratu, West Java Province, Indonesia

Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) ◽

10.48048/wjst.2021.9667 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (17) ◽

Author(s):

Gadang PRIYOTOMO ◽

Siska PRIFIHARNI ◽

Lutviasari NURAINI ◽

Joko TRIWARDONO ◽

Ahmad ROYANI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Steel ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Atmospheric Corrosion ◽

Short Exposure ◽

Corrosion Attack ◽

West Java ◽

Corrosion Rates ◽

Magnetite Fe3o4 ◽

Chloride Deposition

The investigation of atmospheric corrosion of mild carbon steel as representative of offshore infrastructure has been carried out in the marine tropical of Pelabuhan Ratu, West Java, Indonesia. They are exposed up to 76 days of periods, and their corrosion rates are determined according to ASTM G1-03. The surface morphology, the elemental compositions and compounds were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The environmental parameters of the test site are monitored during exposure, such as air temperature, relative humidity (RH), airborne salinity and dew temperature. Based on the results, the corrosion rates of steels were 2.79 and 2.8 mpy within the 27 and 76 days exposures, respectively. The presence of chloride deposition on the surface of steel can increase the severity of corrosion. Moreover, the detrimental effect of chloride was observed in rust product, which was covered by an oxygen element. The main phases of rust products present were magnetite (Fe3O4) and hematite (α-Fe2O3.H2O). Several cracks were observed in the rust layer, which tended to exfoliate and lose adherence and protectiveness from further corrosion attack. HIGHLIGHTS The presence of chloride deposition on the surface of steel can increase the severity of corrosion. The severity of corrosion attack mainly depends on the exposure time and some climatic parameters, such as relative humidity (RH), air temperature and chloride airborne. The uniform distribution of the chloride tends to increase the production of ferrous chloride in high RH condition and the aqueous layer deposited on carbon steel. There are two phases on corroded carbon steel such as hematite (α-Fe2O3.H2O) and Magnetite (Fe3O4) after exposure GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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Corrosion behavior of carbon steel in H2S-CO2-H2O-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) solution under the presence of chloride ions

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials ◽

10.1108/acmm-12-2020-2420 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Guiyang Wu ◽

Xikui Gu ◽

Wanwei Zhao ◽

Rui Fan ◽

Ting Mao

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Corrosion Rate ◽

Corrosion Behavior ◽

Electrochemical Impedance ◽

Chloride Ion ◽

Chloride Ions ◽

Corrosion Products ◽

Content Type

Purpose This paper aims to study the effect of chloride ions concentration on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel in methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) aqueous solution in the sight of different process parameters of purification plant. Design/methodology/approach Due to the decrease of filtration efficiency and separation efficiency, the chloride ion in the desulfurization solution is enriched. The corrosion behavior of carbon steel under chloride ion enrichment environment was studied by weight-loss method, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic polarization curve, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Findings The results show that temperature and hydrogen sulfide loads are the main factors of corrosion in CO2-MDEA-H2O-H2S environment. The enrichment of chloride ions reduces the corrosion rate at low temperature but promotes the corrosion rate at high temperature. The chloride concentration should be controlled below 3000 mg/L, and no pitting corrosion was found under the experimental conditions. Originality/value The effect of chloride ion enrichment on MDEA solution corrosion shows that at low temperature, the increase of chloride ion will reduce the acid gas load and increase the density of corrosion products, so as to reduce the corrosion; on the contrary, at high temperature, the density of corrosion products will decrease and the corrosion will be intensified as well. It is believed that the chloride ion should be controlled below 3000 mg/L according to the results of the tests.

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The Influence of Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Ammonia on the Corrosion Behavior of Plain Carbon Steel in High Temperature Water

CORROSION ◽

10.5006/0010-9312-24.10.338 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 24 (10) ◽

pp. 338-343 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

B. E. WILDE

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Corrosion Rate ◽

Oxide Film ◽

Corrosion Behavior ◽

Reduction Process ◽

Plain Carbon Steel ◽

Protective Oxide ◽

Corrosion Rates ◽

Protective Oxide Film

Abstract The corrosion behavior of plain carbon steel in high temperature water has been studied using electrochemical polarization techniques. The influence of oxygen, hydrogen, and ammonia on the corrosion behavior has been studied over the range < 0.1–100 ppm. Potentiostatic anodic polarization data indicate that only oxygen has any effect on the anodic dissolution kinetics of carbon steel at 289 C (552 F). Controlled potential corrosion experiments at highly noble potentials in oxygenated water did not produce any form of localized corrosion. Cathodic Tafel polarization data indicate that the primary cathodic partial process during corrosion on ammonia and hydrogenated solutions is the reduction of hydrogen ions. Reduced steady-state corrosion rates observed in ammoniated solutions are due to the severe reduction in the limiting diffusion rate of hydrogen ions because of a simple pH effect. In oxygenated solutions, over the range 0.1–50 ppm O2, the major reduction process is the reduction of H+. At 50–100 ppm O2 levels, however, the reduction process changes to O2 + 2H2O + 4e → 4OH−, with the formation of a protective oxide film and a reduction of the steady-state corrosion rate to 0.2 mdd. Linear polarization studies indicated that the steady-state corrosion rate of carbon steel on hydrogenated solutions is relatively independent of H2 content. The corrosion rate on ammoniated solutions decreased with NH3 content over the range 1–100 ppm NH3. Corrosion rates in oxygenated water over the range < 0.08–100 ppm increase through a maximum at approximately 50 ppm then decreases to a low value at 100 ppm. This behavior is interpreted by the formation of a protective oxide film which is dependent on oxygen content. X-ray diffraction studies indicate the presence of a duplex oxide film in high oxygen solutions consisting of γFe2O3 and Fe3O4. At lower oxygen levels, only αFe2O3 was observed and also in ammoniated solutions. In hydrogenated solutions, with the highers corrosion rates, only αFe2O3 was observed on the surface.

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Bio-Inhibitor on Corrosion Rate of ASTM A53 Steel in Marine Environment

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201817701019 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 177 ◽

pp. 01019

Author(s):

Herman Pratikno ◽

Harmin Sulistiyaning Titah ◽

Yossy Kurnia Shandy

Keyword(s):

Carbon Steel ◽

Corrosion Rate ◽

Marine Environment ◽

Mangifera Indica ◽

Banana Peel ◽

Uniform Corrosion ◽

Weight Loss Method ◽

Loss Method ◽

Mango Leaves ◽

Organic Inhibitor

There are many methods to prevent the corrosion process. One of them is corrosion inhibitors usage. Inhibitor divided into two types, there are organic inhibitor and non-organic inhibitor. Organic inhibitor could be obtained by extracting some materials which exist in nature. In this research, bio-inhibitors were made from rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) peel, banana (Musa acuminata Colla) peel, mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaves and papaya (Carica papaya)leaves. The determination of corrosion rate used weight loss method. The material of carbon steel ASTM A53 was used in the research. The salinity of artificial seawater was 35 ‰. The results showed that corrosion rate on carbon steel ASTM A53 was 0.2172 mpy at mango leaves and the efficiency of those inhibitor was 44.5%. The corrosion rate carbon steel ASTM A53 was 0.2436 mpy for corrosion rate and 37.8% of inhibitor efficiency when it used papaya leaves as bioinhibitor. Meanwhile, it reached 0.2739 mpy and 0.2812 mpy of corrosion rate for banana peel and rambutan peel, respectively. The efficiency of inhibitor were 30% and 28.2% for banana peel and rambutan peel, respectively. The corrosion rate on carbon steel ASTM A53 without inhibitor was 0.3914 mpy. Based on the microstructure results, all specimens in all variation of treatments showed pitting corrosion and uniform corrosion on specimen. In conclusion, mango leaves, papaya leaves, banana peel and rambutan peel have potentially to be used as bio-inhibitor to decrease the corrosion rate in marine environment.

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Corrosion Resistance Analysis of ST37 Carbon Steel Material Using Phosphate Conversion Coating in Various Immersion Durations

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.851.61 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 851 ◽

pp. 61-67

Author(s):

Poppy Puspitasari ◽

Chrisye Alifian ◽

Aripriharta ◽

Jeefferie Abd. Razak ◽

M.Mirza Abdillah Pratama

Keyword(s):

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Corrosion Rate ◽

Conversion Coating ◽

Uniform Corrosion ◽

Steel Material ◽

Chromate Conversion Coating ◽

Weight Loss Method ◽

Average Corrosion Rate ◽

Loss Method

Conversion coating in metal material was a method to control the corrosion. It applied in parts of car, aircraft, factory installation, and other appliances. There were three types of conversion coating: phosphate conversion coating, chromate conversion coating, and oxalate conversion coating. There were several aspects to consider in controlling the corrosion fully. This research used phosphate because phosphate conversion coating had a low corrosion rate, affordable production cost, and environmentally friendly. This research aimed to find out the corrosion resistance of ST37 carbon steel using phosphate conversion coating in various immersion durations. Therefore, the result was a breakthrough in using phosphate conversion coating for the industries. This research used the weight loss method to calculate the corrosion rate and macro photos to obtain the corrosion form during the test. This research used ST37 carbon steel with 100 mm x 30 mm x 10 mm as the specimen and phosphate with various coating durations (10, 20, and 30 minutes). Each variation had three specimens, so this research had nine specimens in total. This research calculated the daily corrosion rate for seven days using 5% NaCl as the corrosion solution. The average corrosion rate in specimens with 10 minutes duration was 1.9599 mpy, specimens with 20 minutes immersion was 1.7647 mpy, whereas specimens with 30 minutes duration were 1.3287 mpy. Thus, the longer immersion duration created a smaller corrosion rate. Also, the corrosion formed during the test was pitting and uniform corrosion.

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A Study of the Pitting and Uniform Corrosion Characteristics of X65 Carbon Steel in Different H2S-CO2-Containing Environments

CORROSION ◽

10.5006/2537 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 74 (8) ◽

pp. 886-902 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Frederick Pessu ◽

Yong Hua ◽

Richard Barker ◽

Anne Neville

Keyword(s):

Carbon Steel ◽

Corrosion Behavior ◽

Pitting Corrosion ◽

Critical Concentration ◽

Small Diameter ◽

Gas Content ◽

Co2 Corrosion ◽

Uniform Corrosion ◽

Corrosion Attack ◽

The Impact

There have been increasing concerns related to the challenges posed by hydrogen sulfide (H2S) corrosion to the integrity of oilfield pipeline steels. In environments containing variable quantities of both carbon dioxide (CO2) and H2S gas, the corrosion behavior of carbon steel can be particularly complex. There is still no universal understanding of the changes in the mechanisms, sequence of electrochemical reactions and impact on the integrity of carbon steel materials as a result of changes in H2S-CO2 gas ratio. The film formation process, film characteristics, and morphology in CO2- and H2S-containing systems are also known to be different depending upon the environmental and physical conditions and this influences the rates of both general and pitting corrosion. Questions still remain as to how the combined presence of CO2 and H2S gases at different partial pressure ratios influence the corrosion mechanisms, as well as initiation and propagation of surface pits. This paper presents an investigation into the overall (i.e., general and pitting) corrosion behavior of carbon steel in CO2-H2S-containing environments. The work explores the impact of changes in ratios of CO2 and H2S partial pressures at both 30°C and 80°C in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. All experiments are performed at atmospheric pressure, while H2S gas content is varied at 0 ppm (0 mol%), 100 ppm (0.01 mol%), 1,000 ppm (0.1 mol%), 10,000 ppm (1 mol%), and 100,000 ppm (10 mol%) in H2S-CO2 corrosion environments. Corrosion film properties and morphology are studied through a combination of scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The results show that the morphology and composition of iron sulfide formed changes with H2S gas concentration because of the continuous interaction of the corrosion interface with the corrosion media even in the presence of initially formed FeS (mainly mackinawite). This often leads to the formation of a different morphology of mackinawite as well as different polymorphs of FeS. This also has the impact of either increasing or decreasing the uniform corrosion rate at low and higher concentration of H2S gas depending on the temperature. Pitting corrosion is also evaluated after 168 h to determine the impact of increasing H2S content on the extent and morphology of pitting corrosion attack. The results from the pitting corrosion investigation show that increased and severe pitting corrosion attack occurs at higher H2S concentration and temperature. The morphology of pitting corrosion attack is also linked to the changes in the H2S content with an indication of a critical concentration range at which the nature of attack changes from narrow and small diameter pits to severe localized attack. The critical concentration threshold for such transition is shown in this study to reduce with increasing temperature.

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Investigation of Corrosion Rate and Rust Expansion Form of Segment Reinforcement for Shield Tunnel by Combined Action of Soil Loading, Chloride Ion and Stray Current

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13063444 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 3444

Author(s):

Zheng Li ◽

Hao Jin ◽

Shuo Yu

Keyword(s):

Corrosion Rate ◽

Steel Corrosion ◽

Chloride Ion ◽

Shield Tunnel ◽

Uniform Corrosion ◽

Stray Current ◽

Soil Loading ◽

Capacity Degradation ◽

Expansion Form ◽

Combined Action

Segment reinforcement corrosion can cause bearing-capacity degradation of shield tunnel, which is unsafe for the metro operation. Therefore, a three-dimensional computational model was proposed in this paper to study the corrosion rate and rust expansion form of segment reinforcement by the combined action of soil loading, chloride ion and stray current. The results show that the arch waist segment steel corrosion rate in the middle is larger than the ends. The rust expansion form of segment reinforcement appears be an eccentric circle. The radius size and circular center are related to the non-uniform corrosion coefficient and the maximum corrosion current density.

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