scholarly journals Evaluasi Pemberian Obat Diminazene Aceturate Secara In Vivo Pada Mencit (Mus musculus) yang Diinfeksi Isolat Trypanosoma evansi

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Reza Yesica ◽  
Bambang Sutrisno ◽  
Wisnu Nurcahyo
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Test Dose ◽  
Trypanosoma Evansi ◽  
Buffy Coat ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
In Vivo Test ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Central Java ◽  
And Control

Abstract Surra's disease is caused by Trypanosoma evansi parasite has been established as one of the strategic infectious animal diseases. Drug resistance in this case is one of the major challenges in handle and control them. The aim of this study is to evaluate the provision drug resistance diminazene aceturate (Tryponil®) on Trypanosoma evansi isolate from Pemalang and Brebes Central Java province with in vivo test in mice. Total 50 mice, BALB / c strain, male, 2 months, body weight ± 30 gram are obtained from LPPT-UGM, adapted for one week. Mice were divided into 10 groups consist of 5 each. Each mouse was infected with Trypanosoma evansi by intraperitonial route. Treatment was given when mice had reached the level of parasitemia 108 – 109 trypanosoma / mL of blood this was predicted 24 hours post-infection (Eisler et al., 2001). The administration of the drug tryapanosidal was done intraperitonial with doses 1mg/kg, 3mg / kg, 5 mg / kg and 7mg / kg. Observation of parasitemia did every 2 times in one week till 60 days of observation. Parasitemia observation was performed using 3 techniques. The first method was native examination used a microscope, if the negative results would be followed by MHCT (Microhaematocrit centrifugation Technique) and BCT (Buffy Coat Technique) according to OIE (2012). Data obtained from the treatment group were the level of parasitemia, the number of deaths and the number of live mice from each test dose. The results are analysed by standard logit or probit. The results of this study showed the effects of the drug Dimianzene aceturate on both isolates varied. On Brebes Isolate was effective at doses of 7 mg / kg BW (100%) and 5mg / kg BW (80%), whereas in the effective dose Pemalang isolate at 3 mg dose / kg BW (80%), 5 and 7 mg / kg BW (100%). While at the lowest dose of 1 mg / kg obtained a level of effectiveness of 0% in both isolates. It could be concluded that both isolates have different pathogens and indicate resistance subpopulation to diminazene aceturate.Keywords : diminazene aceturate, in vivo, resistance, Trypanosoma evansi. 

Liposomes produced by reverse phase evaporation: in vitro and in vivo efficacy of diminazene aceturate against Trypanosoma evansi

Parasitology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 141 (6) ◽  
pp. 761-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
CAMILA BELMONTE OLIVEIRA ◽  
LUCAS ALMEIDA RIGO ◽  
LUCIANA DALLA ROSA ◽  
LUCAS TREVISAN GRESSLER ◽  
CARINE ELOISE PRESTES ZIMMERMANN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Similar Efficacy ◽  
Trypanosoma Evansi ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
Reverse Phase ◽  
Dependent Effect ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Dose Dependent Effect

SUMMARYThis study aimed to develop and test the in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of diminazene aceturate encapsulated into liposomes (L-DMZ) on Trypanosoma evansi. To validate the in vitro tests with L-DMZ, the efficacy of a commercial formulation of diminazene aceturate (C-DMZ) was also assessed. The tests were carried out in culture medium for T. evansi, at concentrations of 0·25, 0·5, 1, 2 and 3 μg mL−1 of L-DMZ and C-DMZ. A dose-dependent effect was observed for both formulations (L-DMZ and C-DMZ), with the highest dose-dependent mortality of trypomastigotes being observed at 1 and 3 h after the onset of tests with L-DMZ. The results of in vivo tests showed the same effects in the animals treated with L-DMZ and C-DMZ in single doses of 3·5 mg kg−1 and for 5 consecutive days (3·5 mg kg−1 day−1). It was possible to conclude that T. evansi showed greater in vitro susceptibility to L-DMZ when compared with C-DMZ. In vivo tests suggest that treatment with the L-DMZ and C-DMZ showed similar efficacy in vivo. The potential of the formulation developed in this study was clearly demonstrated, as it increased the efficacy of the treatment against trypanosomosis, but more studies are needed to increase the effectiveness in vivo.

First Molecular Study of Caprine Trypanosoma evansi Infection in Central India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Agrawal ◽  
G. Das ◽  
B.R. Maharana ◽  
A.K. Jayraw ◽  
M. Shakya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Solution ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Central India ◽  
Molecular Study ◽  
Trypanosoma Evansi ◽  
Buffy Coat ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
First Time

Background: Diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi among goat in field is still challenging due to scarce information on clinical manifestation and non availability of rapid reliable diagnostics. Molecular test such as PCR employed to diagnose the T. evansi with accuracy in both blood and tissues. Limited reports are available from different parts of the country on natural infection of T. evansi in goat. Mainly subclinical form of disease occurred in goats owing to low level of parasitaemia of T. evansi. Methods: A Jamunapari goat aged 1.5 years and weighing ~25 Kg was suffering from circling movement, pale conjunctiva and anorexia and was found positive for T. evansi by buffy coat examination and polymerase chain reaction. Diminazene aceturate was given intramuscularly as 7% water solution at a dose of 3.5 mg/kg b.wt. After 3 days, blood smear and buffy coat were negative for T. evansi and no band was found after running the product on 1.7% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. Result: The present study reveals first time report on caprine trypanosomosis from central India by conventional and PCR technique and placed on record. Hence, the goat should also be taken into consideration for control of trypanosomosis as goats are an important source of infection to other animals due to their reservoir nature for T. evansi.

scholarly journals Shc3 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma stemness and drug resistance by interacting with β-catenin to inhibit its ubiquitin degradation pathway

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Liu ◽  
Hao Zhuang ◽  
Fang Cao ◽  
Jie Li ◽  
Yan Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Clinical Treatment ◽  
P Glycoprotein ◽  
Insidious Onset ◽  
Potential Strategy ◽  
And Control

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers with an insidious onset, strong invasiveness, insensitivity to chemotherapy, and poor prognosis, thus makes clinical treatment challenging. The mechanisms require further elucidation for developing novel therapies and targeting drug resistance. Here, we observed high Shc3 expression in patients with chemoresistant and recurrent HCCs. Shc3 overexpression induced a significant increase in MDR1/P-glycoprotein expression, whereas Shc3 knockdown impaired this expression. Further, Shc3 inhibition significantly restored HCC cell sensitivity to doxorubicin and sorafenib. Mechanistically, Shc3 interacted with β-catenin, inhibited destruction complex stability, promoted β-catenin release, and dampened β-catenin ubiquitination. Shc3 bound β-catenin and facilitated its nuclear translocation, prompting the β-catenin/TCF pathway to elevate MDR1 transcription. β-catenin blockage abolished the discrepancy in drug resistance between Shc3-depleted HCC cells and control cells, which further validating that β-catenin is required for Shc3-mediated liver chemotherapy. We also determined the effect of Shc3 on the sensitivity of HCC to chemotherapy in vivo. Collectively, this study provides a potential strategy to target these pathways concurrently with systemic chemotherapy that can improve the clinical treatment of HCC.

scholarly journals Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of multidrug-resistant protein-encoding genes in Trypanosoma evansi isolated from buffaloes in Ngawi district, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1573-1577
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mirza Nuryady ◽  
Rini Widayanti ◽  
Raden Wisnu Nurcahyo ◽  
Brilyantika Fadjrinatha ◽  
Ahmad Z. S. Fahrurrozi
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Trypanosoma Evansi ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
First Case

Background and Aim: Excessive use of trypanocidal drugs can lead to cases of drug resistance. Multiple cases of resistance have been widely reported for drugs such as isometamidium chloride and diminazene aceturate. These cases deserve serious attention, especially in Indonesia, where the first case was recorded and where the molecular basis of trypanocidal drug resistance has never been evaluated. This study aimed to analyze the multidrug resistance protein (MRP) gene in Trypanosoma evansi isolates, sampled from Indonesia, by focusing on the phylogenetic relationship between these isolates and other Trypanosoma spp. Materials and Methods: A total of 88 blood samples were drawn from buffaloes in the Ngawi district, Indonesia. Animals infected with T. evansi were detected through the microhematocrit technique and Giemsa blood smear methods. Positive blood samples were used to inoculate in male mice (Mus musculus BALB-C strain) as an animal model for culturing the T. evansi. The genomic DNA of the blood taken from the T. evansi-infected mice was used for polymerase chain reaction amplification, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. Results: Two genes were analyzed; the first gene detected for T. evansi corresponded to Trypanosoma brucei with a homology of 99% and the second gene to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, with a homology of 100%. These two genes of the MRP from T. evansi showed clear similarity to the MRPE and MRPA genes of the T. brucei ssp. Conclusion: The MRP gene is conserved on the subspecies level of T. brucei. Only few point mutations were found between various sequences, which mean that the proteins have the same structure. This is important to treat the parasite with the appropriate drugs in the future.

scholarly journals Fungi associated with Paspalum guenoarum seeds: their impact on physiology and control

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Frosi Gasparetto ◽  
Lauri Lourenço Radunz ◽  
Rodrigo Ramos Lopes ◽  
Lúcia Brandão Franke ◽  
José Antônio Martinelli
Keyword(s):  
In Vivo Test ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
In Vitro Sensitivity ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Qualitative Variables ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT: Of the natural pastures grown in southern Brazil, those of the genus Paspalum are the most important. One of the factors that hinder their cultivation is the availability of quality seeds, that are often compromised by the presence of fungi. This study determined the in vitro sensitivity of Paspalum guenoarum ecotype azulão seed-associated fungus to certain fungicides and to measure the efficiency of chemical treatments for fungal control and seed physiological performance. Bipolaris micropus, Epicoccum sorghinum, Curvularia geniculata and Fusarium incarnatum associated with seeds were tested in vitro against Carbendazim; Tiram, Fludioxonil; Metalaxil-M, Carboxina; Tiram and Tiofanato-metílico at 0, 1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 30 µg/mL. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (factorial 4 × 4 × 6). Qualitative variables were compared using the Tukey test (P ≤ 0.05) and quantitative variables were subjected to regression analysis. Carbendazim; Tiram and Fludioxonil; Metalaxil-M had the best fungicidal performances, each inhibiting three of the four fungi with LD50s below 1 µg/mL. Subsequently, these two fungicides were used alone or in combination in the in vivo test. A completely randomized design was used and the means were compared using the Tukey test (P < 0.05). The chemical treatment of the seeds resulted in improvement of five of the six evaluated physiological parameters. The identification of the primary fungi associated with Paspalum seeds reported in this research, as well as damage done to them, can be diminished using appropriate measures such as seed treatments.

scholarly journals In vivo assessment of the efficacy of Samorin and Berenil in nomadic cattle in South Western Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Saba ◽  
A. A. Adedapo ◽  
R. O. A. Arowolo
Keyword(s):  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Buffy Coat ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
Cattle Industry ◽  
White Fulani ◽  
Animal Trypanosomiasis

A total number of 37 cattle of both sexes predominantly of white Fulani breed and some White Fulani crosses selected from two herds reared under nomadic Fulani traditional management in South Western Nigeria were used in this study. The cattle were divided into two groups (I and II) depending on the trypanocide (Isometamidium chloride Samorin)(R) or Diminazene aceturate (Berenil)(R) administered. The antigen - trapping enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used to determine the level of trypanosomal antigen in the blood of the cattle. The presence of trypanosomes was demonstrated by light microscopy of buffy coat obtained from centrifuged blood samples some few minutes before and 5 months after treatment. The packed cell volume (PCV), serum albumin and globulin levels were determined for the pre-and post-treatment periods. The prevalence of animal trypanosomiasis in the herds surveyed was 63% - 72% Hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinaemia and low PCV values (anaemia) were observed as consistent features of the disease. Five months post-treatment with Samorin and Berenil, the prevalence dropped 10 () - 11% and the serum albumin, globulin and PCV levels were restored to normal. The differences in the pre- and post Treatment values were statistically significant (P<0.05) for all the measurements evaluated. It was discovered that Saniorin and Berenil are quite effective and beneficial as trypanocidal drugs in the traditional nomadic cattle industry despite the problems of translocation inherent in this form of cuttle management. Samorin appeared to be much more effective than Berenil because it tremendously suppressed re-infection for up to five months post-treatment whereas some iruccable level of re-infection was recorded for the Berenil treated group. The serious problem of continuity or lack of follow up treatment precipitated by the 770madic lifestyle of the Fulani herdsmen is highlighted in this study.

Parasitological and molecular detection of Trypanosoma spp. in cattle, goats and sheep in Somalia

Parasitology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (14) ◽  
pp. 1786-1791
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Hassan-Kadle ◽  
Abdalla M. Ibrahim ◽  
Hamisi S. Nyingilili ◽  
Abdulkarim A. Yusuf ◽  
Rafael F. C. Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Trypanosoma Evansi ◽  
Buffy Coat ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Animal Trypanosomiasis ◽  
And Control

AbstractAfrican animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) affects the livestock of 12.3 million Somalis and constrains their development and wellbeing. There is missing data on AAT in the country after the civil war of the 1990s. Therefore, this study has aimed to assess the prevalence of Trypanosoma spp. in 614 blood samples from cattle (n = 202), goats (n = 206) and sheep (n = 206) in Afgoye and Jowhar districts, Somalia using parasitological and molecular methods. Twenty-one out of 614 (3.4%; 95% CI: 2.1–5.2%) and 101/614 (16.4%; 95% CI: 13.6–19.6%) ruminants were positive for Trypanosoma spp. by buffy coat technique (BCT) and internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. Using ITS1-PCR, the highest prevalence was observed in cattle (23.8%; 95% CI: 18.4–30.1%) followed by goats (17.5%; 95% CI: 12.9–23.3%) and sheep (8.3%; 95% CI: 5.1–12.9%). A total of 74/101 (73.3%; 95% CI: 63.5–81.6%) ruminants were shown coinfection with at least two Trypanosome species. The four T. brucei-positive samples have tested negative for T. b. rhodesiense, by the human-serum-resistance-associated-PCR. Trypanosoma evansi, T. godfreyi, T. vivax, T. brucei, T. simiae and T. congolense were the Trypanosoma species found in this study. This is the first study on the molecular detection of Trypanosoma sp. in ruminants in Somalia. Further investigations and control measures are needed to manage Trypanosomiasis spreading in the country. Studies should also focus on the detection of T. b. rhodesiense in the country.

Defibrotide Inhibits Platelet Activation by Cathepsin G Released From Stimulated Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (06) ◽  
pp. 660-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virgilio Evangelista ◽  
Paola Piccardoni ◽  
Giovanni de Gaetano ◽  
Chiara Cerletti
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Activation ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Cathepsin G ◽  
In Vivo Test ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Test Models ◽  
Antithrombotic Effects

SummaryDefibrotide is a polydeoxyribonucleotide with antithrombotic effects in experimental animal models. Most of the actions of this drug have been observed in in vivo test models but no effects have been reported in in vitro systems. In this paper we demonstrate that defibrotide interferes with polymorphonuclear leukocyte-induced human platelet activation in vitro. This effect was not related to any direct interaction with polymorphonuclear leukocytes or platelets, but was due to the inhibition of cathepsin G, the main biochemical mediator of this cell-cell cooperation. Since cathepsin G not only induces platelet activation but also affects some endothelial cell functions, the anticathepsin G activity of defibrotide could help to explain the antithrombotic effect of this drug.

Experimental Study of the Impact of Alisma plantago-aquatica Secretions on Pathogenic Bacteria

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
O. Zhukorskyy ◽  
O. Hulay
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Initial Density ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae ◽  
Natural Focus ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Popula Tions ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Aim. To estimate the impact of in vivo secretions of water plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica) on the popula- tions of pathogenic bacteria Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Methods. The plants were isolated from their natural conditions, the roots were washed from the substrate residues and cultivated in laboratory conditions for 10 days to heal the damage. Then the water was changed; seven days later the selected samples were sterilized using fi lters with 0.2 μm pore diameter. The dilution of water plantain root diffusates in the experimental samples was 1:10–1:10,000. The initial density of E. rhusiopathiae bacteria populations was the same for both experimental and control samples. The estimation of the results was conducted 48 hours later. Results. When the dilution of root diffusates was 1:10, the density of erysipelothrixes in the experimental samples was 11.26 times higher than that of the control, on average, the dilution of 1:100 − 6.16 times higher, 1:1000 – 3.22 times higher, 1:10,000 – 1.81 times higher, respectively. Conclusions. The plants of A. plantago-aquatica species are capable of affecting the populations of E. rhusiopathiae pathogenic bacteria via the secretion of biologically active substances into the environment. The consequences of this interaction are positive for the abovementioned bacteria, which is demon- strated by the increase in the density of their populations in the experiment compared to the control. The intensity of the stimulating effect on the populations of E. rhusiopathiae in the root diffusates of A. plantago-aquatica is re- ciprocally dependent on the degree of their dilution. The investigated impact of water plantain on erysipelothrixes should be related to the topical type of biocenotic connections, the formation of which between the test species in the ecosystems might promote maintaining the potential of natural focus of rabies. Keywords: Alisma plantago-aquatica, in vivo secretions, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, population density, topical type of connections.

In-vivo evaluation of lipid lowering ability of Chloris paraguaiensis extracts

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
Pavani C H
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Medical Systems ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
And Control

Hyperlipidemia is the immediate results of the excessive fat intake in food. This results in the elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. This leads to heart conditions like CAD, hypertension, congestive heart failure as risk factors which can be lethal. There are many drugs to treat and control the lipids levels in the body. These drugs are either designed to prevent LDL accumulation and VLDL synthesis. Some drugs also lower the elevated levels of saturated lipids in the body. But many drugs are known to cause side effects and adverse effects; therefore, alternatives to the drugs are the subjects for current investigations. Herbs and medicinal plants are used as treatment sources for many years. They have been used in the Indian medical systems like Ayurveda, Siddha etc. As the application of herbs in the treatment is growing, there is an urgent need for the establishment of Pharmacological reasoning and standardization of the activity of the medicinal plants. Chloris paraguaiensis Steud. is Poyaceae member that is called locally as Uppugaddi. Traditionally it is used to treat Rheumatism, Diabetes, fever and diarrhoea. The chemical constituents are known to have anti-oxidant properties and most of the anti-oxidants have anti-hyperlipidemic activity too. Since the plant has abundant flavonoid and phenol content, the current research focusses on the investigation of the anti-hyperlipidemic activity of the plant Chloris extracts. Extracts of Chloris at 200mg/kg showed a comparably similar anti hyperlipidemia activity to that of the standard drug. The extracts showed a dose based increase in the activity at 100 and 200mg/kg body weight.

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