scholarly journals Politeness Strategies in the Bel Ami Movie

Lexicon ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zulfia Muftiarizqi
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Face Threat ◽  
Undergraduate Thesis

This undergraduate thesis examines a movie entitled “Bel Ami”. It focuses on the politeness strategies used in the dialogues that involve George as the main character. The objectives of this paper are to identify and classify the politeness strategies that appear and to find the most frequently performed politeness strategies by upper class characters in the movie. The analysis is based on the classification of politeness strategies by Brown and Levinson. The result of the analysis indicates that there are 61 speech acts that contain politeness strategies. The highest number of strategy that is found is positive politeness strategy comprising 28 strategies (45.90%). It is likely because the speakers and hearers have close relationships as colleagues and the dialogues are dominated by common everyday conversations. The most frequently politeness strategies performed by upper class characters is Bald on record strategy 1 that is Cases of non-minimization of the face threat with 5 (16.13%) strategies. It is possibly because as the hearer, George has less power than the speakers who belong to the upper class people.

scholarly journals "Wir laden Sie ein!" - "Jetzt anmelden!" Zur Spannweite von Instruktionen in Werbebriefen

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (40) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Martin Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Power Relationship ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Text Genre ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Directive Speech Acts ◽  
The One ◽  
Directive Speech

Instructive texts are an inclusive term for a wide range of action initiating texts, i.e. texts where the action is being initiated through the text (e.g. in a sales letter, Nielsen 2003a: 66), and action commanding texts, i.e. texts where an action which the receiver wanted to execute anyway is being instructed (e.g. instructions, Reiß 1983: 17). Since sales letters are action-initiating and thus as a text genre constituting feature contain directive speech acts (Searle 1969, 1976, Wagner 2001, Nielsen 2006), they are per definition face-threatening (Brown/ Levinson 1978, Nielsen 2006). The communication configuration is asymmetric and the power relationship skewed: On the one hand, the sender wants something from the receiver although not entitled to claim that because of the power relations. On the other hand, the action that the receiver is requested to do might very well be in the interest of the receiver. On that background it seems natural that there is a wide range in the realization of instructions in sales letters: from the euphemistic „We invite you!“ to the completely unhidden, almost rude „Register now!“ This article sets out to describe and explore this range on the basis of authentic Danish and German sales letters and to make an attempt at a first tentative classification of politeness strategies that soften the face-threatening speech acts of those instructions.

scholarly journals Überzeugungs- und Überredungsmittel in mündlichen Aufforderungsakten im deutsch-italienischen Sprachvergleich

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-224
Author(s):  
Ilaria Venuti ◽  
Roland Hinterhölzl
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Speech Communities ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
The Face ◽  
Face Threat ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Request Strategies ◽  
The Difference

The purpose of this study is to draw a comparison between the realization of requestive speech acts in Italian and in German, and to investigate the different strategies of persuasion in the two speech communities, with a particular attention to the relationship between efficiency and politeness. The empirical part of the study consists in the comparison of 320 requests formulated by Italian and German speakers. Linguistic data were elicited by means of a discourse completion test containing four socio-pragmatic situations. Realizations of requests were analysed according to the Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Project’s (CCSARP) Coding Manual, reported in Blum-Kulka, House and Kasper (1989), and discussed at two levels: the cross cultural variation and the situational variation. Results show that both groups of participants are perfectly aware of the differences between the situations proposed and tailor their requests according to the context. It is found that both groups of subjects rely heavily on conventionally indirect strategies. On the whole, German speakers appear to use more indirect request strategies than their Italian counterparts, and at the same time choose with a higher frequency phrasal, lexical and syntactical modificators. Italian speakers tend to select slightly lower levels of indirectness but compensate with a consistently larger use of external modificators. Moreover, both Italian and German speakers seem to recur more often to strategies of Überzeugung, probably because the most used modificator for both groups of respondents is the Grounder. Our results differ in interesting ways from general expectations in the situation in which the face threat is arguably the highest, calling for further investigation of the difference in the perception of the social parameters determining the rated face threat between the two speech communities. Deeper insights into the link between indirectness and politeness in the two cultures at issue are also needed in order to understand the reasons behind the pragmatic choices observed.

Speech Acts and Politeness in Nixon and Bush's Victory Speech

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (138) ◽  
pp. 13-32
Author(s):  
Tha'er Adnan Jameel ◽  
Imad Hayif Sameer
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Method ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
The Other ◽  
Politeness Theory ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Methods ◽  
Illocutionary Acts ◽  
Politeness Strategies

This study is primarily concerned with examining the speech acts and politeness strategies manifested in American presidential victory speech. The study aims at showing the applicability of both Searle's classification of speech acts and Leech's politeness maxims appeared in this genre by finding out the frequency and percentage of the two types. Then, analyzing the variation of these types among the selected samples. The research follows a mixed method of analysis as both qualitative and quantitative methods are used. It has been concluded that four forms of Searle's illocutionary acts have appeared in American presidential victory speech. These acts are assertives, expressives, directives and commissives, while declaration speech acts have never been used by the selected candidates. Regarding politeness theory, it has been found that approbation and agreement have the most frequent occurrence in this genre compared to the other maxims.

scholarly journals STRATEGI KESANTUNAN DALAM TINDAK TUTUR MENYURUH PADA KEGIATAN ULAON UNJUK ADAT BATAK TOBA: PERSPEKTIF JENDER

Sirok Bastra ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
Christina Natalina Saragi
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Wedding Ceremony ◽  
Toba Batak ◽  
Taking Care ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Tujuan penelitian mengidentifikasi perbedaan strategi kesantunan dalam tindak tutur menyuruh tamu pria dan wanita Batak Toba dalam kegiatan ulaon unjuk (upacara puncak pernikahan) adat Batak Toba di Tebing Tinggi. Desain penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif.  Strategi kesantunan yang paling dominan dituturkan oleh tamu pria adalah strategi kesantunan langsung, tidak langsung yang direalisasikan dengan metafor, positif yang direalisasikan dengan berkelakar membuat lelucon dan negatif yang direalisasikan dengan kurangi kekuatan atau daya ancaman terhadap muka lawan tutur; sedangkan tamu wanita Batak Toba adalah kesantunan langsung. Strategi kesantunan yang digunakan oleh tamu pria Batak Toba dipengaruhi oleh faktor sikap tamu pria Batak Toba yang langsung dalam mengungkapkan suatu hal, tidak bertele-tela, faktor pengalaman yang lebih di dalam adat istiadat sehingga dapat berkelakar serta bermetafor, dan faktor kebudayaan yaitu patrialisme, kekuasaan berada ditangan pria batak Toba, hal ini yang melatar belakangi pria batak Toba menggunakan empat strategi kesantunan Brown dan Levinson (1987) sedangkan tamu wanita Batak Toba, faktor situasional melatarbelakangi sehingga tamu wanita lebih dominan menuturkan strategi kesantunan langsung dan faktor kebudayaan yaitu sikap dan peran yang sudah diwariskan kepada wanita batak Toba, sikap wanita Batak Toba yaitu ramah, lemah lembut, teliti serta mudah diterima dimasyarakat dan peran sebagai istri yang melayani suami, membesarkan dan mengajari  anak-anak serta mengurus rumah tangga yang melatar belakangi tamu wanita batak Toba menggunakan empat strategi kesantunan Brown dan Levinson (1987). The purpose of the study was to identify differences in politeness strategies in order speech acts of male and female Batak Toba guests in the ulaon unjuk (the peak wedding ceremony) of the Batak Toba custom in Tebing Tinggi. The design of this research was descriptive qualitative. The most dominant politeness strategies spoken by male guests are direct politeness strategies, indirectly realized by metaphors, positive realized by making jokes, and negatives realized by reducing the strength or power of threat to the face of the opposing speaker, whereas female guests of the Toba Batak are direct politeness. The politeness strategy used by male guests of Batak Toba was influenced by factors in the attitude of male Batak Toba guests who are directly in expressing a matter, not rambling, more experience factors in customs so that they can joke and report, and cultural factors namely patrialism, in which the power in the hands of Toba Batak men, this was the background of Toba Batak men using four politeness strategies Brown and Levinson (1987) while female guests of Toba Batak, situational factors lie behind so that female guests are more dominant in telling direct politeness strategies and cultural factors namely attitudes and roles has been passed down to Toba Batak women, the attitude of Batak Toba women is friendly, gentle, conscientious and easily accepted in the community and the role as a wife who serves her husband, raising and teaching children and taking care of the household that is the background of Toba Batak women guests using four strategies Brown politeness and Levinson (1987).

scholarly journals Tindak Tutur Joko Anwar yang Mengancam dan Strategi Kesantunan Tidak Langsung terhadap Livi Zheng dalam Acara Q&A: Belaga “Hollywood” di Metro TV

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64
Author(s):  
Erin Nur Aini ◽  
Ika Nurhayani ◽  
Hamamah Hamamah
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Cooperative Relationship ◽  
Descriptive Method

This study aims to investigate the speech acts used by Joko Anwar who threatened live Zheng and politeness strategies in the Q&A program: BELAGA“HOLLYWOOD”. A descriptive method with document analysis is used in this study. The results of this study are found five forms of speech acts namely assertive, directive, commissive, expressive and declarative threatening Livi Zheng. Assertive speech acts in the form of complaining are more often used by Joko Anwar when threatening the face or self-image of Livi Zheng. To reduce the threat, indirect politeness strategies or off-record strategies are used by Joko Anwar. Speech with sarcastic messages or criticisms is conveyed with indirectly meaning, this politeness strategy is chosen so that communication can still be carried out without breaking the cooperative relationship between the speaker and the speech partner. This study shows that although there are threats in the speech delivered, with the indirect politeness strategy is also used to maintain the face or self-image in public.

Politeness Strategies and Social Dimensions in Once Upon A Time Season 1 Movie Series: Sociopragmatics Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
HENDAR HENDAR ◽  
BUNGA GALUH ANDRETTA TRISNANDI
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Social Distance Scale ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Research Show

The purposes of this research are to find out the types of politeness strategies used to save the face of the characters in Once Upon A Time season 1 and to identify the dominant scale of social dimensions when using politeness strategies in Once Upon A Time season 1. This research uses qualitative-descriptive analysis method and to get the data needed in this research the writer did the following steps: watching the movies, transcribing the speech, searching the data, classifying the data, analyzing the data and drawing a conclusion related to the types of politeness strategies and the dominant scale of social dimensions. The source of the data used is taken from the serial film Once Upon A Time season 1 by Edward Kitsis dan Adam Horowitz. The results of this research show that there are four types of politeness strategies found in the serial film Once Upon A Time season 1. They are 10 data of bald on-record (28,6%), 8 data of positive politeness strategies (22,9%), 13 data of negative politeness strategies (37,1%) and 4 data of off-record consists (11,4%) and the most dominant scale of four social dimension scales is social distance scale 14 data (40%).

Imperatives and commands in Japanese

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nerida Jarkey
Keyword(s):  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Face Threat ◽  
Contemporary Standard

This chapter examines the forms and usage of imperatives and command strategies in contemporary standard Japanese. Although commands are highly face-threatening acts in any language, speakers of Japanese encounter particular challenges in using them in socially acceptable ways. Commands are generally only given to those considered ‘below’ the speaker in the social hierarchy, and are normally considered appropriate only when used toward ‘in-group’ members. Further restrictions relate to the identity the speaker wishes to convey. Numerous command strategies have emerged to avoid using the most direct imperative forms, and some of these strategies have gradually come to be reinterpreted as imperative forms themselves, suggesting a loss of their original euphemistic qualities. Furthermore, when issuing commands, speakers often go to considerable lengths to soften the face threat, for example by giving reasons for the command, adding markers of hesitancy, or softening illocutionary particles, and using appropriate honorific language forms.

Politeness in power-asymmetrical e-mail requests of Korean and American corporate employees

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sun Hee Kim ◽  
Hikyoung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Intercultural Experience ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
Employee Groups ◽  
Pragmatic Knowledge ◽  
American Employees ◽  
Pragmatic Strategies ◽  
E Mail

AbstractPrevious research on politeness tends to examine the inadequacy of non-native speakers’ pragmatic knowledge. In this study, we broaden our focus to the influence of different lingua-cultural values on politeness in simulated workplace e-mail requests of Korean and American corporate employees. By exploring differential perceptions towards power-asymmetry, this study investigates how and why politeness strategies are realized similarly and/or differently in and around the speech acts of requests in English. By quantitatively and qualitatively analyzing the elicited data, the study suggests that lingua-cultural values influenced perception and production in power-asymmetrical situations. Findings reveal that power is a more prominent factor than familiarity for Korean employees, but to a lesser extent for American employees when doing politeness in e-mail requests. Results showed that the underlying reasons for formulating requests differed not only between Korean and American employees but also between two Korean employee groups that differed according to depth of intercultural experience. This study contributes to recent research strands in intercultural pragmatics and communication by arguing that pragmatic strategies to express politeness in relation to power are culture specific with existing and newly reconstructed lingua-cultural values coming into play.

Cross-cultural testing of face threats to predict apology and thanks intentions

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 1643-1654
Author(s):  
Hye Eun Lee ◽  
Hyunjin Park
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
North Americans ◽  
Face Threats ◽  
The Face ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Face Threat ◽  
Korean College Students ◽  
Favor Asking ◽  
Negative Face

We examined whether Koreans intended to make an apology and North Americans intended to express thanks in a message asking for a favor. Because one reason for apologizing or thanking is to lessen the face threat occurred by favor asking, four face threats were empirically measured to predict participants' intentions. Participants were 104 North American and 90 Korean college students who took the role of an email sender making a favor request and selected from options for apologizing or thanking the receiver to lessen the four types of face threat. Results showed that North Americans intended to express thanks, and both North Americans and Koreans intended to make an apology when asking a favor; further, for Koreans, a speaker's positive face threat triggered intention to make an apology and, for North Americans, a receiver's negative face threat triggered an intention to express thanks. Implications and future research directions are discussed.

scholarly journals The face of the other: the particular versus the individual

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-313
Author(s):  
Claire Farago
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
New Spain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
European Culture ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Ethnographic Image

Abstract Five interrelated case studies from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries develop the dynamic contrast between portraiture and pictorial genres newly invented in and about Latin America that do not represent their subjects as individuals despite the descriptive focus on the particular. From Jean de Léry’s genre-defining proto-ethnographic text (1578) about the Tupinamba of Brazil to the treatment of the Creole upper class in New Spain as persons whose individuality deserves to be memorialized in contrast to the Mestizaje, African, and Indian underclass objectified as types deserving of scientific study, hierarchical distinctions between portraiture and ethnographic images can be framed in historical terms around the Aristotelian categories of the universal, the individual, and the particular. There are also some intriguing examples that destabilize these inherited distinctions, such as Puerto Rican artist José Campeche’s disturbing and poignant image of a deformed child, Juan Pantaléon Aviles, 1808; and an imaginary portrait of Moctezuma II, c. 1697, based on an ethnographic image, attributed to the leading Mexican painter Antonio Rodriguez. These anomalies serve to focus the study on the hegemonic position accorded to the viewing subject as actually precarious and unstable, always ripe for reinterpretation at the receiving end of European culture.

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