scholarly journals Drivers in Expressway Superlong Tunnels: The Change Patterns of Visual Features and the Discriminant Model of Driving Safety

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. p240
Author(s):  
Ling WU ◽  
Weihua ZHAO ◽  
Tong ZHU ◽  
Haoxue LIU
Keyword(s):  
Pupil Size ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Exit Section ◽  
Discriminant Model ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Entrance Section ◽  
Tunnel Section ◽  
C4.5 Decision Tree ◽  
Tracking Devices

A real-vehicle experiment was carried out in the superlong highway tunnel environment to study the change patterns of driver’s visual features, tracked by eye tracking devices, and the discriminant model of driver’s safety status. On the basis of statistical analysis, a single index and a comprehensive index discriminant model, both based on a C4.5 decision tree, were established. The results showed that compared with the non-tunnel highway sections, the driver’s pupil size was larger, and the gaze duration was longer in the tunnel section. Driver’s pupil size was larger in mid-tunnel section than in the entrance section and exit section. Gazes at the exit section were mainly short gazes. Compared to the exit section, driver’s pupil size changed more dramatically in the entrance section, and the gaze duration was longer. The single visual parameter indicator could clearly discriminate the driver’s safety status in the mid-tunnel section and the non-tunnel sections, while the dual-index-based identification model could clearly discriminate the safety status in each highway sections. The study deepens the research on the driver information perception model in superlong highway tunnels. Also, the study provides a theoretical basis for establishing a visual-feature-based real-time safety status discriminant.

An eye-tracking study on the effect of infographic structures on viewer’s comprehension and cognitive load

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azam Majooni ◽  
Mona Masood ◽  
Amir Akhavan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Information Graphics ◽  
Basic Premise ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Graphical Design ◽  
Tracking Devices

The basic premise of this research is investigating the effect of layout on the comprehension and cognitive load of the viewers in the information graphics. The term ‘Layout’ refers to the arrangement and organization of the visual and textual elements in a graphical design. The experiment conducted in this study is designed based on two stories and each one of these stories is presented with two different layouts. During the experiment, eye-tracking devices are applied to collect the gaze data including the eye movement data and pupil diameter fluctuation. In the research on the modification of the layouts, contents of each story are narrated using identical visual and textual elements. The analysis of eye-tracking data provides quantitative evidence concerning the change of layout in each story and its effect on the comprehension of participants and variation of their cognitive load. In conclusion, it can be claimed that the comprehension from the zigzag form of the layout was higher with a less imposed cognitive load.

Variation of Drivers' Visual Features in Long-Tunnel Entrance Section on Expressway

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haoxue Liu ◽  
Guangming Ding ◽  
Weihua Zhao ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Kaizheng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Features ◽  
Entrance Section ◽  
Tunnel Entrance

scholarly journals Influence of soundtrack on eye movements during video exploration

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Coutrot ◽  
Nathalie Guyader ◽  
Gelu Ionescu ◽  
Alice Caplier
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Saccade Amplitude ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Spatial Sound ◽  
Complex Scenes ◽  
The Impact

Models of visual attention rely on visual features such as orientation, intensity or motion to predict which regions of complex scenes attract the gaze of observers. So far, sound has never been considered as a possible feature that might influence eye movements. Here, we evaluate the impact of non-spatial sound on the eye movements of observers watching videos. We recorded eye movements of 40 participants watching assorted videos with and without their related soundtracks. We found that sound impacts on eye position, fixation duration and saccade amplitude. The effect of sound is not constant across time but becomes significant around one second after the beginning of video shots.

scholarly journals VP203 Performance Evaluation Of Eye-Tracking Devices

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. 245-245
Author(s):  
Luciano Recalde ◽  
José Núñez ◽  
César Yegros ◽  
Carolina Villegas
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Interface Design ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Horizontal Axis ◽  
Precision Data ◽  
Limited Mobility ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Tracking Devices

INTRODUCTION:There are different devices, systems and technologies for people with disabilities. It's necessary to provide information on the effectiveness of products in the market and competitiveness in terms of price-quality, and providing an endorsement in the acquisition of technologies that improve their quality of life. The use of eye tracking devices is growing and its implementation in different areas has attracted the attention of several developers. Therefore the need to generate a product that evaluates the functionality of such devices is necessary in order to avoid unnecessary expenses when acquiring or repairing one of these devices.METHODS:An interface was created with different functionalities such as the location of the coordinates in which the pointer is located, standardized graphic interface design to provide statistical data that allow an objective result for its subsequent analysis and an endless number of design possibilities.The tests performed were of accuracy and precision where the subject was asked to follow the instructions given and observe a sequence of points, especially the points located at the ends of the monitor as these are the critical points in which there is less coincidence between the cursor and the gaze.RESULTS:The results obtained provided information on the performance of the tracking device. In this way it was possible to establish that the accuracy of the ocular tracker: it was ± 12.83 pixels on the horizontal axis and ± 10.66 pixels on the vertical axis. The precision was ± 9.8 pixels on the horizontal axis and ± 14.23 pixels on the vertical axis.This shows the use phenomenon caused due to the limited mobility of the eyes in the vertical axis in comparison to the horizontal mobility. The precision data obtained indicate that, because the movement on the vertical axis is smaller, there is a less continuous spectrum of positions on the axis, which translates to less precision.CONCLUSIONS:The data obtained can be used to compare with the results of the test with other eye tracking devices and thus this could serve as a tool to select an eye tracking device according to the user's need and his economical capabilities.

scholarly journals Eye-Tracking Algorithm for Low Webcam Image Resolution Without Calibration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allana L. dos S. Rocha ◽  
Leandro H. de S. Silva ◽  
Bruno J. T. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Communication Difficulties ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
Tracking Devices ◽  
Conventional Computer

Applications of eye-tracking devices aim to understand human activities and behaviors, improve human interactions with robots, and develop assistive technology in helping people with some communication disabilities. This paper proposes an algorithm to detect the pupil center and user’s gaze direction in real-time, using a low-resolution webcam and a conventional computer with no need for calibration. Given the constraints, the gaze space was reduced to five states: left, right, center, up, and eyes closed. A pre-existing landmarks detector was used to identify the user’s eyes. We employ image processing techniques to find the center of the pupil and we use the coordinates of the points found associated with mathematical calculations to classify the gaze direction. By using this method, the algorithm achieved 81.9% overall accuracy results even under variable and non-uniform environmental conditions. We also performed quantitative experiments with noise, blur, illumination, and rotation variation. Smart Eye Communicator, the proposed algorithm, can be used as eye-tracking mechanism to help people with communication difficulties to express their desires.

scholarly journals Foveated near-eye display using computational holography

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Cem ◽  
M. Kivanc Hedili ◽  
Erdem Ulusoy ◽  
Hakan Urey
Keyword(s):  
Pupil Size ◽  
Spatial Light Modulator ◽  
Human Vision ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Small Field ◽  
Light Modulator ◽  
Holographic Display ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Small Field Of View

Abstract Holographic display is the only technology that can offer true 3D with all the required depth cues. Holographic head-worn displays (HWD) can provide continuous depth planes with the correct stereoscopic disparity for a comfortable 3D experience. Existing HWD approaches have small field-of-view (FOV) and small exit pupil size, which are limited by the spatial light modulator (SLM). Conventional holographic HWDs are limited to about 20° × 11° FOV using a 4 K SLM panel and have fixed FOV. We present a new optical architecture that can overcome those limitations and substantially extend the FOV supported by the SLM. Our architecture, which does not contain any moving parts, automatically follows the gaze of the viewer’s pupil. Moreover, it mimics human vision by providing varying resolution across the FOV resulting in better utilization of the available space-bandwidth product of the SLM. We propose a system that can provide 28° × 28° instantaneous FOV within an extended FOV (the field of view that is covered by steering the instantaneous FOV in space) of 60° × 40° using a 4 K SLM, effectively providing a total enhancement of > 3 × in instantaneous FOV area, > 10 × in extended FOV area and the space-bandwidth product. We demonstrated 20° × 20° instantaneous FOV and 40° × 20° extended FOV in the experiments.

Optimizing Gaze Typing with Pupil Size for People with Severe Motor Disabilities

2014 ◽  
Vol 644-650 ◽  
pp. 1330-1333
Author(s):  
Xiang Sheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Severe Disabilities ◽  
Motor Disabilities ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Severe Motor ◽  
Eye Typing ◽  
Effective Design

Thanks to recent technological advances in the field of eye tracking, eye typing provides means of communication for people with severe disabilities. Typing with gaze using dwell time has been made possible by the development of eye tracking technologies. Recent research indicates that pupil size is viewed as a subtle cue of people is making a decision. Therefore, it may help to infer users’ willing of typing. The present study describes the design process for improving eye typing by adding pupil size index into dwell time triggering. Experimental evaluations showed that the approach was effective; design considerations for such optimization of the gaze typing interfaces are discussed.

scholarly journals “Blue Sky Effect”: Contextual Influences on Pupil Size During Naturalistic Visual Search

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Thurman ◽  
Russell A. Cohen Hoffing ◽  
Anna Madison ◽  
Anthony J. Ries ◽  
Stephen M. Gordon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Blue Light ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Contextual Effect ◽  
Blue Color ◽  
Color Channel ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Pupillary Responses

Pupil size is influenced by cognitive and non-cognitive factors. One of the strongest modulators of pupil size is scene luminance, which complicates studies of cognitive pupillometry in environments with complex patterns of visual stimulation. To help understand how dynamic visual scene statistics influence pupil size during an active visual search task in a visually rich 3D virtual environment (VE), we analyzed the correlation between pupil size and intensity changes of image pixels in the red, green, and blue (RGB) channels within a large window (~14 degrees) surrounding the gaze position over time. Overall, blue and green channels had a stronger influence on pupil size than the red channel. The correlation maps were not consistent with the hypothesis of a foveal bias for luminance, instead revealing a significant contextual effect, whereby pixels above the gaze point in the green/blue channels had a disproportionate impact on pupil size. We hypothesized this differential sensitivity of pupil responsiveness to blue light from above as a “blue sky effect,” and confirmed this finding with a follow-on experiment with a controlled laboratory task. Pupillary constrictions were significantly stronger when blue was presented above fixation (paired with luminance-matched gray on bottom) compared to below fixation. This effect was specific for the blue color channel and this stimulus orientation. These results highlight the differential sensitivity of pupillary responses to scene statistics in studies or applications that involve complex visual environments and suggest blue light as a predominant factor influencing pupil size.

scholarly journals The pupil-size artefact (PSA) across time, viewing direction, and different eye trackers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignace T. C. Hooge ◽  
Diederick C. Niehorster ◽  
Roy S. Hessels ◽  
Dixon Cleveland ◽  
Marcus Nyström
Keyword(s):  
Pupil Size ◽  
Vision Research ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Dependent Component ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThe pupil size artefact (PSA) is the gaze deviation reported by an eye tracker during pupil size changes if the eye does not rotate. In the present study, we ask three questions: 1) how stable is the PSA over time, 2) does the PSA depend on properties of the eye tracker set up, and 3) does the PSA depend on the participants’ viewing direction? We found that the PSA is very stable over time for periods as long as 1 year, but may differ between participants. When comparing the magnitude of the PSA between eye trackers, we found the magnitude of the obtained PSA to be related to the direction of the eye-tracker-camera axis, suggesting that the angle between the participants’ viewing direction and the camera axis affects the PSA. We then investigated the PSA as a function of the participants’ viewing direction. The PSA was non-zero for viewing direction 0∘ and depended on the viewing direction. These findings corroborate the suggestion by Choe et al. (Vision Research 118(6755):48–59, 2016), that the PSA can be described by an idiosyncratic and a viewing direction-dependent component. Based on a simulation, we cannot claim that the viewing direction-dependent component of the PSA is caused by the optics of the cornea.

scholarly journals Analysis on Leakage Characteristics of Labyrinth Piston Clearance in Reciprocating Labyrinth Compressor

2021 ◽  
Vol 2101 (1) ◽  
pp. 012021
Author(s):  
Rui Huang ◽  
Junming Cheng ◽  
Tian xia ◽  
Quanke Feng
Keyword(s):  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Exit Section ◽  
Gas Velocity ◽  
Middle Section ◽  
Leakage Model ◽  
Entrance Section ◽  
Leakage Characteristics

Abstract In this paper, the piston clearance leakage model in reciprocating labyrinth compressor is established, and the leakage characteristics of labyrinth piston are analysed. The results show that in the labyrinth entrance section, the gas velocity decreases greatly, and the throttling effect is the most obvious. In the middle section of the labyrinth, the flow velocity descending gradient decreases. In the exit section, the flow rate begins to increase. When the labyrinth clearance is less than or equal to 0.1 mm, the clearance changes has little effect on the leakage. When the clearance is greater than 0.1 mm, the leakage increases rapidly with the clearance increasing. When the piston operates eccentrically, the leakage will increase by 1.5 ∼ 2 times compared with the non-eccentric operation. Therefore, the eccentric operation of the piston should be avoided as much as possible and the clearance should be reduced.

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