scholarly journals Government Compliance with Public Procurement Policy and Performance of Construction Enterprises in Cameroon: A Micro Panel Modelling Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. p56
Author(s):  
Pius Ayekeh Tachang, PhD Candidate ◽  
Dobdinga Cletus Fonchamnyo, Associate Professor ◽  
Edokat Edward Oki Tafah, Professor
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Construction Enterprises ◽  
Procurement Policy ◽  
Effect Regression ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Modelling Approach

This paper aimed to investigate the implication of government compliance with public procurement policy for the performance of enterprises operating in the construction sector in Cameroon. To achieve its objectives, the paper made use of a micro panel collected with the help of structured questionnaires. The Pooled OLS and the random versus fixed effects models were used for the analyses. Findings revealed that the contract winning rate of construction enterprises increases monotonically over the period under study. While the performance of construction enterprises stagnated over the period 2013-2016, it only witnessed a drop in 2017 and 2018. The pooled OLS and the Random effect regression results revealed that government compliance with payment duration of construction enterprises’ bills positively and significantly affects the performance of construction enterprises in Cameroon. Based on these findings, the study recommends that the government could consider redressing the policies on the regular and prompt payment of enterprises’ bills within the timeline specified in the contracts to enable them meet up with their financial requirements, thereby contributing to their overall performance.

scholarly journals Human Capital Formation and Economic Growth in Emerging Asia: Empirical Evidence Using Panel Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-212
Author(s):  
Muhammad Atiq-ur- Rehman ◽  
Suleman Ghaffar ◽  
Kanwal Shahzadi ◽  
Rabail Ghazanfar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Human Capital Formation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

After the emergence of endogenous growth theory, the role of human capital along with physical capital is considered to be imperative in promoting economic growth. The government social sector spending, mainly on education and health, contributes in forming human capital and promotes economic growth. This study examines the impact of health and education provisions on economic growth of emerging Asian economies, including Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippine, and Thailand. Using the data set for 1995-2018, the fixed effects (FE) and the random effect (RE) methods of panel data estimation are employed. Both methods reveal that the health and education support the human capital formation and stimulate economic growth.

scholarly journals Random effects regression trees for the analysis of INVALSI data

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Giulia Vannucci ◽  
Anna Gottard ◽  
Leonardo Grilli ◽  
Carla Rampichini
Keyword(s):  
Random Effects ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Regression Trees ◽  
Linear Component ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Effect Regression ◽  
Tree Component

Mixed or multilevel models exploit random effects to deal with hierarchical data, where statistical units are clustered in groups and cannot be assumed as independent. Sometimes, the assumption of linear dependence of a response on a set of explanatory variables is not plausible, and model specification becomes a challenging task. Regression trees can be helpful to capture non-linear effects of the predictors. This method was extended to clustered data by modelling the fixed effects with a decision tree while accounting for the random effects with a linear mixed model in a separate step (Hajjem & Larocque, 2011; Sela & Simonoff, 2012). Random effect regression trees are shown to be less sensitive to parametric assumptions and provide improved predictive power compared to linear models with random effects and regression trees without random effects. We propose a new random effect model, called Tree embedded linear mixed model, where the regression function is piecewise-linear, consisting in the sum of a tree component and a linear component. This model can deal with both non-linear and interaction effects and cluster mean dependencies. The proposal is the mixed effect version of the semi-linear regression trees (Vannucci, 2019; Vannucci & Gottard, 2019). Model fitting is obtained by an iterative two-stage estimation procedure, where both the fixed and the random effects are jointly estimated. The proposed model allows a decomposition of the effect of a given predictor within and between clusters. We will show via a simulation study and an application to INVALSI data that these extensions improve the predictive performance of the model in the presence of quasi-linear relationships, avoiding overfitting, and facilitating interpretability.

scholarly journals An application of Panzar-Rosse Approach in assessing banking sector competition in Zimbabwe

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanderson Abel ◽  
Pierre Le Roux
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Monopolistic Competition ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Perfect Competition ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Annual Basis ◽  
The Government ◽  
Methods Of Moments

This paper assesses the level of competition in Zimbabwe’s banking sector using the Panzar-Rosse H-statistic. The H-Statistic has been assessed, using the total revenues regression equation, and applying the panel least square regression model with fixed effects. The H-statistics is estimated at 0.56, which result is confirmed, using bank random effects and the General methods of moments. The H-statics obtained from the two methods are 0.54 and 0.51 for the random effect and generalised methods of moments, respectively. The results confirm the presence of monopolistic competition. On an annual basis, the results show that the Zimbabwean banking sector is evolving towards perfect competition. There is need for the government to desist from tampering with market forces as this reduces the amount of competition. This study is important, as there are limited studies on the competition of the banking sector in dollarized economies. Dollarized economies are peculiar in that their characteristics differ from non-dollarized economies.

scholarly journals 139 Relationship of winter hair growth and performance in Angus dams

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Morgan A Duvic ◽  
Randy H Burnett ◽  
Cody Glenn ◽  
Trent Smith
Keyword(s):  
Hair Growth ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Left Shoulder ◽  
Short Hair ◽  
Calf Performance ◽  
Cow Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Fall Calving

Abstract The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the effect of rate of winter hair growth on Angus cow performance and (2) estimate the correlation between rate of winter growth and other physiological parameters. Data were collected on fall-calving Angus females (n = 127) approximately every 60 d from August to February from 2011 to 2019. Animals were observed by trained technicians for winter growth (WG) and length (WL) scores from 1 to 5. A 1 for winter growth indicated no winter growth and a 5 indicated a full winter coat. For winter length, a 1 indicated short hair and a 5 indicated long. At scoring, a 5.08 cm by 10.16 cm hair sample was clipped directly behind the left shoulder below the top line and weighed. A thermal image was taken to determine average surface temperature of both the shaved (SHAVE) and unshaved (UNSHAVED) areas. Month of first winter growth (MFWG) was determined when the female reached an average winter growth score of 2.5 or higher. Calf performance was considered a trait of the dam and included AdjBW and d205wt. Phenotypic correlations were estimated on SHAVE, UNSHAVED, WG, WL, MFWG, hair weight, and month of first shedding (MFS), which was assessed during the spring of each year. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with AdjBW and d205wt as response variables. The model included fixed effects of calf sex and MFWG with sire as a random effect. SHAVE was weakly positively associated with WG, WL (P < 0.05). There was no association between MFWG and MFS. MFWG was significant for AdjBW and d205wt with females starting winter growth in October having lighter calves at birth and weaning compared to those in December. Results suggest an association between MFWG and performance traits in Angus dams.

scholarly journals A random effects population dynamics model based on proportions-at-age and removal data for estimating total mortality

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 1881-1893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena M. Trenkel ◽  
Mark V. Bravington ◽  
Pascal Lorance
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Estimation Bias ◽  
Effective Sample Size ◽  
Dynamics Model ◽  
Population Dynamics Model ◽  
Study Parameter

Catch curves are widely used to estimate total mortality for exploited marine populations. The usual population dynamics model assumes constant recruitment across years and constant total mortality. We extend this to include annual recruitment and annual total mortality. Recruitment is treated as an uncorrelated random effect, while total mortality is modelled by a random walk. Data requirements are minimal as only proportions-at-age and total catches are needed. We obtain the effective sample size for aggregated proportion-at-age data based on fitting Dirichlet-multinomial distributions to the raw sampling data. Parameter estimation is carried out by approximate likelihood. We use simulations to study parameter estimability and estimation bias of four model versions, including models treating mortality as fixed effects and misspecified models. All model versions were, in general, estimable, though for certain parameter values or replicate runs they were not. Relative estimation bias of final year total mortalities and depletion rates were lower for the proposed random effects model compared with the fixed effects version for total mortality. The model is demonstrated for the case of blue ling (Molva dypterygia) to the west of the British Isles for the period 1988 to 2011.

Analysis of Financial Performance of Public Sector Banks in India: CAMEL

2020 ◽  
pp. 097674792096686
Author(s):  
Yudhvir Singh ◽  
Ram Milan
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Public Sector Banks ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Asset Quality

Public sector banks have been merged by the government in the last few years. This is the rationale behind conducting this study. The purpose of this article is to determine the factors affecting the performance of public sector banks in India and the interrelationship between bank-specific determinants and performance of public sector banks. In this article, we shall analyse the financial data of all the public sector commercial banks for a period spread across 11 years (2009–2019); Capital adequacy, Assets quality, Management efficiency, Earning, and Liquidity (CAMEL) has been used as a performance determinant; system generalised method of moments (GMM) analysis has been used to find the effect of determinants on the performance measurement of public sector banks; and CCA (canonical correlation analysis) has been used to find the interrelationship between the bank-specific determinants and the performance of public sector banks. The finding has important implications in terms of performance in the banking sector. Certain limitations of this study are: It is based on secondary data. The study only covers the financial aspects and not the non-financial aspects. It is found that the asset quality is negatively related with performance of public sector banks. Liquidity and inflation are inversely related to performance of public sector banks in India. Capital adequacy is positively related with banks’ performance, but inversely related with banks’ interest margin. GDP growth has a significant positive impact on banks’ performance, but inversely related with banks’ interest income. Inflation rate is inversely related with banks’ performance. Banking sector reforms are insignificantly related with banks’ performance.

scholarly journals Association between participation in the government subsidy programme for domestic travel and symptoms indicative of COVID-19 infection in Japan: cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. e049069
Author(s):  
Atsushi Miyawaki ◽  
Takahiro Tabuchi ◽  
Yasutake Tomata ◽  
Yusuke Tsugawa
Keyword(s):  
Sore Throat ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
High Fever ◽  
Internet Survey ◽  
Government Subsidy ◽  
Sampling Weights ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Taste Disorder ◽  
The Government

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between participation in government subsidies for domestic travel (subsidise up to 50% of all travel expenses) introduced nationally in Japan on 22 July 2020 and the incidence of symptoms indicative of COVID-19 infections.DesignCross-sectional analysis of nationally representative survey data.SettingInternet survey conducted between 25 August and 30 September 2020 in Japan. Sampling weights were used to calculate national estimates.Participants25 482 survey respondents (50.3% (12 809) women; mean (SD) age, 48.8 (17.4) years).Main outcome measuresIncidence rate of five symptoms indicative of the COVID-19 infection (high fever, sore throat, cough, headache, and smell and taste disorder) within the past month of the survey, after adjustment for characteristics of individuals and prefecture fixed effects (effectively comparing individuals living in the same prefecture).ResultsAt the time of the survey, 3289 (12.9%) participated in the subsidy programme. After adjusting for potential confounders, we found that participants in the subsidy programme exhibited higher incidence of high fever (adjusted rate, 4.7% for participants vs 3.7% for non-participants; adjusted OR (aOR) 1.83; 95% CI 1.34 to 2.48; p<0.001), sore throat (19.8% vs 11.3%; aOR 2.09; 95% CI 1.37 to 3.19; p=0.002), cough (19.0% vs 11.3%; aOR 1.96; 95% CI 1.26 to 3.01; p=0.008), headache (29.2% vs 25.5%; aOR 1.24; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.44; p=0.006) and smell and taste disorder (2.6% vs 1.8%; aOR 1.98; 95% CI 1.15 to 3.40; p=0.01) compared with non-participants. These findings remained qualitatively unaffected by additional adjustment for the use of 17 preventative measures (eg, social distancing, wearing masks and handwashing) and fear against the COVID-19 infection.ConclusionsThe participation of the government subsidy programme for domestic travel was associated with a higher probability of exhibiting symptoms indicative of the COVID-19 infection.

Fish Price Determination Around Lake Victoria, Tanzania: Analysis of Factors Affecting Fish Landing Price

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-363
Author(s):  
Damian Boniface Sambuo ◽  
Stephen Kirama ◽  
Kitala Malamsha
Keyword(s):  
Lake Victoria ◽  
Regulatory Body ◽  
Price Determination ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Fish Market ◽  
Fishery Policy ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Performance

Determination of fish landing price is important, as the same contributes to the structure, conduct and performance of the fish market in Lake Victoria. Determination of relevant landing price is a gap to console between fishermen, agents (middlemen), processors and the government. The main objective of this study was therefore to examine fish price determination. Specifically, to examine the methods for fish price determination and analyse factors that affect fish landing price in Lake Victoria, a cross-sectional design was employed, and 300 respondents were randomly selected from two district councils, namely, Sengerema and Buchosa. Both qualitative and quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential analysis. Findings show that landing price is determined through formal negotiation with processors, consultation with other traders, informal negotiation with buyers and Beach Management Unit (BMU). The study concluded that these are the common methods used to determine landing prices. Also, distance from fishing to onshore landing centres, market information channels, age and experiences of the fishermen are the factors significantly found affecting landing price. It is recommended that the mechanism for setting up fishery price, fish market structure, fishery information and the formation of fishery regulatory body needs fishery policy and sector reforms that mark the determination of fish landing price.

scholarly journals Corporate Environmental Performance in China: The Moderating Effects of the Media versus the Approach of Local Governments

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Zhiru Guo ◽  
Chao Lu
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Corporate Environmental Performance ◽  
Media Attention ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

This article selects the listed companies in China’s A-share heavy pollution industry from 2014 to 2018 as samples, uses a random effect model to empirically test the relationship between media attention and corporate environmental performance and examines the impacts of local government environmental protection and property nature on that relationship. Results are as follow: (1) Media attention can significantly affect a company’s environmental performance. The higher the media attention, the greater the company’s supervision and the better its environmental performance. (2) In areas where the government pays less attention to environmental protection, the impact of media on corporate environmental performance is more obvious, but in other areas, the impact of media on environmental performance cannot be reflected; (3) The media attention is very significant for the environmental performance improvement of state-owned enterprises, and it is not obvious in non-state-owned enterprises. (4) A further breakdown of the study found that the role of media attention in corporate environmental performance is only significant in the sample of local governments that have low environmental protection and are state-owned enterprises. This research incorporates the local government’s emphasis on environmental protection into the research field of vision, expands the research scope of media and corporate environmental performance, and also provides new clues and evidence for promoting the active fulfillment of environmental protection responsibilities by companies and local governments.

Determining the Rate of Ergot-alkaloid Degradation in Toxic Endophyte-infected Tall Fescue Hay and Haylage During Long Term Storage

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 22-22
Author(s):  
Charles A Zumbaugh ◽  
Susannah A Gonia ◽  
Kathryn M Payne ◽  
Thomas B Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Ergot Alkaloid ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Experimental Unit

Abstract The objectives of this experiment were to determine changes in the nutritive value and ergot alkaloid concentrations of endophyte-infected tall fescue hay and haylage during a 180-d storage period. Forage from a single field of Kentucky-31 tall fescue was cut for hay in late June and allowed to dry in the field. The dry matter (DM) of the windrow of cut forage was measured every 2 h after clipping. Forage was sampled from the windrow in 6 location blocks once forage DM reached target levels for haylage and hay treatments. Haylage and hay samples were taken when the DM of the windrow reached 50% and 80%, respectively. Seven subsamples of each treatment within block were chopped to 1.91 cm in length with a lettuce chopper and vacuum sealed in oxygen-excluding bags. Sample bags were stored indoors and opened at 30 d intervals over the 180-d storage period. Samples were analyzed for pH, nutritive value, and individual ergot alkaloid concentrations using high-performance liquid chromatography. Within each storage day, treatment within block was considered the experimental unit. Data were analyzed in SAS using the MIXED procedure with fixed effects of treatment, day, and the treatment by day interaction. Location block was considered a random effect. As expected, pH was decreased for haylage compared to hay at all time points (P &lt; 0.01) and DM was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for hay compared to haylage. Neutral detergent fiber values were greater (P &lt; 0.01) for hay compared to haylage and declined during storage (P &lt; 0.01). Total ergot alkaloid concentrations did not differ by treatment (P = 0.61), but ergovaline concentrations declined (P &lt; 0.01) during storage. Collectively, these results indicate minimal differences in nutritive value and ergot alkaloid concentrations between hay and haylage during storage, and that ergovaline concentrations decline during storage.

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