scholarly journals PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STUDIES OF LEAVES OF ACACIA ETBAICA SUBSPECIES UNCINATA

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-80
Author(s):  
SALEH KASSEM ALGFRI
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Microscopic Study ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Fluorescence Parameters ◽  
Leaf Powder ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Green Odor ◽  
Powdered Drug

bjective: The objective of the study is to analyze the microscopic, macroscopic, and physicochemical standards of the leaves of the Acacia etbaica subspecies uncinata. Methods: Pharamacognostic studies (macroscopic, microscopic, and powder microscopy) were carried out. Physicochemical standards (ash values, extractives values, and moisture content by loss on drying) were determined. Fluorescence analysis of powdered drug was also performed. Results: The macroscopic study showed that the leaves were bipinnate with 3–11 pairs of pinnae, each containing 7–25 pairs of leaflets. The leaflet was linear with parallel margins and a rounded at the apex, color was dark green, odor was characteristic and the taste was astringent. The characteristic microscopy of leaves showed the presence of polygonal and rectangular epidermal cells in the center of the lamina and rectangular at the edges, paracytic stomata, non-glandular trichomes, and reticulate venations. The microscopic study of petiole, rachis, and rachilla revealed the presence of elongate, swollen conical-shaped, flagelliform, and wavy trichomes. The powder microscopy also revealed paracytic stomata, trichomes with pedestals, and annular vessels. Physiochemical analysis of dried leaf powder showed total ash, acid insoluble ash, water-soluble ash, water extractive value, ethanol extractive value, and moisture content as 6.11%, 2.50%, 4.57%, 32.50%, 14.10%, and 7.26% w/w respectively. The fluorescence analysis of leaf powder was established. Conclusion: Various pharmacognostic, physicochemical, and fluorescence parameters observed in this study will help in the identification and standardization of the leaves of A. etbaica subspecies uncinata.

scholarly journals Phytopharmacognostic Evaluation of the Leaves OF Gnetum africanum Welw (Gnetaceae)

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-41
Author(s):  
Romanus A. Umoh ◽  
Uwemedimo F. Umoh ◽  
Imoh I. Johnny ◽  
Omodot T. Umoh ◽  
Victor U. Anah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Stomatal Index ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Root Stock ◽  
Leaf Powder ◽  
Stomatal Number

Background: Gnetum africanum Welw (Gnetaceae) also called African salad and Afang in Ibibio language is an evergreen, perennial, shade-tolerant vine with woody stems which can climb up to 12m or more from a tuberous root-stock. It has culinary and medicinal importance. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate pharmacognostic parameters of Gnetum africanum. Methods: The leaves were identified, collected, air-dried, pulverized, weighed and subjected to the evaluation of its microscopy, micromeritics, chemomicroscopy, fluorescence, soluble extractive values, moisture content and ash values using standard procedures. Results: The results obtained from microscopy revealed that the leaf has brachyparacytic, stomata, 3-5 armed and stellate trichromes on the abaxial surface. The epidermal cell wall pattern was undulate on the abaxial surface and sinuous on the adaxial surface. Stomatal number was found to be 3.1 ± 0.25 on the abaxial surface and Stomatal index was found to be 16.8% on the abaxial surface. The micromeritics analysis of the leaf powder revealed passable flow with the angle of repose of 420. The result of chemomicroscopy of the leaf revealed the presence of mucilage, lignin, calcium oxalate crystals, starch and oil. For water-soluble extractive value, the result was 13.25%w/w, methanol-soluble extractive value 4.25%w/w, ethanol-soluble extractive value 4%w/w, moisture content 10.5%w/w, total ash value was 5%w/w, acid-insoluble ash value 1%w/w, water-soluble ash value 2%w/w and sulfated- ash value 6% w/w. Conclusion: The results obtained from the pharmacognostic study provides information for the identity, quality and purity of Gnetum africanum.

scholarly journals Exploration of Phytopharmacognostic Study of Alianthus excelsa Roxb.(Simaroubaceae) Leaves

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-44
Author(s):  
Poonam Shinde ◽  
Rajendra Bhambar ◽  
Pankaj Patil
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Mass Spectroscopy ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Leaf Powder ◽  
Soluble Acid ◽  
Dried Extract

Aim: The purpose of this research is to look at the pharmacognostic and phytochemical properties of Alianthus excelsa leaves. Methods and Materials: The tree Alianthus excelsa Roxb. belongs to the Simaroubaceae family and is native to Central and Southern India. The entire methanolic extract of Alianthus excelsa leaves was examined for its microscopical, physicochemical, phytochemical, isolation, characterisation, and anti-inflammatory activities. Leaf powder was tested for total ash, water soluble, acid insoluble, alcohol soluble extractive, water soluble extractive, moisture content, and fluorescence property. Results: Carbohydrates, phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, and amino acids were found in the leaf methanolic oven dried extract. To determine the existence of phenolic content in extracts, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were calculated. Phytoconstituents such as flavonoids and saponin glycoside were found in the leaf sections throughout the experiment, which were isolated using column chromatography and characterised using IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy. Three flavonoids and one flavonoid

UJI PENDAHULUAN DAUN TENEM Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Risa Supriningrum ◽  
Medi Hendra ◽  
Hendri Misak
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Single Leaf ◽  
Litsea Cubeba ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics ◽  
North Borneo ◽  
Leaf Powder ◽  
Dark Green

Litsea cubeba (Lour Pers.) has been used by the Dayak community Lundayeh and Kenyah, the village of Long Berang, District Mentarang, North Borneo, as drug . Leaves and bark used as medicine for diarrhea. Preliminary data concerning the characteristics and content of secondary metabolites has not been reported. This study aims to determine the organoleptic, macroscopic,  microscopic characteristics and content of secondary metabolites tenem leaves. The results showed that the leaf tenem have organoleptic characteristics typical aromatic smell like citrus (lemon), taste slightly bitter, slightly spicy, chelates. Macroscopic characteristics in the form of a single leaf, lanceolate, elongated, tapered leaf tip, leaf base tapering, bone pinnate leaves, upper surface shiny, lower surface dull and slightly hairy, color light green to dark green. Microscopy test results showed fragments of sklereid, oil cell, stomata type of parasitic, non-glandular trichomes. Simplicia tenem leaf powder contains alkaloids, tannins and terpenoids. The ethanol extract of leaves tenem containing compounds, terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids

scholarly journals Micrometric study and physicochemical evaluation of Solanum nigrum Linn. leaves

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 117-121
Author(s):  
CY Jagtap ◽  
◽  
PK Prajapati ◽  
CR Harisha ◽  
VJ Shukla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Solanum Nigrum ◽  
Alcoholic Extract ◽  
Scientific Evaluation ◽  
Alcohol Extract ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Physicochemical Evaluation ◽  
Leaf Powder ◽  
Cardiac Disorders

Background: Solanum nigrum Linn. (Solanaceae), commonly known as black night shade (Kakamchi), is an herb, traditionally used in the treatment of skin and cardiac disorders. Till date there is no scientific evaluation has been reported on its leaves. Aims and objectives: Present study assumes singular significance and it is supposed to contribute a great deal to the existing literature. The present investigation was, therefore, undertaken to determine the requisite pharmacognostical standards for standardization of leaves of Solanum nigrum Linn. Methods: Macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of fresh leaves and dried powder of leaves was carried out along with their micrometric study. Physicochemical and the preliminary phytochemical investigations of dried powder of Solanum nigrum Linn. leaves were also carried out along with fluorescence analysis. HPTLC finger profile of alcohol extract of leaves was also performed. Results: The pharmacognostical studies of leaves revealed the presence of single layered p alisade parenchyma, anisocytic stomata and multicellular warty trichome, glandular trichomes which are the striking characters of identification of this plant material. The preliminary phytochemical screening of three extracts of the leaf powder sho wed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins and saponins along with other phytoconstituents. In HPTLC studies, the alcoholic extract showed presence of eleven and nine phytoconstituents at 254 nm and 366 nm wavelengths respectively. Conclusion: The information generated in this study will be helpful for the proper identification and authentification of leaves of this herb.

scholarly journals STANDARISASI EKSTRAK DAUN SIRIH HIJAU (Piper betle L.) DAN UJI ANTIBAKTERI TERHADAP BAKTERI Pseudomonas aeruginosa

PHARMACON ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 533
Author(s):  
Geraldin Ester Manarisip ◽  
Fatimawali Fatimawa;i ◽  
Henki Rotinsulu
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Optical Density ◽  
Drying Shrinkage ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Betel Leaf ◽  
Dark Green

ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine the standardization of betel leaf extracts and determine the concentration of extracts that can inhibit bacteria. In this study, the extraction was carried out by the maceration method. The specific parameters were identity of the extracts, organoleptic test, levels of water, ethanol soluble compounds, and chemical content, meanwhile, the non-specific parameters were drying loss, moisture content, and specific gravity. The results of the standardization of specific parameters showed the name of the Green Betel leaf extract (Piper betle L.), organoleptic (thick, dark green color, and strong betel odor), water-soluble and ethanol-soluble extracts content (68.27% and 82%), containing alkaloid compounds, steroids, and tannins. The results of non-specific parameters showed drying shrinkage (10.91%), moisture content (22.73%), and specific gravity (0.874 g / mL). Antibacterial test against Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed that betel leaf extracts at a concentration of 25%, 20%, and 15% experienced a decrease in Optical Density (OD) values respectively -0.192, -0.065, -0.098 while at concentrations of 10% and 5% had an increase Optical Density (OD) values were 0.512, 0.767, respectively. From the results obtained, it was concluded that the betel leaf extracts (Piper betle L.) fulfilled specific and non-specific parameters and had the ability to inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria with an MIC value of 15%.Keywords: Betel leaf (Piper betle L.), Standardization, Antibacterial, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.  ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan standarisasi ekstrak daun sirih hijau dan menentukan konsentrasi ekstrak yang mampu menghambat bakteri. Dalam penelitian ini penyarian dilakukan dengan metode maserasi. Parameter spesifik yaitu identitas ekstrak, uji organoleptik, kadar senyawa larut air dan larut etanol, dan kandungan kimia, sedangkan parameter non spesifik yaitu susut pengeringan, kadar air, dan bobot jenis. Hasil standarisasi parameter spesifik menunjukkan nama ekstrak etanol Daun Sirih Hijau (Piper betle L.), organoleptik (kental, warna hijau pekat, dan bau khas sirih yang tajam), kadar sari larut air dan larut etanol masing masing (68,27% dan 82%), dengan kandungan senyawa alkaloid, steroid, tanin. Hasil parameter non spesifik menunjukkan nilai susut pengeringan (10,91%), kadar air (22,73%), dan bobot jenis (0,874 g/mL). Uji antibakteri terhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun sirih pada konsentrasi 25%, 20%, dan 15% mengalami penurunan nilai Optical Density (OD) berturut-turut -0,192, -0,065, -0,098 sedangkan pada konsentrasi 10% dan 5% mengalami kenaikan nilai Optical Density (OD) berturut-turut 0,512, 0,767. Dari hasil yang diperoleh disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak daun sirih (Piper betle L.) memenuhi parameter spesifik dan non spesifik dan memiliki kemampuan menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa dengan nilai KHM 15%.Kata kunci: Daun Sirih (Piper betle L.), Standarisasi, Antibakteri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and Fluorescence analysis of the plant Bougainvillea spectabilis (Willd.)

2021 ◽  
pp. 3733-3738
Author(s):  
Prabhat Kumar Das ◽  
Jai Singh Vaghela ◽  
Narendra Badore
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Bioactive Natural Products ◽  
Leaf Powder ◽  
Bougainvillea Spectabilis ◽  
Phytochemical Constituents

Objective: The aim of the study is to investigate the Phytochemical, Pharmacognostical, Fluorescence analysis and heavy metal testing of the plant Bougainvillea spectabilis (WILLD.). Methods: The plant powder was extracted with different solvents such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water. The different extracts were tested qualitatively for the identification of various phytochemical constituents. The plant powder was subjected to fluorescence analysis in daylight and in ultraviolet-light (254 nm and 365 nm) and heavy metal testing. Results: Water soluble extractive value was found to be higher than ethanol, Ethyl acetate, chloroform and petroleum ether. The total ash values were found to be higher followed by water soluble ash and acid insoluble ash. From the phytochemical screening result showed the presence of various phytochemical constituents such as alkaloid, glycoside, Carbohydrate, Flavonoids, Saponins, Terpenoids, Taninns and phytosterols. Fluorescence analysis of leaf powder of Bougainvillea spectabilis showed characteristic coloration with various chemicals. The presence of heavy metals like cobalt, mercury, nickel, silver and zinc were found negative. Conclusion: Thus the bioactive natural products in leaf extracts of Bougainvillea spectabilis can be used in the development of new pharmaceuticals that enhances therapeutic use.

Effect of Ginkgo Protein on Moisture Content and Hardness of Bread

2012 ◽  
Vol 531 ◽  
pp. 395-398
Author(s):  
Xiao Fei Sun ◽  
Yu Hui Qiao
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Water Soluble Protein

Ginkgo seeds were selected and used as experimental material to study protein compositions in ginkgo protein. Ginkgo protein was used as accessory to be added into flour to make bread. Effect of ginkgo protein on moisture content and hardness of bread were investigated. Experimental results showed that ginkgo protein contained water-soluble protein and salt-soluble protein which was 85.28 percents in total protein and contained small amounts of prolamin and alkali-soluble protein. The bread added with different ratios of ginkgo protein had higher moisture content and lower hardness. Therefore, adding appropriate amount of ginkgo protein could improve bread baking performances and bread shelf life.

scholarly journals Effect Of Preserved Seeds Using Different Botanicals On Seed Quality Of Lentil

1970 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Khatun ◽  
G Kabir ◽  
MAH Bhuiyan ◽  
D Khanam
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Germination Capacity ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Polygonum Hydropiper ◽  
Vigour Index ◽  
Leaf Powder

Laboratory studies were conducted with leaf powder of three plants to show the preservative effect for maintaining the quality of lentil seeds in storage. After processing and drying, seeds were preserved with different botanicals and stored them in earthen pots for eight months. Botanicals, such as whole leaf powder of neem (Azadirachta indica), dholkalmi (Ipmoea sepiara), and bishkatali (Polygonum hydropiper) were used at a dose of 5% w/w (25 g botanical per 500 g of lentil seeds). The lentil seeds were stored till next planting time and seed quality, such as moisture content, germination capacity, root length, shoot length of the seedlings and vigour index were observed. The highest values for all these characters except moisture content were significant when the seeds were preserved with neem leaf powder and bishkatali. Among three botanicals, dholkalmi was less effective. Keywords: Lentil; botanicals; storage; seed quality DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i3.9266 BJAR 2011; 36(3): 381-387

scholarly journals Standardization of Mango (Mangifera Indica L.) Peel Simplisia of Gadung Variety

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Andini Andini ◽  
Cindy Fernanda Putri
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Yellow Colour ◽  
Water Soluble Compound ◽  
Mango Peel ◽  
Compound Concentration

Mango peel (Mangfera indica L.) has many pharmacological effects as a traditional medicine. Therefore, standardization of mango peel simplisia needs to be done as a preparation of phytopharmaca raw material. This research aimed to obtain standardization of mango peel simplisia include specific and non-specific parameter. The research procedures include plant determination, simplisia preparation as well as specific standardization test (includes organoleptic, water-soluble compound concentration, and ethanol solution compound concentration) and nonspecific standardization test (includes moisture content, dried shrinkage, total ash content and acid insoluble ash content). The specific organoleptic parameters of dried mango peel simplisia have a distinctive sweet aroma, bitter taste, and brownish yellow colour. Water-soluble and ethanol-soluble concentrations are 22,36% ± 1,17% and 9,56% ± 0,07%. Moisture content is 9,09% ± 1,44%. Dried shrinkage rate is 0,19% ± 0,04%. Total ash and acid insoluble ash contents are 4,11% ± 0,10% and 0,14% ± 0,03%. The mango peel simplisia has met the quality standard of the raw material.

scholarly journals Phyto Pharmacognostic Study of Lagerstroemia speciosa - An Analytical Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (05) ◽  
pp. 206-213
Author(s):  
Jyothi S. Murthy ◽  
B. R. Lalitha ◽  
Aahalya Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Study ◽  
Microscopical Study ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Lower Epidermis ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Phytochemical Study ◽  
Lagerstroemia Speciosa ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Leaf Powder ◽  
Sugar Levels

Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers (Hindi - Jarul, Taglog - Banaba) a member of Lythraceae family is found all over India, specially in Bengal, Assam and Deccan Peninsula. The leaves of L. speciosa is widely used for lowering blood sugar levels in Philippines, Japan and Taiwan. Pharmacognostical investigation of leaves of L. speciosa was done by evaluating its morphological, microscopical studies, Physicochemical and phytochemical parameters. Rasa Nirdharana was done. Microscopical study revealed presence of epidermal cells contained clusters of rosette aggregate calcium oxalate crystals and few cells were mucilaginous. Lower epidermis showed the presence of anomocytic stomata. Physical constants of leaf powder showed, loss on drying - 3.8%, total ash - 6.7%, acid insoluble ash - 1.039%, water soluble extractive value - 8.88%, alcohol soluble extractive value - 4.49% and pH - 5.75. Preliminary phytochemical study revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenes, tannins, proteins and iron. Rasa Nirdharana confirmed the leaves are Kashaya in Rasa. The Pharmacognostical study was useful for authentication of leaves of Lagerstoemia speciosa.

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