scholarly journals Из опыта борьбы с эпидемическими заболеваниями в Калмыкии: эпидемия чумы 1914 г.

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-545
Author(s):  
Alexandr N. Komandzhaev ◽  
◽  
Saglar E. Badmaeva ◽  
Natalia P. Matsakova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
National Archive ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Safe Distance ◽  
Systemic Analysis ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
Arid Territories ◽  
Epidemic Diseases

Introduction. The article analyzes the anti-plague efforts launched in the Kalmyk Steppe in 1914. The topic remains understudied in domestic historiography, and only a few papers dealing with Kalmykia’s public healthcare history contain occasional mentions of some epidemic diseases. So, the 1914 plague epidemic has been overlooked as well. And the study proves even more relevant nowadays when humanity is globally facing COVID-19 threats. Goals. The paper specifically aims to provide insight ― on the basis of primary archival sources newly introduced into scientific circulation ― to the struggle against plague in the Kalmyk Steppe in June and July of 1914. Materials and Methods. The work employs general scientific and specifically historical methods, with emphasis be laid on the principle of historicism, method of systemic analysis, and interdisciplinary approach. The latter is particularly important when it comes to examine an epidemic in a nomadic society across arid territories ― and all that took place over 100 years ago. The article deals with archival documents stored at the National Archive of Kalmykia (Kalmyk People’s Administration collection). Those files included in the catalogue of Public Healthcare Department contain materials on three episodes of plague in June and July of 1914, and prove instrumental in reconstructing the actual events in detail. Results. The article chronicles the dramatic vicissitudes of the 1914 plague epidemic in Kalmykia, and shows that all required and justified disinfection measures were assumed, e.g., a strict quarantine was established in the affected areas, sick individuals were isolated and healthy ones evacuated to a safe distance. The doctors were conducting a total inspection of the population in areas adjacent to those of outbreaks, which was followed by two more weeks of observations.

scholarly journals Эпидемические заболевания в Калмыцкой степи Астраханской губернии в конце ХIХ – начале ХХ в.

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-55
Author(s):  
Alexandr N. Komandzhaev ◽  
◽  
Saglar E. Badmaeva
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
National Archive ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Medical Department ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽  
Police Personnel ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Epidemic Diseases

Introduction. The article examines the understudied issues of how and to what extent epidemic diseases used to spread across Kalmyk uluses (‘districts’) in the late 19th – early 20th centuries, with special attention be paid to employed control and monitoring methods. The problem was covered in a number of published reports delivered at the First Congress of Astrakhan physicians to have worked in Kalmyk-inhabited lands during the period under study, and the former contain their shared their experiences and valuable findings. Historians hardly ever approached the topic in just a few papers. Goals. So, the work aims at a detailed survey of epidemic diseases in the Kalmyk Steppe of Astrakhan Governorate in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Materials and Methods. The study employs a set of general scientific and specific historical research methods. The observance of the historicism principle made it possible to avoid modern misinterpretations of the century-old events examined, while system-analysis techniques and interdisciplinary approaches resulted in that certain specific events of Kalmyk life were analyzed as parts of an overall picture. The article mainly explores and newly introduces materials of the Medical Department — a healthcare agency within the Kalmyk People’s Administration — currently stored at the National Archive of Kalmykia. Results. Despite the remoteness of Kalmyk nomadic settlements (Kalm. khoton) from administrative centers and first-aid stations, healthcare practitioners still were efficient enough to promptly respond in case of epidemic outbreaks. Besides treatment proper, the medical, administrative and police personnel were largely responsible for quarantine and disinfection activities, medical examination and supervision of people living around the periphery of the effective disease area. Conclusions. The analysis of materials dealing with the issue reveals Kalmyk districts were widely affected by epidemic diseases, such as typhus, smallpox, measles, diphtheria and others, while cholera and plague were not that often. It should be admitted that the frequent occurrence of those diseases in medical records across the Kalmyk Steppe was determined by their endemicity to have resulted from a number of reasons.

scholarly journals Volodymyr Menchyts (1837–1916) Against the Backdrop of the Epoch

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
Nelia Romaniuk ◽  
◽  
Andrii Sinitskyi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
State Formation ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
National Movement ◽  
The Social ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Historical Methods

Purpose of the article is to broaden the knowledge about the Ukrainian national movement, problems of the creation of a nation in 19th – beginning of the 20th century through the prism of life and activities of an individual person – Volodymyr Amvrosiiovych Menchyts, as a cultural and educational figure. The methodology of research is based on a combination of general scientific and special historical methods with the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency. The application of these methods made it possible to conduct a systematic analysis of the sources that helped to personify the figure of V. Menchyts. Scientific novelty. The role of V. Menchyts against the backdrop of the epoch of the second half of the 19th – early 20th century has been highlighted on the basis of published and archival documents. His role was marked by the intensification of the national movement, the formation of the idea of state formation of Ukraine. Conclusions. Research into the biography of Volodymyr Amvrosiyovych Menchyts and its reproduction showed that he was an outstanding personality, a bright representative of the Ukrainian national movement of the second half of the 19th – beginning 20th century. He entered Ukrainian history as an educator and philosopher, a collector of Ukrainian folklore, and a specialist in literature and publishing. V. Menchyts was a representative of the spiritual elite of the society of that time. Those people contributed to the formation of moral and ethical foundations of the social worldview, national idea and state formation of Ukraine. A significant constellation of figures that developed and acted in this period in society, in particular Volodymyr Menchyts and his company, clearly defined the outlines of the Ukrainophil movement. Along with a cohort of less known but, undoubtedly, sincere patriots, the famous representatives of this movement were able to lay the ideological foundation for the development of the Ukrainian state at the beginning of 20th century.

scholarly journals MISSIONARY AND CHARITABLE ACTIVITIES OF ST. VOLODYMYR’S BROTHERHOOD OF KYIV PROVINCE (THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX - EARLY XX CENTURIES)

2021 ◽  
pp. 223-236
Author(s):  
Oksana Alyoshina
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
World War ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Rapid Pace ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Charitable Activities ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
Quantitative Indicators

This article analyzes the charitable and missionary activities of St. Volodymyr’s Brotherhood. These areas were of primary importance in the Brotherhood’s activities and reflected the intentions of the Russian authorities to consolidate the Orthodox religion on the territory of Right-Bank Ukraine and Galicia during World War I. The methodology of the paper is based on the principles of historicism alongside the general scientific and special-historical methods: critical, analytical, synthesis, and generalization. Scientific novelty. On the basis of the little-known archival documents, the missionary activity of the Brotherhood among the Jews was analyzed, the quantitative indicators of the so-called “christenings” were introduced into scientific circulation. The main aspects of philanthropic activities of the Brotherhood during World War I were revealed. Conclusions. The new economic conditions associated with the results of the reform in the Russian Empire and the rapid pace of modernization demanded additional investments and the presence of the most loyal population in rather troublesome “neighborhoods”, which included Kyiv as part of Right-Bank Ukraine, from the authorities. The revival of religious institutions, perceived as “foreign” in the first half of the century, was part of the imperial plan to build a new model of loyalty and identity in the “Russian world” in which Orthodoxy had a prominent place. The desire of some Jews to go beyond the traditional constraints associating with Judaism and turning them into “foreigners” proved to be in tune with the tasks assigned to the brotherhoods in the context of their missionary activities. The charity of the brotherhoods during World War I had a completely pragmatic basis. In this way, the Russian authorities relied on the loyalty of Galician Greek Catholics (with far-reaching prospects for their conversion to the Orthodox faith).

The Child Homelessness as a Kind of Social Anomalies in the Zhytomyr Region in 1921-1928s and Ways to Overcome it by the Soviet Authorities

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
Mykola Bondarchuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Logical Sequence ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Destructive Processes ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
First Time

The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the measures taken by the relevant Soviet authorities in the Zhytomyr region during the New Economic Policy (NEP) to eliminate the manifestations of child homelessness. Objectives of the study: to determine the main causes of child homelessness and its manifestations in the region during the NEP; to explore the ways and the methods of struggle by the Soviet autorities against them. The methodological basis of the study are general scientific (logical, comparative), special historical methods (problem-chronological). They allowed us to determine this period, in which the problem of child homelessness is studied specifically, in chronological and logical sequence. Comparative analysis was used to study individual phenomena of this process. The study based on the principles of science, historicism and objectivity. The scientific novelty of the study is that for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the problem of manifestations of this problem has been condact in this region in 1921-1928 and ways to combat them. New archival documents on this problem and materials of periodicals of those years were put into scientific circulation. The attempt has been made to give an objective, unbiased assessment of these phenomena and the actions of the Soviet authorities in those years. Conclusions. The new economic policy of the Soviet state during the 1920's was implemented against the background of increasing manifestations of various social anomalies. The struggle against them took place against the background of the difficult socio-economic situation in which society found itself after the civil war. According to the analysis of archival sources, the Soviet authorities paid great importance to these measures, and first of all to their termination. These problems were caused by various factors, but primarily - the destructive processes in society itself and the struggle of the soviet authorities for the establishment of their power. This also applies to the events and the recent Civil War in the former Russian Empire and the state liberation struggle in Ukraine in 1917-1921. The establishment of the Volyn Commission for Assistance to Children in 1923 helped reduce the development of child homelessness in this region.

scholarly journals Modern state of the judicial finance-credit examination and the prospects of its development

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Elina Sergeevna Sarygina
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Substantive Law ◽  
Court Expert

The research subject is the scientific, organizational and methodical regularities of judicial and examination activities during the research of finance-credit relations. Special attention is given to the key provisions of finance-credit examinations and the peculiarities of their commissioning. The author uses the categories and laws of dialectical and formal logic along with general scientific methods of scientific cognition (observation, description, comparison, systematization, formalization, etc.), and specific methods (comparative-analytical and system-structural). The author also uses the techniques of the interdisciplinary approach since the research requires knowledge in the field of procedural and substantive law, theory of court examination, economics and banking law, which determines the comprehensive nature of the research. From the viewpoint of modern scientific knowledge, the author attempts to analyze court examination as an independent class of judicial economic examinations which includes objects, subclasses, typical tasks and scientific and methodical recommendations for law enforcement officers about commissioning such examinations. The research addresses the main provisions of the subtheory of a judicial finance-credit examination which either haven’t been described sufficiently enough in the scientific works, or haven’t been systematised. The author’s recommendations are aimed at unification of the judicial practice of commissioning and assessment of the results of a judicial finance-credit examination. The formation of a comprehensive idea about this examination and its modern state is necessary for the implementation of its possibilities by an investigator, a court or an inquiry officer within criminal proceedings. The result of the research is the development of recommendations for law enforcement officers about the peculiarities of commissioning of a court tax analysis in governmental and nongovernmental criminal expertise institutions connected with the peculiarities of preparation of research objects and the specificity of issues subject to the consideration of a court expert; the author formulates the list of questions to an expert.

scholarly journals Бесхозяйственность и хищения колхозно-кооперативной собственности в колхозах Башкирии в конце 1960-х – первой половине 1980-х гг. как системное явление

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-487
Author(s):  
Narkas V. Akhmadieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
National Archive ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Unlimited Access ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Material Values ◽  
Economic Crimes ◽  
Party State ◽  
Collective Farms

Introduction. The late 1960s and the first half of the 1980s saw a significant growth of the tendency for mismanagement and misappropriation of socialist property in the kolkhozes (collective farms) of Bashkiria. Such forms of antisocial and criminal behavior of the citizens appears to be a relevant subject. The aim of the present article is to analyze the issues of mismanagement and theft of socialist property in the kolkhozes of Bashkiria in the late 1960s — the first half of the 1980s. In this aspect, several lines of research have been identified: i) to analyze the forms of illegal use of funds and of material values of the farms, examining the phenomena in their dynamics; ii) to examine the work of the control and auditing bodies in the farms; and iii) to analyze a complex of measures taken by the party, state, and other supervisory bodies to counter the growth of economic crimes in kolkhozes. Sources. The archival documents from the National Archive of the Republic of Bashkortostan help to draw a detailed picture of the dynamics in the growth of mismanagement and stealing of collective farm property in Bashkiria, as well as of measures taken to counter these negative phenomena. Methods. The thematic chronological research method proved to be relevant for the analysis and identification of the issues related to the preservation of social property in the farms of Bashkiria, as well as of measures taken by the authorities to stop the facts of misappropriation and mismanagement. The principles of objectivity and historicism applied to a concrete historical situation made it possible to draw a non-partisan picture of the period in question. Results. The research has shown that during the period under study criminal mismanagement in the region took place in many collective farms, accompanied by numerous thefts of socialist property and this happened despite measures taken by the authorities. These crimes were often committed by representatives of the economic nomenclature, who had unlimited access to resources. Conclusion. Between the late 1960s and mid-1980s, the thefts of socialist property and mismanagement events in the collective farms of Bashkiria acquired an intractable systemic character, fostering antisocial sentiments in the rural section and society at large.

scholarly journals Performativity, Discourse and Communication: Relationship of Concepts

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-104
Author(s):  
Ruslana Bezuhla
Keyword(s):  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Subject Field ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
Sociological Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Historical Periods

The article analyzes approaches to the study of phenomena and concepts of performativity, discourse and communication, and makes it possible to trace how various types of communication are interconnected in the structure of artistic culture. It has been established that in modern society, performativity, discourse and communication provide a higher level of generalization and prevalence than in previous historical periods, which leads to an expansion of the subject field for the study of these phenomena. The aim of the work is to research and systematize existing theories conceptualizing performativity, communication and discourse in the mode of humanitarian knowledge. This approach will contribute to solving the scientific problem of clarifying the conceptual and categorical apparatus of modern cultural studies and art history. Methodology of work. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study were philosophical and general scientific approaches, principles and methods that made it possible to analyze the phenomena of performativity, discourse and communication from different-vector positions: the method of generalization, made it possible to determine the place of performativity, discourse and communication in the worldview paradigm due to the analysis of ambiguous formulations and statements about the phenomena, which were presented in various sources; an interdisciplinary approach ensured the use of the latest theoretical developments in the social sciences and humanities; the sociological approach made it possible to consider the phenomena of performativity, discourse and communication at the macrosocial and microsocial levels.

scholarly journals RESTORATION OF STATEHOOD IN THE POLITICS OF MEMORY OF THE SECOND POLISH-LITHUANIAN COMMONWEALTH (THE CASE OF WESTERN UKRAINE)

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-40
Author(s):  
Vitalii Matviichuk
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Reference Database ◽  
Politics Of Memory ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Memory Space ◽  
Western Ukraine ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
First Time ◽  
Complete Account

The aim of the article is to study the politics of memory of the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 1920s–1930s in Western Ukraine associated with the restoration of the Polish statehood. The methodology of scientific research is based on general scientific and special historical methods, including the basic principles of historical perception. The principles of historicism and scientific character of research enabled the author to recreate the politics of memory of the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in Western Ukraine in all its complexity and diversity, as well as in interrelation and interdependence with the events of that time. The principle of objectivity facilitated the consideration of the outlined problems taking into account objective historical patterns and a critical analysis of the reference database. The principle of consistency provided the means to form a complete account of the corresponding commemorative practices. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time the problem of reflecting the historical subject of the restoration of Poland in the political power of memory in Western Ukraine is studied on the basis of a big archive database. As a result, the author comes to the conclusion that the "memory" of the state restoration was actively implemented throughout its territory, including Western Ukraine. Due to the corresponding politics of memory, the Polish authorities tried to integrate Western Ukraine into a single social and cultural space, the creation of which was quite a difficult task for the postwar Poland. Historical subjects and various kinds of commemorations became unified on the entire territory of the state. Some of the local subjects, for example, "Lviv Eaglets" or the battles of legionnaires near Kostiukhnivka became national, and strengthened the position of the Polish state narrative in Western Ukrainian region. The author argues that the activity of memorialization in Western Ukrainian cities led to the filling of the memory space with Polish symbols. The paper considers the issue of formalism and monotony of Polish commemorative practices in Western Ukraine.

scholarly journals On Damages Inflicted upon the Stalingrad Section of the Lower Volga Steamship Line in the Great Patriotic War

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-237
Author(s):  
Olesya Gomanenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
World War ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Economic Entity ◽  
Lower Volga ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
Second World

Introduction. The paper reviews the Lower Volga shipping industry before the Great Patriotic War and after the Battle of Stalingrad. The goal is to establish the loss inflicted by the invaders upon the facilities of the Stalingrad section of the Lower Volga Steamship Line that suffered most from the hostilities. Methods and materials. The study is based on the objectivity principles and applies general scientific as well as specific historical methods. The paper is based on unpublished archival materials as well as on scientific publications on the Lower Volga Steamship Line. Analysis and results. The Lower Volga Steamship Line was created in 1934. It was a big economic entity. The territory of its operation stretched along the Volga from Kamyshin down to Lagan. The Steamship Line comprised two basic sections – the Stalingrad and Astrakhan ones. Before the Second World War the Steamship Line included five production establishments (ship repairing yards and workshops), 17 transit piers, a passenger river-boat station, two local piers with registered fleet, three crossings and other facilities. The Stalingrad section was the largest. Within its boundaries the principal Steamship Line unit was situated – the Stalingrad transit pier. 90 percent of it was destroyed in the Battle of Stalingrad. The Stalingrad section of the Steamship Line suffered most from the hostilities. The total amount of damage of the Steamship Line has been established.

scholarly journals Роль добровольных народных дружин Башкирии в противодействии росту правонарушений в 1960 – первой половине 1980-х гг.

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 916-926
Author(s):  
Narkas V. Akhmadieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
National Archive ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Genetic Method ◽  
Domestic Security ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Face ◽  
Crime And Delinquency ◽  
The 1960S

Introduction. In the 1960s – mid-1980s, in the face of an increase in crime, the state transferred some law enforcement and domestic security functions to the public. Activities of public organizations — voluntary people’s guards (Russ. DND) — contributed to countering the growth of crime and delinquency in the country. Despite the availability of scientific papers dealing with activities of the DND in the indicated years nationwide, the regional aspect of the issue remains understudied. DNDs were further developed in the post-Soviet period, which confirms their efficiency and significance. Goals. The paper seeks to analyze activities of voluntary people’s guards in the 1960s – mid1980s. For this, a number of objectives be tackled, such as to consider the dynamics of their development, analyze forms of countering the growth of offenses in Bashkiria in the indicated years, state policy towards this public organization. Materials. The article primarily investigates materials and documents deposited in the National Archive of Bashkortostan which contains valuable information thereto, including about the system of measures aimed at combating the growth of offenses. Methods. The work employs the historical-genetic method which made it possible to examine the dynamics of development and structural changes in the DND. The analysis of archival documents and materials involves the principles of objectivity and historicism, and that of scientificity, which proves instrumental in exploring the topic in certain historical backgrounds. Results. The period under consideration witnessed the creation of a network of voluntary people’s guards as an auxiliary organization designed to combat the growth of crime and delinquency in Bashkiria. The squads were controlled by authorities and grew to become a powerful law enforcement institution. Moreover, those facilitated further legal education of Soviet citizens. DNDs and order control agencies did prove efficient in reducing the level of offenses. The paper concludes the involvement of ordinary citizens in law and order protection activities was determined by the then increasing criminalization of society and flaws in the order and safety system. Party and state bodies were thus forced to initiate and support the movement.

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