The Child Homelessness as a Kind of Social Anomalies in the Zhytomyr Region in 1921-1928s and Ways to Overcome it by the Soviet Authorities

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
Mykola Bondarchuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Logical Sequence ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Destructive Processes ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
First Time

The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the measures taken by the relevant Soviet authorities in the Zhytomyr region during the New Economic Policy (NEP) to eliminate the manifestations of child homelessness. Objectives of the study: to determine the main causes of child homelessness and its manifestations in the region during the NEP; to explore the ways and the methods of struggle by the Soviet autorities against them. The methodological basis of the study are general scientific (logical, comparative), special historical methods (problem-chronological). They allowed us to determine this period, in which the problem of child homelessness is studied specifically, in chronological and logical sequence. Comparative analysis was used to study individual phenomena of this process. The study based on the principles of science, historicism and objectivity. The scientific novelty of the study is that for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the problem of manifestations of this problem has been condact in this region in 1921-1928 and ways to combat them. New archival documents on this problem and materials of periodicals of those years were put into scientific circulation. The attempt has been made to give an objective, unbiased assessment of these phenomena and the actions of the Soviet authorities in those years. Conclusions. The new economic policy of the Soviet state during the 1920's was implemented against the background of increasing manifestations of various social anomalies. The struggle against them took place against the background of the difficult socio-economic situation in which society found itself after the civil war. According to the analysis of archival sources, the Soviet authorities paid great importance to these measures, and first of all to their termination. These problems were caused by various factors, but primarily - the destructive processes in society itself and the struggle of the soviet authorities for the establishment of their power. This also applies to the events and the recent Civil War in the former Russian Empire and the state liberation struggle in Ukraine in 1917-1921. The establishment of the Volyn Commission for Assistance to Children in 1923 helped reduce the development of child homelessness in this region.

scholarly journals THE CRIMINAL SITUATION IN UKRAINE DURING THE NEP

2021 ◽  
pp. 81-104
Author(s):  
Mykola Bondarchuk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Soviet Power ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Destructive Processes ◽  
Historical Methods

The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the measures taken by the relevant Soviet authorities in the USSR during the period of the new economic policy (NEP) in order to eliminate the manifestations of organized crime. Objectives of the study: to determine the main causes of banditry and its manifestations in Soviet Ukraine in the NEP; to explore the ways and methods of struggle of the Soviet power against it. The methodological basis of the study are general scientific (logical, comparative), and special historical methods (problem-chronological). They allowed to determine this period, in which the problem of organized crime is studied specifically, in chronological and logical order. Comparative analysis was used to study individual phenomena of this process. The study is also based on the principles of scientificity, historicism and objectivity. The scientific novelty of the study is that for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the manifestations of organized crime in Soviet Ukraine in 1921-1928 and ways to combat them was carried out. New archival documents on this issue and materials of periodicals of those years were put into scientific circulation. An attempt has been made to give an objective, unbiased assessment of these phenomena and the actions of the Soviet authorities in those years. Conclusions. The new economic policy of the Soviet state during the 1920's was implemented against the background of increasing manifestations of various social anomalies. The struggle against them took place in a difficult socio-economic situation in which the society found itself after the First World War. According to the analysis of the archival sources, the Soviet authorities attached great importance to these measures, and first of all to their termination. These problems were caused by various factors, but primarily by the destructive processes in society itself and the struggle of the Bolsheviks for the establishment of their power. This also applies to the events of the recent Civil War in the former Russian Empire and the state liberation struggle in Ukraine in 1917-1921. One of the main reasons for the growth of organized crime was a difficult economic situation caused by the effects of military communism. In the period under study, namely in the first half of the 1920's, the process of formation of the law enforcement system of the Soviet power took place. The main burden of responsibility for the state of the criminogenic situation in the country rested with the local police.

Orphans during the Civil War: from homelessness to concentration camps

2019 ◽  
pp. 260-271
Author(s):  
Pavel Shcherbinin ◽  
Aleksei Chubarov ◽  
Ylia Shcherbinina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
The Social ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Chronological Period

We investigate specifically and comprehensively the orphans situation and transformation of social protection system in the Civil War years and its ultimate phase Tambov Rebellion in the Tambov Governorate through the lens of children’s everyday life and policy of the Soviet government. On the basis of a wide complex of primary materials attraction, first of all archival documents, we representatively and specially investigate various little-known aspects of the scien-tific problem declared in study. We generalize practices of children survival in the incredibly bloody and violent clashes of rebels and parts of the Red Army in one region – Tambov Gover-norate. We reveal the conditions of children placement in concentration camps, as well as attempts of the authorities to regulate their situation, to stabilize the morbidity of children and catastrophic child mortality. We provide the specific data on the peculiarities of orphans charity in the conditions of Civil War, Tambov Rebellion, new economic policy at the regional and county level, which allows to evaluate not only the social policy of the Soviet government, but also the survival of children’s society in the chronological period under consideration. We clarify the consequences of taking rebel family members (residents of the region who joined A.S. Antonov) hostage and using children as an attractive mechanism to combat “banditry”. We specially consider the influence of “party and class” selection of children at their admission to orphanages, as well as taking into account their social origin, the position of parents. We reveal the main results of the new economic policy (NEP) impact on children’s social protection and the constriction of the existing practice of orphans charity in the conditions of the actual cessation of funding for many children’s institutions. We draw conclusions about the historical experience, traditions and features of the children survival, including orphans at the regional level (governorate and county) in the conditions of hunger strikes of the 20s of the 20th century, which allowed to successfully reconstruct the actual population situation of the Tambov Governorate in the post-revolutionary period. We give the characteristics of the local authorities’ policy, the interaction of the capital and the regions in the conditions of almost incessant cataclysms and social disasters of the first years of Soviet power.

scholarly journals Flappers and Foxtrotters: Soviet Youth in the “Roaring Twenties”

1994 ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Anne E. Gorsuch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Civil War ◽  
New York Times ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Change ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Economic Climate ◽  
First Time

With the introduction of the New Economic Policy in March 1921, cities such as Moscow and Leningrad appeared to change overnight. Expensive food and clothing stores, flashy nightclubs, gambling casinos, and other manifestations of the changing economic climate resurfaced for the first time since the war. William Reswick, a Russian who had emigrated to the United States before the revolution and returned as a journalist during the Civil War, wrote that as he made the rounds of Moscow, he was astonished by the great change that the NEP, a comparatively free economy, had wrought in a matter of nine months or so. "It was a change from a state verging on coma to a life of cheer and rapidly growing vigor. " The  New York Times Moscow correspondent Waiter Duranty also marveled at the changes.

scholarly journals ETHNOGRAPHIC-FOLKLORE INTERESTS OF STEFAN KOVALIV

2021 ◽  
pp. 127-138
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Drahan
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Creative Activity ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
First Time ◽  
Clear Presentation ◽  
Made In

Summary. Purpose of the study is to characterize the ethnographic and folklore interests of the little-known Galician public and educational figure, publicist, teacher and writer – Stefan Kovaliv. The research methodology envisages the application of traditional principles of historicism and objectivity and general scientific and special-historical methods. The scientific novelty of the study is manifested in the fact that for the first time, based on a comprehensive analysis of the selected creative heritage of Stefan Kovalev, his ethnographic and folklore hobbies are characterized and the features of their influence on creative activity are traced. Conclusions. The analysis of selected works of art and scientific and journalistic essays by S. Kovaliv made in the article gives an opportunity to unequivocally state that their author had remarkable ethnographic and folklore hobbies and this passion served him as an indispensable assistant in the creative activity. From his works it follows that before writing anything the researcher was engaged in active search activities: he tried to be an eyewitness to the events he wrote about; used oral history, recruiting from rural and urban correspondents enough materials to study; for the sake of clear presentation of his creative work to the population, resorted to meticulous study of dialectical speech; studied the peculiarities of life and way of life of ethnographic groups of the population of the Galician region, paying special attention to the study of their spiritual and material culture.

Pyrrhic Victories

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Baberowski
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
The World ◽  
Red Army ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Military Victory ◽  
The Military

This chapter examines the aftermath of the Bolsheviks' victory over both the Whites, or counterrevolutionaries, and all rival socialists. The Bolsheviks broke the military resistance of the Whites, crushed the unrest and strikes of the peasants, and even restored the multiethnic empire, which, in the early months of revolution, had largely fallen apart. In spring 1921, when the Red Army marched into Georgia, the Civil War was officially over. For the Bolsheviks, however, military victory was not the end but rather the beginning of a mission, not simply to shake the world but to transform it. Although weapons may have decided the war in favor of the revolutionaries they had not settled the question of power. This chapter considers Vladimir Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP) that would implement economic reforms, the Bolsheviks' failure to carry power into villages, and the dictatorship's lack of support from the proletariat. It also describes the nationalization of the Russian empire and Joseph Stalin's rise to power.

scholarly journals RESTORATION OF STATEHOOD IN THE POLITICS OF MEMORY OF THE SECOND POLISH-LITHUANIAN COMMONWEALTH (THE CASE OF WESTERN UKRAINE)

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-40
Author(s):  
Vitalii Matviichuk
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Reference Database ◽  
Politics Of Memory ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Memory Space ◽  
Western Ukraine ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
First Time ◽  
Complete Account

The aim of the article is to study the politics of memory of the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 1920s–1930s in Western Ukraine associated with the restoration of the Polish statehood. The methodology of scientific research is based on general scientific and special historical methods, including the basic principles of historical perception. The principles of historicism and scientific character of research enabled the author to recreate the politics of memory of the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in Western Ukraine in all its complexity and diversity, as well as in interrelation and interdependence with the events of that time. The principle of objectivity facilitated the consideration of the outlined problems taking into account objective historical patterns and a critical analysis of the reference database. The principle of consistency provided the means to form a complete account of the corresponding commemorative practices. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time the problem of reflecting the historical subject of the restoration of Poland in the political power of memory in Western Ukraine is studied on the basis of a big archive database. As a result, the author comes to the conclusion that the "memory" of the state restoration was actively implemented throughout its territory, including Western Ukraine. Due to the corresponding politics of memory, the Polish authorities tried to integrate Western Ukraine into a single social and cultural space, the creation of which was quite a difficult task for the postwar Poland. Historical subjects and various kinds of commemorations became unified on the entire territory of the state. Some of the local subjects, for example, "Lviv Eaglets" or the battles of legionnaires near Kostiukhnivka became national, and strengthened the position of the Polish state narrative in Western Ukrainian region. The author argues that the activity of memorialization in Western Ukrainian cities led to the filling of the memory space with Polish symbols. The paper considers the issue of formalism and monotony of Polish commemorative practices in Western Ukraine.

THE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE CIVIL WAR IN RUSSIA: THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP) MODEL OF "MARKET SOCIALISM"

2020 ◽  
pp. 189-192
Author(s):  
V. V. Koltsov ◽  
Z. V. Busurkina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Economic Model ◽  
Market Socialism ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Hundredth Anniversary

This article discusses the main principles, problems and contradictions of the NEP economic model

scholarly journals Volodymyr Menchyts (1837–1916) Against the Backdrop of the Epoch

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
Nelia Romaniuk ◽  
◽  
Andrii Sinitskyi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
State Formation ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
National Movement ◽  
The Social ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Historical Methods

Purpose of the article is to broaden the knowledge about the Ukrainian national movement, problems of the creation of a nation in 19th – beginning of the 20th century through the prism of life and activities of an individual person – Volodymyr Amvrosiiovych Menchyts, as a cultural and educational figure. The methodology of research is based on a combination of general scientific and special historical methods with the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency. The application of these methods made it possible to conduct a systematic analysis of the sources that helped to personify the figure of V. Menchyts. Scientific novelty. The role of V. Menchyts against the backdrop of the epoch of the second half of the 19th – early 20th century has been highlighted on the basis of published and archival documents. His role was marked by the intensification of the national movement, the formation of the idea of state formation of Ukraine. Conclusions. Research into the biography of Volodymyr Amvrosiyovych Menchyts and its reproduction showed that he was an outstanding personality, a bright representative of the Ukrainian national movement of the second half of the 19th – beginning 20th century. He entered Ukrainian history as an educator and philosopher, a collector of Ukrainian folklore, and a specialist in literature and publishing. V. Menchyts was a representative of the spiritual elite of the society of that time. Those people contributed to the formation of moral and ethical foundations of the social worldview, national idea and state formation of Ukraine. A significant constellation of figures that developed and acted in this period in society, in particular Volodymyr Menchyts and his company, clearly defined the outlines of the Ukrainophil movement. Along with a cohort of less known but, undoubtedly, sincere patriots, the famous representatives of this movement were able to lay the ideological foundation for the development of the Ukrainian state at the beginning of 20th century.

scholarly journals Attitude to the New Economic Policy in the RCP (B) Party Organizations of the Vyatka Gubernia in 1921-1923: Archival Materials

2020 ◽  
pp. 169-179
Author(s):  
Yuri N. Timkin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Low Literacy ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Party Organizations ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military

Drawing on archival materials from the State Archive of the Kirov Region and the State Archive of Social and Political History of the Kirov Region, the article analyzes attitudes to the New Economic Policy (NEP) in the party organizations of the RCP (B) of the Vyatka guberina in 1921. The novelty of this work lies in the fact that the author draws on archival documents to investigate the attitude of communists to the decision of the X Congress of the RCP (B) to replace surplus tax by tax in kind (prodnalog) and other measures for the development of the NEP in 1921. It turns out that party workers in position of responsibility and ordinary members of the party, as a rule, understood and perceived the NEP in their own way, reading into it the interests and needs of different social and professional groups. Moreover, there emerged some ideological differences due to different understanding of the political goals of the New Economic Policy. For the first time in local historiography, the author has introduced into scientific use some previously unknown archival facts. The analysis of the archival material allows the author to conclude that the attitude to the NEP of party workers in position of responsibility and of rank-and-file members differed. If the “top” of the party discussed the ideological aspects of the NEP, the “bottom” members, as a rule, were interested in its practical orientation. There was no unanimous support for the NEP not just among the responsible party workers, but also among the rank-and-file members. The author comes to the conclusion that the lack of clear understanding of the nature of the New Economic Policy caused disagreements in the party ranks, which, in absence of the tradition of broad discussion of controversial issues, was fraught with danger of a split. The Military Communism ideology and low literacy (including political one) that prevailed in the party ranks did not promote good understanding of the new party course and its creative application under specific regional conditions. Critics and open opponents of the NEP faced “organizational conclusions.”

Soviet Schools: Policy Pursues Practice, 1921–1928

Slavic Review ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry E. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
School Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
October Revolution ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
New Era ◽  
Party Members

Many Bolsheviks heralded the October Revolution of 1917 as the beginning of a new era in history; by 1921, however, much of this optimism had disappeared. Civil war, peasant rebellion, empty factories, closed schools, strikes in the industrial establishments that had survived, and the Kronstadt Revolt made many party members weary and cynical. A few, however, stubbornly adhered to an untarnished vision of a grand future. They could be found especially among those officials responsible for primary and secondary schools at the Commissariat of Enlightenment (Narkompros). Anatolii V. Lunacharskii, commissar of enlightenment from 1917 to 1929; Nadezhda K. Krupskaia, his chief assistant for school policy; and their colleagues still believed that they possessed the means to reshape not only the schools but also human behavior and society. While the party engineered a calculated retreat with the New Economic Policy (NEP) and the state slashed the educational budget, Narkompros remained determined to challenge the present and storm the future. It did so by launching a program of sweeping changes in the content and methods of school instruction. With a faith it hoped was infectious, Narkompros assumed that teachers would follow its lead. It would not be so simple.

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