scholarly journals THE CONCEPT «БЭЮМЭКИТ / HUNT» IN THE EVENKI LINGUISTIC PICTURE OF THE WORLD

Author(s):  
NATALYA YU. USHNITSKAYA ◽  

Preserving the Evenki concept sphere is one of the most important tasks of modern Evenki studies. The current study is a contribution to the task. This article considers the linguocultural concept of Beyumekit 'Hunt' in the linguistic picture of the Evenki world. Material for analysis was selected from bilingual dictionaries, a comparative dictionary of the Tungus-Manchu languages, as well as from texts written from modern Evenki speakers. More than 200 lexical units representing the concept were analyzed and distributed into 6 groups: 1) hunter, 2) fur animals; 3) hoofed animals, 4) hunting place, 5) dog (hunter assistant), 6) verbs denoting hunting process. Groups 2 and 3 turned out the most frequent. The results showed that the concept is basic in the consciousness of the Evenki, reflecting their worldview. It is concluded that hunting is perceived as one of the most important traditional activity, and the concept of Beyumekit 'hunt' is the basic one in the linguistic picture of the Evenki world as well as in the speakers of other Manchu-Tungus languages.

2019 ◽  
pp. 335-370
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Gura

In the Slavic folk tradition, the cat has ambiguous symbolism and demonic functions. It correlates with the dog, being combined with it by some features and opposed by other (when perceived as pure or impure). The cat and the dog constitute a symbolical parallel to a pair of wild animals - the bear and the wolf. Cat appearance marks other characters of the folk demonology: the devil, “zmora”, the death, the vampire. In the folk zoology, the cat together with some other fur animals (the squirrel, the fox etc.) is to some extent ranked as a mustelid with a specific complex of ideas they represent. What brings the cat together with them is first of all the female and erotic symbolism (its connection to a maiden, a bride in the folklore, the cat name for female genitals), the motif of weaving, and the functions of a patron of the house and the cattle ( domovoy turning into a cat, the choice of cattle coat cover according to the color of the cat etc.) Some ideas bring the cat together with the hare (cf. the Polish kot ‘hare’, the Serbian belief that the hare originates from the cat, their beneficial influence on the sleeping). The cat is used in the folk magic and medicine: to get an enriching spirit, to be used in case of cattle death, to treat tuberculosis. The image of cat is attested in many folklore genres, in proverbs, in riddles, folktales, games, etc. The cat’s behavior is connected to an enormous number of everyday life and meteorological superstitions, it is often used as an offer in the bargaining between the humans and the world of spirits.


Author(s):  
Rafael Onieva Palomar

La lengua española es estudiada por millones de personas en todo el mundo, dada su gran importancia en la sociedad actual. Sin embargo, los diccionarios no son aprovechados al máximo, por los estudiantes ya que, generalmente, estos usan el diccionario bilingüe durante toda su trayectoria de aprendizaje. Además, estos cuentan con el beneplácito de los docentes, a pesar de la existencia de otras obras lexicográficas que se adaptan mejor a las diferentes etapas que existen en el aprendizaje de un idioma extranjero. Palabras clave: español como lengua extranjera, lexicografía, diccionario bilingüe, diccionario de aprendizaje. Learning Spanish as a foreign language: the importance of using the right dictionary The Spanish language is learnt by millions of people all around the world, due to its great importance in the current society. However, students do not take full advantage of dictionaries, since, generally, they only use bilingual dictionaries throughout their whole learning process. Besides, teachers green-light their usage, even though there are other dictionaries that may adapt in a better way to the different stages that exist when learning a foreign language. Keywords: Spanish as a foreign language, lexicography, bilingual dictionary, monolingual learner’s dictionary.


2019 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Onieva Palomar

La lengua española es estudiada por millones de personas en todo el mundo, dada su gran importancia en la sociedad actual. Sin embargo, los diccionarios no son aprovechados al máximo, por los estudiantes ya que, generalmente, estos usan el diccionario bilingüe durante toda su trayectoria de aprendizaje. Además, estos cuentan con el beneplácito de los docentes, a pesar de la existencia de otras obras lexicográficas que se adaptan mejor a las diferentes etapas que existen en el aprendizaje de un idioma extranjero. Palabras clave: español como lengua extranjera, lexicografía, diccionario bilingüe, diccionario de aprendizaje. Learning Spanish as a foreign language: the importance of using the right dictionary The Spanish language is learnt by millions of people all around the world, due to its great importance in the current society. However, students do not take full advantage of dictionaries, since, generally, they only use bilingual dictionaries throughout their whole learning process. Besides, teachers green-light their usage, even though there are other dictionaries that may adapt in a better way to the different stages that exist when learning a foreign language. Keywords: Spanish as a foreign language, lexicography, bilingual dictionary, monolingual learner’s dictionary.


2019 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 23-40
Author(s):  
Zofia Sawaniewska-Mochowa ◽  
Vilija Sakalauskienė

The Lithuanian and Polish linguistic legacy of Antanas Juška from a twenty-first-century perspectiveThis article presents the assumptions of new research on the legacy of Antanas Juška, recorded in Lithuanian and Polish. We assume that the forgotten works of this bilingual author from Lithuania, mainly translation dictionaries, are an underestimated study material for interdisciplinary research. They are particularly important for understanding the rich conceptualisations of the world by two collective subjects, Poles and Lithuanians, co-existing in Lithuania under the Russian partition. We have formulated two research hypotheses: (1) the bilingual dictionaries authored by Antanas Juška, who was a Catholic priest, are not only a valuable source of knowledge about the state of the Polish and Lithuanian languages in the nineteenth century, but above all specific cultural texts which form part of the social discourse of their time and place, and thus carry relevant ethnolinguistic and ethnocultural information; (2) bilingual dictionaries as a genre had an impact on the crystallisation of Lithuanian national awareness and the strengthening of cultural identity of Lithuanians in the second half of the nineteenth century.Juška’s linguistic legacy will be jointly studied by Polish and Lithuanian researchers from different perspectives, applying the tools and methods available in twenty-first-century humanities.I. In the ethnolinguistic and ethnohistorical paradigm: in view of the hypothesis that bilingual dictionaries constitute a narrative about the world and its historical time, we extract linguistic data that will enable us to capture the lexical and conceptual symmetry and asymmetry between the linguistic woldview of Poles and Lithuanians in the context of the crystallisation of Lithuanian national awareness.II. In the comparative perspective: (1) we will present Juška’s lexicographic legacy against the background of the Lithuanian and Polish lexicographic tradition; we will confront the lexicographic practice and the macro- and microstructure of his dictionaries with important works of Lithuanian lexicography and contemporary dictionaries recording colloquial, dialectal and regional vocabulary of various sub-regions of Lithuania; (2) we will compare the Polish material recorded in Juška’s translation dictionaries with dictionaries of the general, dialectal and regional Polish language from Lithuania; (3) we will answer the question whether the introduction of Russian translations into the Lithuanian-Polish dictionary published by the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg was merely a political requirement stemming from the political situation and censorship, or whether these translations complement the meanings of the Polish and Lithuanian entries.III. In the sociolinguistic and communication aspect: language contact and multilingualism, and the attendant processes of borrowing, mixing and “combining” vocabulary among users of the regional Polish language and spoken Lithuanian.Our research draws the attention of linguists to old, underestimated texts. It also indicates the cognitive value of linguistic analysis open to history, ethnology and identity studies. By studying Juška’s linguistic legacy in the context of modern scholarship, we introduce it into the sphere of collective life of Lithuanians and Poles. In this way, we create a plane for a better mutual understanding which will foster the overcoming of negative national stereotypes. Litewska i polska spuścizna językowa Antoniego Juszkiewicza (Antanasa Juški) z perspektywy XXI wiekuW artykule przedstawiamy założenia nowych badań spuścizny Antoniego Juszkiewicza (Juški) zapisanej w języku litewskim i polskim. Wychodzimy z założenia, że zapomniany dorobek Juszkiewicza, autora dwujęzycznego z Litwy, złożony głównie ze słowników przekładowych, jest niedocenioną bazą materiałową do prowadzenia interdyscyplinarnych badań, a zwłaszcza do poznania bogactwa konceptualizacji świata przez dwa podmioty zbiorowe, Polaków i Litwinów, współegzystujących na Litwie w sytuacji zaboru rosyjskiego Przyjmujemy dwie hipotezy badawcze: 1) słowniki dwujęzyczne, skonstruowane przez księdza katolickiego A. Juszkiewicza, są nie tylko cennym źródłem wiedzy o stanie języka polskiego i litewskiego w XIX wieku, lecz przede wszystkim swoistymi tekstami kultury, wpisującymi się w dyskurs społeczny czasu i miejsca oraz nośnikami relewantnych informacji etnolingwistycznych i etnokulturowych; 2) słowniki dwujęzyczne jako gatunek tekstu oddziaływały na krystalizowanie się narodowej świadomości litewskiej i umacnianie tożsamości kulturowej Litwinów w drugiej połowie XIX wieku.Spuścizna językowa Juszkiewicza będzie odczytana wspólnie przez badaczy polskich i litewskich na nowo z różnych perspektyw, z wykorzystaniem narzędzi i metod, jakie daje nam humanistyka XXI wieku:I. W paradygmacie etnolingwistycznym i etnohistorycznym: zgodnie z przyjętą hipotezą, że słowniki dwujęzyczne są swoistą narracją o świecie i czasie historycznym, będziemy ekscerpować z nich dane językowe, które pozwolą nam uchwycić symetrię i asymetrię leksykalno-pojęciową między językowym obrazem świata Polaków i Litwinów w sytuacji krystalizowania się litewskiej świadomości narodowej;II. W perspektywie komparatystycznej: 1) ukażemy spuściznę leksykograficzną Juszkiewicza na tle tradycji leksykograficznej litewskiej i polskiej; skonfrontujemy warsztat leksykograficzny oraz makro- i mikrostruktury słowników A. Juszkiewicza z ważnymi dziełami leksykografii przekładowej litewskiej oraz współczesnymi słownikami rejestrującymi słownictwo potoczne, gwarowe i regionalne różnych subregionów Litwy; 2) porównamy materiał polski zarejestrowany w słownikach przekładowych Juszkiewiczów ze Słownikiem języka polskiego tzw. wileńskim, Słownikiem gwar polskich J. Karłowicza, ze słownictwem współczesnej polszczyzny gwarowej na Litwie; 3) odpowiemy na pytanie, czy wprowadzenie tłumaczeń rosyjskich do wydanej przez Imperatorską Akademię Nauk w Sankt Petersburgu części słownika litewsko-polskiego, mające w sytuacji zaborów podłoże polityczne, wniosło uzupełnienia znaczeń haseł polskich i litewskich;III. W aspekcie socjolingwistycznym i komunikacyjnym: w kontekście kontaktów językowych i zachodzących w sytuacji wielojęzyczności procesów zapożyczania, mieszania i „uwspólniania” słownictwa między użytkownikami polszczyzny regionalnej i mówionego języka litewskiego.Nasze badania kierują uwagę lingwistów na teksty dawne, niedocenione, wskazując, jak ważne poznawczo efekty można uzyskać w ich analizie, gdy otwieramy językoznawstwo na historię, etnologię, naukę o tożsamości. Włączając spuściznę lingwistyczną A. Juszkiewicza w obszar współczesnej nauki, wprowadzamy ją zarazem w sferę życia zbiorowego Litwinów i Polaków. Stwarzamy tym samym płaszczyznę do lepszego zrozumienia siebie nawzajem i przewartościowania negatywnych stereotypów narodowych.


2021 ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
E. R. Ioanesyan

The research presented in the article was carried out within the framework of the conceptual and metaphorical theory of J. Lakoff and M. Johnson. One of the conceptual metaphors related to the conceptual metaphors of European culture is the metaphor TIME IS A LIMITED RE-SOURCE, TIME IS A VALUE. The meaning ‘to waste time’ is noted in the Russian verb to lose, French perdre, gaspiller, Spanish perder, Italian perdere, English lose, waste, misspend, squander, German verlieren, etc. Using the example of the Russian verb to lose, the classes of use of these predicates in the indicated meaning are presented in the article, as well as some features of the French and English units reflecting the specific features of the worldview of these languages are not-ed. The research is based on a large corpus of explanatory and bilingual dictionaries, data from linguistic corpuses. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that, as it has been noted by the authors of the conceptual theory of metaphor, the basic values of culture are consistent with the metaphorical structures of its basic concepts. The relevance of the study is also determined by the fact that the study of metaphorical concepts is one of the ways to reconstruct the linguistic picture of the world.


Author(s):  
Раиса Петровна Кузьмина

В данной статье рассматривается соматический код культуры, являющийся одним из ключевых и универсальных кодов в лингвокультуре эвенов, отражающий восприятие мира эвенского этноса. Материалом исследования послужили изданные двуязычные словари, фольклорные и художественные произведения эвенов, также в статье использованы полевые материалы автора, собранные в ходе экспедиционных поездок в места компактного проживания эвенов. Выявлена специфика вербализации кодового содержания сомонимов в эвенских паремиях и фразеологических выражениях. Определены семантические особенности метафор с компонентами — соматизмами в эвенской языковой картине мира. Анатомическая лексика, участвующая в создании переносных значений, ассоциаций и обладающая символьными функциями, отображает архетипические воззрения и ментальность народа. Соматизмы нашли отражение в пространственной лексике, ландшафтной лексике, в обрядовой культуре, в идиомах, в метафорах, в пословицах и поговорках эвенов. В эвенской лингвокультуре сакральность некоторых частей тела отразилось в төнӈэкич `запретах-оберегах`. Семантизация и понятийная наполненность соматического кода культуры является универсальной и имеет параллели в картине мира других народов. This article examines the somatic code of culture, which is one of the important and universal codes in the linguoculture of the Evens, reflecting the perception of the world of the Even ethnos. The bilingual dictionaries, folklore and artworks of Even, and the author's field materials collected during expedition trips to the small residency of the Evens were used for data of the article. The specificity of the verbalization of somonyms in the Even paremias and phraseological expressions was revealed. The semantic features of metaphors with elements of somatisms in the ven language are determined. Anatomical vocabulary, participating in the creation of figurative meanings, associations and possessing symbolic functions, reflects the archetypal visions and thinking of the people. Somatisms are reflected in spatial vocabulary, landscape vocabulary, ritual culture, idioms, metaphors, proverbs and sayings of the evens. In the even linguistic culture the sacredness of some parts of body was reflected in prohibitions-amulets. Semantization and meaning of the somatic code of culture is universal and has parallels in the vision of the world of other folks.


2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 446-456
Author(s):  
Boris Ju. Norman ◽  
◽  

The comparison of phraseological units of various Slavic languages is based on a unified system of concepts and their oppositions. Czech and Russian, Polish and Russian, Russian and Bulgarian, and Russian and Ukrainian idioms and paremias are studied in the article. Russian idioms such as белая ворона, паршивая овца and Polish biały kruk, czarna owca, Czech idioms obĕtní beránek and Russian жертвенный агнец, козел отпущения are examples of comparison. The sources of the material for the study are published bilingual dictionaries of phraseological units, as well as articles by linguists from different countries on this topic. Numerous semantic differences (connotations) were found that confirm the idiomatic character of each language. The equivalence of phraseological units is hindered by their polysemy and different semantic scope. And the content of proverbs reflects more the morality of society at a certain stage of its history than the linguistic image of the world. The influence of the national cultural background on the phraseological productivity (“phrasemogeneity”) of lexemes is demonstrated in the work. In particular, the words цървул, калпак, бъклица, трън, denoting the facts of rural life, are productive for Bulgarian phraseology. An attempt is made in the article to systematize the differential features that distinguish phraseological units of different languages. These are such oppositions as: “person” — “object”, “space” — “time”, “spiritual” — “material”, “assessment: approving/disapproving/neutral”, “external manifestation” — “internal state”, “scale: general — private”, and “stylistic coloring: from rough to sublime”. The depth and thoroughness of the semasiological analysis revise the thesis about the universal phraseological fund. The article discusses and develops some provisions of professor Valery Mokienko’s concept.


2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Gantman ◽  
Robin Gomila ◽  
Joel E. Martinez ◽  
J. Nathan Matias ◽  
Elizabeth Levy Paluck ◽  
...  

AbstractA pragmatist philosophy of psychological science offers to the direct replication debate concrete recommendations and novel benefits that are not discussed in Zwaan et al. This philosophy guides our work as field experimentalists interested in behavioral measurement. Furthermore, all psychologists can relate to its ultimate aim set out by William James: to study mental processes that provide explanations for why people behave as they do in the world.


2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lifshitz ◽  
T. M. Luhrmann

Abstract Culture shapes our basic sensory experience of the world. This is particularly striking in the study of religion and psychosis, where we and others have shown that cultural context determines both the structure and content of hallucination-like events. The cultural shaping of hallucinations may provide a rich case-study for linking cultural learning with emerging prediction-based models of perception.


2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazim Keven

Abstract Hoerl & McCormack argue that animals cannot represent past situations and subsume animals’ memory-like representations within a model of the world. I suggest calling these memory-like representations as what they are without beating around the bush. I refer to them as event memories and explain how they are different from episodic memory and how they can guide action in animal cognition.


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