scholarly journals Evolution of Grain and Seed Cleaning Equipment in Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-33
Author(s):  
V. M. Drincha ◽  
Yu. S. Tsench
Keyword(s):  
Technology Policy ◽  
Organizational Factors ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Technical Support ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cleaning Equipment ◽  
Equipment Development

The authors determined that in the development of grain production technical support, the main role was played by such a system-forming factor as the transition of the country’s grain enterprises to private ownership. Over the past 30 years, private companies and individuals became grain owners (with the exception of a small share). The authors substantiated the necessity for the development of grain-seed cleaning equipment in Russia. They showed the relevance of developing a new scientific and technical policy in the field of machine development support for grain production and its optimal functioning.(Research purpose) To carry out an evolutionary analysis of grain and seed cleaning equipment development and functioning, to determine the main periods and system-forming factors of its development.(Materials and methods) The authors applied the historical-analytical method in addition to technical systems. As research objects, they studied the original works of domestic and foreign authors for more than 100 years: monographs, dissertations, reports of research institutions, machine testing stations protocols, scientific journals, conference materials, as well as descriptions for domestic and foreign patent documentation.(Results and discussion) They described the evolution of grain-seed cleaning equipment development over the past 150 years: from the simplest tools to complex machine systems of industrial flow technologies. The authors presented the main characteristics of grain-seed cleaning machines and indicators of grain mixtures separation by sieves processes at various stages.(Conclusions) The main system-forming factors influencing the technical support of grain production such as: socio-economic conditions; soil and climatic conditions; science and technology policy; organizational factors were revealed. They substantiated four stages of its development: the first (1870-1930) – the use of the simplest manual machines of foreign production; the second (1930-1950) – the birth of domestic production of grain-seed cleaning equipment; the third (1950-1991) – the transition from the use of separate machines to industrial flow technologies; the fourth (1991 – to the present) – the transition from traditional flow technology to a variety of technologies and machines.

Agriculture, Diversification, and Gender in Rural Africa: What Lessons Can We Learn?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Andersson Djurfeldt ◽  
Fred Mawunyo Dzanku ◽  
Aida Cuthbert Isinika
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Cash Income ◽  
Crop Diversification ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
The Past ◽  
Development Agenda ◽  
Yield Gaps ◽  
Rural Africa ◽  
And Gender ◽  
High Share

Smallholder-friendly messages, albeit not always translated into action, returned strongly to the development agenda over a decade ago. Smallholders’ livelihoods encompass social and economic realities outside agriculture, however, providing opportunities as well as challenges for the smallholder model. While smallholders continue to straddle the farm and non-farm sectors, the notion of leaving agriculture altogether appears hyperbolic, given the persistently high share of income generated from agriculture noted in the Afrint dataset. Trends over the past fifteen years can be broadly described as increasing dynamism accompanied by rising polarization. Positive trends include increased farm sizes, rising grain production, crop diversification, and increased commercialization, while negative trends include stagnation of yields, persistent yield gaps, gendered landholding inequalities, gendered agricultural asset inequalities, growing gendered commercialization inequalities, and an emerging gender gap in cash income. Regional nuances in trends reinforce the need for spatial contextualization of linkages between the farm and non-farm sectors.

Characterization of barley silage – maturity relationships for Central Alberta

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 1009-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Baron ◽  
A. C. Dick ◽  
M. S. Wolynetz
Keyword(s):  
Harvest Index ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Simple Relationship ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Standard Type ◽  
Plant Yield ◽  
Whole Plant

Production of high-quality whole-plant barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) silage requires an understanding of the relationships among whole-plant percent dry matter (WPDM), whole-plant yield parameters reflecting both whole plant and kernel maturity, grain-to-straw ratio (harvest index) and in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) over the grain-filling period. Eight six-row, standard-type barley cultivars, representative of the range of maturity and stature of cultivars recommended for grain production in Alberta, were grown at Lacombe, Alberta during 1983 and 1984. Seven weekly whole-plant harvests were carried out on each cultivar beginning at heading. Fresh and dry weights on whole-plant and kernel fractions at each harvest allowed calculation of the essential parameters. Regression analyses were used to determine whether several production-related response variables could be predicted from variables such as WPDM, days after heading and cumulative growing degree days (DD) greater than 5 °C after heading. All cultivars exhibited similar trends with DD after heading for these relationships over two years of very different climatic conditions. IVDOM did not vary (P > 0.05) during the growing seasons indicating that IVDOM content cannot be a criterion for determining harvest date. Other relationships indicated that if whole-plant harvest occurred at 30% WPDM it would precede the time of maximum whole-plant yield and grain maturity by 160 and 208 DD, respectively, resulting in a loss in potential whole-plant yield of about 17%. Cultivars which produce more herbage but are too late maturing for grain production could be used to offset this yield loss and there may be a place in barley breeding programs for late-maturing, tall, strong-strawed cultivars specifically for silage production. For havest index, a large difference (8%) between years indicated that a simple relationship between harvest index and DD was not adequate to routinely predict grain content in barley silage.Key words: Silage, whole-plant maturity, barley, forage, yield

scholarly journals Notes on distribution and relative abundances of some animal species, and on climate in the Kruger National Park during prehistoric times

Koedoe ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ina Plug
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Kruger National Park ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Animal Population ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
The Past ◽  
Relative Abundances ◽  
Insight Into

Faunal remains obtained from archaeological sites in the Kruger National Park, provide valuable information on the distributions of animal species in the past. The relative abundances of some species are compared with animal population statistics of the present. The study of the faunal samples, which date from nearly 7 000 years before present until the nineteenth century, also provides insight into climatic conditions during prehistoric times.

scholarly journals Climate Change and Conflict

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 343-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vally Koubi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
General Effect ◽  
Substantial Agreement ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Level Of Economic Development

The link between climate change and conflict has been discussed intensively in academic literature during the past decade. This review aims to provide a clearer picture of what the research community currently has to say with regard to this nexus. It finds that the literature has not detected a robust and general effect linking climate to conflict onset. Substantial agreement exists that climatic changes contribute to conflict under some conditions and through certain pathways. In particular, the literature shows that climatic conditions breed conflict in fertile grounds: in regions dependent on agriculture and in combination and interaction with other socioeconomic and political factors such as a low level of economic development and political marginalization. Future research should continue to investigate how climatic changes interact with and/or are conditioned by socioeconomic, political, and demographic settings to cause conflict and uncover the causal mechanisms that link these two phenomena.

scholarly journals Tree Change in Nemoral Spruce Forests of the Central Forest Reserve

2021 ◽  
pp. 459-476
Author(s):  
M. Yu. Pukinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Spruce Forest ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Spruce Forests ◽  
The Past ◽  
Broad Leaved Forest ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Leaved Forest

The paper discusses changes in forest-forming species in the nemoral spruce forests of the Central Forest Reserve (Tver Region, the Russian Federation). A comparison is made of the characterization of vegetation in the reserve spruce forests, carried out during the first survey of the reserve by Ya. Ya. Alekseev in 1931 (Alekseev, 1935) with the descriptions of vegetation made by the author from 2011 to 2019. It is shown that the coverage of nemoral herbs in the spruce forests of the reserve has increased over the past 90 years. In addition, three types of broadleaf trees (Tilia cordata Mill., Acer platanoides L. and Ulmus scabra Mill.) have greatly increased their abundance in the stand, most notably the linden. In recent decades, the decay of nemoral spruce forests has been taking place in the Central Forest Reserve. The birch-aspenspruce stand is not replenished with spruce renewal but is replaced by linden-maple forests. The vitality of spruce undergrowth is deteriorating. After the decay of a spruce forest, a change of the tree dominants occurs on 74% of the trial plots and the stand continues with a spruce forest on 26%. The largest part of the reserve's nemoral spruce forests arose after major disturbances 100–150 years ago (on the site of burned-out areas, hurricane windblows and cuttings). Old nemoral spruce forests were formed during the period when severe frosts prevented linden and maple from entering the stand. Currently, the coincidence of climate warming with the aging of the spruce stand and the removal of anthropogenic influence contributed to the release of maple and linden from the undergrowth into the stand and change to a spruce-deciduous forest. Under the prevailing climatic conditions, a return to the spruce forest is possible in the event of a burning out or when the climate becomes cold. The nemoral spruce forest is an ecotone type and, depending on conditions, becomes a spruce or broad-leaved forest.

scholarly journals A Control Theory Approach to Optimal Irrigation Scheduling in the Oklahoma Panhandle

1980 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Harris ◽  
Harry P. Mapp
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
The Past

Climatic conditions in semiarid regions like the Oklahoma Panhandle result in wide fluctuations in rainfall, dryland crop yields, and returns to agricultural producers in the area. Irrigated crop production increases peracre yields and significantly reduces fluctuations in yields and net returns.Irrigated production of food and fiber in the Oklahoma Panhandle has developed rapidly during the past three decades, increasing from 11,500 to 385,900 acres since 1950 (Schwab). The primary source of irrigation water in the area is the Ogallala Formation, an aquifer underlying much of the Great Plains region. Until the past couple of years, the presence of relatively low cost natural gas led producers to expand irrigated production and apply high levels of water to crops irrigated in the area.

Changing the Family, by Warren M. Brodey, M.D. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. (23 East 67th Street, New York, New York 10021), 1968, 160 pp., $6.00

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 648-648
Author(s):  
Graham B. Blaine
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Main Role ◽  
The Past ◽  
Constant Change ◽  
The Family ◽  
Healthy Family ◽  
Family Living

This is a disorganized book, but I think it is purposely so. Dr. Brodey states at one point that the family therapist's main role is that of example, and the style of this volume is an example of the freedom of expression which the author feels is essential to healthy family living. Dr. Brodey believes that traditions and stereotypes destroy families and cause illness in family members. He emphasizes the importance of the here and now over the past and stresses the value of evolvement and constant change to adapt to changing circumstances and to individual growth.

Regional factors of grain crop yield growth in the dynamics of recent years

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Yuriy P. Bondarenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Fixed Assets ◽  
Production Complex ◽  
Grain Crop ◽  
Regional Factors

In view of the significant increase in grain production in Russia, a methodological approach is proposed to analyze the significance of regional factors of grain crop yield growth in the country in recent years, especially against the background of the lack of expansion of acreage under grain crops. Based on the results of the calculations, the effectiveness of the influence of climatic, financial, infrastructural and production factors on the growth of grain yield was described. It is concluded that various factors had different effects on the growth of grain crop yields in regions with high-, medium - and low-intensity grain production complex. The role of reducing the influence of financial factors on the growth of grain yields and a sharp increase in the role of agro-climatic conditions is noted. The revealed trend of increasing depreciation of fixed assets of agriculture as a whole is particularly emphasized, with a slight increase in the volume of their renewal and modernization in the leading regions in terms of grain crop yield growth. Without taking appropriate measures to reduce the depreciation of fixed assets in the near future, this will result in a sharp decline in the achieved volumes of grain production in the country.

scholarly journals How dry was the Younger Dryas? Evidence from a coupled <i>δ</i><sup>2</sup>H–<i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O biomarker paleohygrometer applied to the Gemündener Maar sediments, Western Eifel, Germany

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 713-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Hepp ◽  
Lorenz Wüthrich ◽  
Tobias Bromm ◽  
Marcel Bliedtner ◽  
Imke Kathrin Schäfer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Younger Dryas ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Early Holocene ◽  
Unexpected Finding ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
The Past ◽  
Natural Climate

Abstract. Causes of the Late Glacial to Early Holocene transition phase and particularly the Younger Dryas period, i.e. the major last cold spell in central Europe during the Late Glacial, are considered to be keys for understanding rapid natural climate change in the past. The sediments from maar lakes in the Eifel, Germany, have turned out to be valuable archives for recording such paleoenvironmental changes. For this study, we investigated a Late Glacial to Early Holocene sediment core that was retrieved from the Gemündener Maar in the Western Eifel, Germany. We analysed the hydrogen (δ2H) and oxygen (δ18O) stable isotope composition of leaf-wax-derived lipid biomarkers (n-alkanes C27 and C29) and a hemicellulose-derived sugar biomarker (arabinose), respectively. Both δ2Hn-alkane and δ18Osugar are suggested to reflect mainly leaf water of vegetation growing in the catchment of the Gemündener Maar. Leaf water reflects δ2H and δ18O of precipitation (primarily temperature-dependent) modified by evapotranspirative enrichment of leaf water due to transpiration. Based on the notion that the evapotranspirative enrichment depends primarily on relative humidity (RH), we apply a previously introduced “coupled δ2Hn-alkane–δ18Osugar paleohygrometer approach” to reconstruct the deuterium excess of leaf water and in turn Late Glacial–Early Holocene RH changes from our Gemündener Maar record. Our results do not provide evidence for overall markedly dry climatic conditions having prevailed during the Younger Dryas. Rather, a two-phasing of the Younger Dryas is supported, with moderate wet conditions at the Allerød level during the first half and drier conditions during the second half of the Younger Dryas. Moreover, our results suggest that the amplitude of RH changes during the Early Holocene was more pronounced than during the Younger Dryas. This included the occurrence of a “Preboreal Humid Phase”. One possible explanation for this unexpected finding could be that solar activity is a hitherto underestimated driver of central European RH changes in the past.

scholarly journals Response of pollen diversity to the climate-driven altitudinal shift of vegetation in the Colombian Andes

2006 ◽  
Vol 362 (1478) ◽  
pp. 253-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengyu Weng ◽  
Henry Hooghiemstra ◽  
Joost F Duivenvoorden
Keyword(s):  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Fossil Pollen ◽  
Tropical Andes ◽  
Lower Altitude ◽  
The Past ◽  
Colombian Andes ◽  
Altitudinal Shift ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
The Relationship

Change in diversity of fossil pollen through time is used as a surrogate for biodiversity history. However, there have been few studies to explore the sensitivity of the measured pollen diversity to vegetation changes and the relationship between pollen diversity and plant diversity. This paper presents results of a study to assess the relationship between pollen diversity and relative abundance of pollen from different altitudinal vegetation belts (subandean forest, Andean forest, subparamo and grassparamo) in three records from the tropical Andes in Colombia. The results indicated that plant diversity in the vegetation declined with altitude and pollen diversity is positively correlated to the abundance of pollen from lower altitude vegetation belts and negatively correlated to that from the grassparamo. These results, therefore, suggest that pollen diversity coarsely reflects the diversity of the surrounding vegetation. Using this interpretation, we were able to predict changes in plant diversity over the past 430 000 years in the Colombian Andes. Results indicated that under warmer climatic conditions, more species-diverse vegetation of low elevation moved upslope to contribute more pollen diversity to the study sites, and under colder conditions, species-poor grassparamo moved downslope and observed pollen diversity was lower. This study concludes that fossil pollen diversity may provide an important proxy to reconstruct the temporal changes in plant diversity.

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