POROSITY OF COMPOSITE STRUCTURES BASED  ON 3D-PRINTED FRAMES IMPREGNATED WITH EPOXY RESIN

In the designs of modern machines, more and more polymer parts are used, at the same time, there is a problem of their quick replacement in case of failure. Reducing the cost and repair time can be achieved by using 3D printing by FDM method, but such parts do not always demonstrate the necessary strength. To improve their mechanical properties, a method of their impregnation after printing in epoxy resins was previously proposed. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in studying the dependence of the porosity of composite structures based on 3D-printed frames impregnated with resin on the parameters of their manufacture. (Materials and methods) Authors used samples for the first stage of the work, which are 3D-printed cylinders with different wall thicknesses and internal geometries, impregnated with ED-20 epoxy resin. The samples were cut in several sections and the number of pores in these sections was calculated. The second stage of the experiment was to evaluate the porosity of a part of complex geometry. (Results and discussion) With an increase in the percentage of filling and thickening of the wall in 3D printing, there is a tendency to reduce the number of pores. With a less dense filling of the frame and a thinner wall, the resin is worse retained in the product and partially flows out after impregnation. The best filling of a part of a complex shape was observed when it was cured in the position of the massive part up. (Conclusions) For the production of high- quality composite parts based on 3D-printed frames impregnated with epoxy resin, it is recommended to choose the largest possible percentage of filling during 3D printing and strive to position the part during the curing process after impregnation with the massive part up.

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POROSITY OF COMPOSITE STRUCTURES BASED ON 3D-PRINTED FRAMES IMPREGNATED WITH EPOXY RESIN

Tekhnicheskiy servis mashin ◽

10.22314/2618-8287-2020-59-1-131-139 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (142) ◽

pp. 131-139

Author(s):

Yuliya Lopatina ◽

◽

Vyacheslav Denisov

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Composite Structures ◽

Epoxy Resins ◽

Complex Shape ◽

Complex Geometry ◽

Research Purpose ◽

Second Stage ◽

3D Printed ◽

The Cost

In the designs of modern machines, more and more polymer parts are used, at the same time, there is a problem of their quick replacement in case of failure. Reducing the cost and repair time can be achieved by using 3D printing by FDM method, but such parts do not always demonstrate the necessary strength. To improve their mechanical properties, a method of their impregnation after printing in epoxy resins was previously proposed. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in studying the dependence of the porosity of composite structures based on 3D-printed frames impregnated with resin on the parameters of their manufacture. (Materials and methods) Authors used samples for the first stage of the work, which are 3D-printed cylinders with different wall thicknesses and internal geometries, impregnated with ED-20 epoxy resin. The samples were cut in several sections and the number of pores in these sections was calculated. The second stage of the experiment was to evaluate the porosity of a part of complex geometry. (Results and discussion) With an increase in the percentage of filling and thickening of the wall in 3D printing, there is a tendency to reduce the number of pores. With a less dense filling of the frame and a thinner wall, the resin is worse retained in the product and partially flows out after impregnation. The best filling of a part of a complex shape was observed when it was cured in the position of the massive part up. (Conclusions) For the production of high-quality composite parts based on 3D-printed frames impregnated with epoxy resin, it is recommended to choose the largest possible percentage of filling during 3D printing and strive to position the part during the curing process after impregnation with the massive part up.

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Implementation of 3D Printing Technology in the Food Industry

Scientific Review ◽

10.32861/sr.74.50.54 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 50-54

Author(s):

Nor Aiman Sukindar ◽

Noorazizi Mohd Samsuddin ◽

Sharifah Imihezri Bt. Syed Shaharuddin ◽

Shafie Kamaruddin ◽

Ahmad Zahirani Ahmad Azhar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

New Product Development ◽

Food Industry ◽

Printing Technology ◽

3D Printing Technology ◽

Fabrication Cost ◽

Food Packages ◽

3D Printed ◽

The Cost ◽

Fabrication Time

This project involves the implementation of 3D printing technology on designing and fabricating food holders in the food industry. Food holders are designed to hold the food packages in the filling line for food manufacturing industries that apply retort technology. Therefore, this study aims to implement the 3D printing technology in particular FDM to fabricate food holders for the food processing industry. The approach of using this technology is focused on giving more view on the capability of 3D printing technology, aiming at reducing the overall process fabrication cost and fabrication time. Hence, the fabrication cost and time between FDM and conventional machining methods were compared. This study revealed that Organic Gain food industry was able to reduce the cost and fabrication time for the food holder up to approximately 96.3% and 72% respectively. This project gives an insight into the ability of 3D printing technology in delivering the demands of the industry in producing parts as well as the adaptability of the technology to the industry in new product development. The project was carried out successfully and the 3D printed food holder has been tested and functions smoothly.

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Effect of Porosity and Crystallinity on 3D Printed PLA Properties

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym11091487 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 1487 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Yuhan Liao ◽

Chang Liu ◽

Bartolomeo Coppola ◽

Giuseppina Barra ◽

Luciano Di Maio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Heat Treatment ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

3D Printing ◽

Polylactic Acid ◽

Complex Geometry ◽

Fused Filament Fabrication ◽

3D Printed ◽

Physical Changes ◽

Crystalline Forms

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a promising technology for the rapid tooling and fabrication of complex geometry components. Among all AM techniques, fused filament fabrication (FFF) is the most widely used technique for polymers. However, the consistency and properties control of the FFF product remains a challenging issue. This study aims to investigate physical changes during the 3D printing of polylactic acid (PLA). The correlations between the porosity, crystallinity and mechanical properties of the printed parts were studied. Moreover, the effects of the build-platform temperature were investigated. The experimental results confirmed the anisotropy of printed objects due to the occurrence of orientation phenomena during the filament deposition and the formation both of ordered and disordered crystalline forms (α and δ, respectively). A heat treatment post-3D printing was proposed as an effective method to improve mechanical properties by optimizing the crystallinity (transforming the δ form into the α one) and overcoming the anisotropy of the 3D printed object.

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A Review on: 3D Printed Orthopaedic Cast for Improved Forearm Fracture Rehabilitation

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology ◽

10.22214/ijraset.2021.38712 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 66-72

Author(s):

Sushrut Richa

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Bone Fracture ◽

Forearm Fracture ◽

Substantial Improvement ◽

Anatomical Reduction ◽

Printing Technique ◽

3D Printed ◽

The Cost ◽

Manufacturing Time ◽

3D Printing Technique

Abstract: Forearm fracture has many management related problems. In order to regain its function anatomical reduction and immobility is very necessary. Traditional cast is not a satisfactory cast as it is heavy, poorly ventilated and often causes fracture related complications. The paper deals with application of 3D printing technique for suitable cast for forearm rehabilitation. Novel 3D printed cast is light weighted, ventilated, custom fit, strong and waterproof and substantial improvement over conventional orthopaedic cast. With the development in technology, it is expected that the cost of fabrication and its manufacturing time will be greatly reduced in the coming future. Keywords: bone fracture, immobility, rehabilitation, 3D printing, orthopaedic cast

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Extrusion-Based 3D Printing for Highly Porous Alginate Materials Production

Gels ◽

10.3390/gels7030092 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 92

Author(s):

Natalia Menshutina ◽

Andrey Abramov ◽

Pavel Tsygankov ◽

Daria Lovskaya

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Sodium Alginate ◽

Complex Geometry ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Supercritical Drying ◽

High Specific Surface Area ◽

Wide Range ◽

Potential Applications ◽

3D Printed ◽

Highly Porous

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a promising technology for solving a wide range of problems: regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, chemistry, etc. One of the potential applications of additive technologies is the production of highly porous structures with complex geometries, while printing is carried out using gel-like materials. However, the implementation of precise gel printing is a difficult task due to the high requirements for “ink”. In this paper, we propose the use of gel-like materials based on sodium alginate as “ink” for the implementation of the developed technology of extrusion-based 3D printing. Rheological studies were carried out for the developed alginate ink compositions. The optimal rheological properties are gel-like materials based on 2 wt% sodium alginate and 0.2 wt% calcium chloride. The 3D-printed structures with complex geometry were successfully dried using supercritical drying. The resulting aerogels have a high specific surface area (from 350 to 422 m2/g) and a high pore volume (from 3 to 3.78 cm3/g).

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Finite Element Analysis of 3D Printed Aircraft Wing

10.29007/hp53 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Julian Rogers ◽

Hormoz Zareh

Keyword(s):

Carbon Fiber ◽

3D Printing ◽

Complex Geometry ◽

Fiber Composite ◽

Carbon Fiber Composite ◽

Element Analysis ◽

Aircraft Wings ◽

Aircraft Performance ◽

3D Printed ◽

Composite Wing

3D printing has allowed complex designs to be produced that were impossible to create using conventional manufacturing processes. Aircraft wings are optimized as much as possible given manufacturability considerations, but more complex geometry could provide the same strength for less weight, increasing aircraft performance. Although carbon fiber composites are some of the best known materials for conventional optimized aircraft wings, current 3D printing technology cannot produce this material. Instead, it is currently limited to metals and polymers. To determine if the more complex geometry which can be produced by 3D printing can offset the material limitations, a carbon fiber composite wing and a redesigned, 3D printed 7075-T6 aluminum wing were compared using Finite Element Analysis. The unoptimized 3D printed aluminum wing had a superior safety factor against fracture/yielding (1,109% higher) and buckling resistance (127.3% higher), but at the cost of a 23.99% mass increase compared to the optimized carbon fiber composite wing. If the 3D printed aluminum wing had been optimized to provide the same safety factor against fracture/yielding and buckling resistance as the carbon fiber composite wing, it is anticipated that the resulting design would be significantly lighter, thus increasing aircraft performance.

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Dense ceramics with complex shape fabricated by 3D printing: A review

Journal of Advanced Ceramics ◽

10.1007/s40145-020-0444-z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zhe Chen ◽

Xiaohong Sun ◽

Yunpeng Shang ◽

Kunzhou Xiong ◽

Zhongkai Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Complex Shape ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Critical Parameters ◽

Printing Process ◽

Practical Applications ◽

3D Printing Technology ◽

3D Printed ◽

Ceramic Density

AbstractThree-dimensional (3D) printing technology is becoming a promising method for fabricating highly complex ceramics owing to the arbitrary design and the infinite combination of materials. Insufficient density is one of the main problems with 3D printed ceramics, but concentrated descriptions of making dense ceramics are scarce. This review specifically introduces the principles of the four 3D printing technologies and focuses on the parameters of each technology that affect the densification of 3D printed ceramics, such as the performance of raw materials and the interaction between energy and materials. The technical challenges and suggestions about how to achieve higher ceramic density are presented subsequently. The goal of the presented work is to comprehend the roles of critical parameters in the subsequent 3D printing process to prepare dense ceramics that can meet the practical applications.

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Three-dimensional printing versus conventional machining in the creation of a meatal urethral dilator: a cost and mechanical strength analysis

10.21203/rs.2.21033/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Yue-Cheng Chen ◽

Jacob Skewes ◽

Ryan Daley ◽

Maria Ann Woodruff ◽

Nicholas John Rukin

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Low Cost ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Patient Specific ◽

Strength Analysis ◽

3D Printer ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

3D Printed ◽

The Cost ◽

Conventional Machining

Abstract Background Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a promising technology in medicine. Low-cost 3D printing options are accessible but the limitations are often poorly understood. We aim to compare fused deposition modelling (FDM), the most common and low cost 3D printing technique, with selective laser sintering (SLS) and conventional machining techniques in manufacturing meatal urethral dilators which were recently removed from the Australian market.Methods A meatal urethral dilator was designed using computer-aided design (CAD). The dilator was 3D printed vertically orientated on a low cost FDM 3D printer in polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). It was also 3D printed horizontally orientated in ABS on a high-end FDM 3D printer with soluble support material, as well as on a SLS 3D printer in medical nylon. The dilator was also machined in medical stainless steel using a lathe. All dilators were tested mechanically in a custom rig by hanging calibrated weights from the handle until the dilator snapped.Results The horizontally printed ABS dilator experienced failure at a greater load than the vertically printed PLA and ABS dilators respectively (503g vs 283g vs 163g, p < 0.001). The SLS nylon dilator did not fail but began to bend and deformed at around 5,000g of pressure. The steel dilator did not bend even at 10,000g of pressure. The cost per dilator is highest for the steel dilator if assuming a low quantity of five at 98 USD, but this decreases to 30 USD for a quantity of 1000. In contrast, the cost for the SLS dilator is 33 USD for a quantity of five but relatively unchanged at 27 for a quantity of 1000.Conclusions SLS and conventional machining created clinically functional meatal dilators but low-cost FDM printing could not. We suggest that at the current time 3D printing is not a replacement for conventional manufacturing techniques which are still the most reliable way to produce large quantities of parts with a simple geometry such as the meatal dilator. 3D printing is best used for patient-specific parts, prototyping or manufacturing complex parts that have additional functionality that cannot be achieved with conventional machining methods.

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3D Printing Technology for Thermal Application: A Brief Review

Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences ◽

10.37934/arfmts.83.2.8497 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 83 (2) ◽

pp. 84-97

Author(s):

Rajan Kumaresan ◽

Mahendran Samykano ◽

Kumaran Kadirgama ◽

Devarajan Ramasamy ◽

Ngui Wai Keng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Complex Geometry ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

3 Dimensional ◽

Household Products ◽

3D Printed ◽

Large Production ◽

Materials Used ◽

Nozzle Temperature ◽

Further Development

3D printing is an emerging technology to construct complex geometry by adapting layer-by-layer addition technique from a 3-dimensional CAD model. Mass customization, freedom of design, and wastage minimization are the main advantages of Additive Manufacturing (AM) based 3D printing. 3D printing is currently used in many sectors worldwide, such as automotive, aerospace, agriculture, medical, electronics, and other household products. However, the usage of the AM technique is limited in large production sectors due to the limitation of the materials and properties of the produced parts. In this review, the different methods of 3D printing, the materials used in different processes, various fields of applications, and the properties of the different approaches are discussed. Also, the effect of process parameters such as layer thickness, nozzle temperature, platform temperature, printing speed, extruding rate, and layer height in 3d printing was reviewed. This will be helpful for further development of 3D printed product quality and applications in various sectors.

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3D-Printing Piezoelectric Composite with Honeycomb Structure for Ultrasonic Devices

Micromachines ◽

10.3390/mi11080713 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 713

Author(s):

Yushun Zeng ◽

Laiming Jiang ◽

Yizhe Sun ◽

Yang Yang ◽

Yi Quan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Composite Structures ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Functional Materials ◽

Honeycomb Structure ◽

Piezoelectric Composite ◽

Complex Structures ◽

Piezoelectric Composites ◽

3D Printed ◽

Ultrasonic Devices

Piezoelectric composites are considered excellent core materials for fabricating various ultrasonic devices. For the traditional fabrication process, piezoelectric composite structures are mainly prepared by mold forming, mixing, and dicing-filing techniques. However, these techniques are limited on fabricating shapes with complex structures. With the rapid development of additive manufacturing (AM), many research fields have applied AM technology to produce functional materials with various geometric shapes. In this study, the Mask-Image-Projection-based Stereolithography (MIP-SL) process, one of the AM (3D-printing) methods, was used to build BaTiO3-based piezoelectric composite ceramics with honeycomb structure design. A sintered sample with denser body and higher density was achieved (i.e., density obtained 5.96 g/cm3), and the 3D-printed ceramic displayed the expected piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties using the complex structure (i.e., piezoelectric constant achieved 60 pC/N). After being integrated into an ultrasonic device, the 3D-printed component also presents promising material performance and output power properties for ultrasound sensing (i.e., output voltage reached 180 mVpp). Our study demonstrated the effectiveness of AM technology in fabricating piezoelectric composites with complex structures that cannot be fabricated by dicing-filling. The approach may bring more possibilities to the fabrication of micro-electromechanical system (MEMS)-based ultrasonic devices via 3D-printing methods in the future.

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