Digitization and 3D Printing as a Tool for Anatomical and Orthopedic Studies of Bones in Dogs

Background: The 3D printer came in the 1980s. Since then, its innovation has allowed its use in many areas such as: engineering, art, industry, education and medicine. The scanning and 3D printing of anatomical components has gained relevance in recent years due to the advancement in the technology of scanning equipment and 3D printers. Since 3D models are useful in several areas of health, the present study aimed to standardize the three-dimensional scanning and printing of the coxal bones and the long ones of the pelvic limbs of dogs. The aim was to build a dynamic 3D digital collection, as well as generate templates for didactic use, or for use in both prostheses and orthopedic surgical planning.Materials, Methods & Results: In present study, a 3D macroscopic scanning system, Creaform brand Go! Scan 3D model and a Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D Printer (Stratasys Mojo Printer) were used. After proper maceration of the bones under study, these were scanned, edited, printed and washed. Replicas of the coxal and left femur, tibia and fibula bones were obtained, as well as generating digital files that can be converted into PDFs. As impressões geraram réplicas fidedignas, porém pequenos detalhes foram perdidos devido ao tamanho das peças originais e à capacidade limitada do programa de escaneamento em detectar tais detalhes.Discussion: From the models scanned in 3D, a dynamic digital collection was built for anatomical study, which can be used to complement practical classes. The creation of a collection of anatomical pieces printed in 3D can reduce the need for the use of cadavers in class. The printed material can also be used as a template for orthopedic surgical planning or serve as a basis for the manufacture of prostheses, contributing to the improvement of the surgical and orthopedic clinic. 3D printing can be successfully used in veterinary medicine through the production of prostheses for injured animals as well as for surgical planning of orthopedic procedures. The scan allows the generation of a collection for bioprinting, just as the tomography does in medical practice. Such steps are important in the final generation of parts to be used for both anatomical study and surgical practice. Problems with the use of anatomical parts in 3D involve the accuracy of the scanning of the original parts and the expertise in editing the scanned images. In turn, the use of biological impressions involves a series of high complexity procedures such as material choice, cell types, growth factors and cell differentiation, and the technical challenges related to the sensitivity of living cells and tissue construction. It is concluded that the 3D digitization and impression of the bones of the pelvic member of the dog has been an important tool in the process of acquiring bone models in small domestic animals, but there are still some limitations in its use for the capture of barely visible bone accidents. However, the scanning and printing of 3D models allows the creation of virtual collections for anatomy teaching and veterinary surgery. In addition, the evolution of these technologies and their application in the veterinary environment has grown considerably, allowing, in addition to the surgical test, the previous demonstration of the therapeutic conduct for the owner. The goal is a better patient conditions and lower costs to the tutor.

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Dual Sacrificial Molding: Fabricating 3D Microchannels with Overhang and Helical Features

Micromachines ◽

10.3390/mi9100523 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 523 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Wei Goh ◽

Michinao Hashimoto

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Microfluidic Devices ◽

High Impact ◽

3D Printer ◽

Original Design ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

Indispensable Tool ◽

Single Material

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) has become an indispensable tool for 3D printing of molds used for sacrificial molding to fabricate microfluidic devices. The freedom of design of a mold is, however, restricted to the capabilities of the 3D printer and associated materials. Although FDM has been used to create a sacrificial mold made with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to produce 3D microchannels, microchannels with free-hanging geometries are still difficult to achieve. Herein, dual sacrificial molding was devised to fabricate microchannels with overhang or helical features in PDMS using two complementary materials. The method uses an FDM 3D printer equipped with two extruders and filaments made of high- impact polystyrene (HIPS) and PVA. HIPS was initially removed in limonene to reveal the PVA mold harboring the design of microchannels. The PVA mold was embedded in PDMS and subsequently removed in water to create microchannels with 3D geometries such as dual helices and multilayer pyramidal networks. The complementary pairing of the HIPS and PVA filaments during printing facilitated the support of suspended features of the PVA mold. The PVA mold was robust and retained the original design after the exposure to limonene. The resilience of the technique demonstrated here allows us to create microchannels with geometries not attainable with sacrificial molding with a mold printed with a single material.

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FDM 3D Printing Technology in Manufacturing Composite Elements

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials ◽

10.2478/amm-2013-0186 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 1415-1418 ◽

Cited By ~ 119

Author(s):

P. Dudek

Keyword(s):

Composite Materials ◽

3D Printing ◽

Manufacturing Systems ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

3D Printer ◽

New Materials ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Material Deposition ◽

Feedstock Production ◽

And Robotics

Abstract In recent years, FDM technology (Fused Deposition Modelling) has become one of the most widely-used rapid prototyping methods for various applications. This method is based on fused fibre material deposition on a drop-down platform, which offers the opportunity to design and introduce new materials, including composites. The material most commonly used in FDM is ABS, followed by PC, PLA, PPSF, ULTEM9085 and mixtures thereof. Recently, work has been done on the possibility of applying ABS blends: steel powders, aluminium, or even wood ash. Unfortunately, most modern commercial systems are closed, preventing the use of any materials other than those of the manufacturer. For this reason, the Department of Manufacturing Systems (KSW) of AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering And Robotics purchased a 3D printer with feeding material from trays reel, which allows for the use of other materials. In addition, a feedstock production system for the 3D printer has been developed and work has started on the creation of new composite materials utilising ceramics.

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EVALUASI AKURASI DIMENSI PADA OBJEK HASIL 3D PRINTING

Journal of Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.31002/jom.v5i1.3942 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Deni Andriyansyah ◽

Sriyanto Sriyanto ◽

Agus Jamaldi ◽

Ikhwan Taufik

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Open Source ◽

Injection Moulding ◽

3D Printer ◽

Deposition Method ◽

Fused Deposition

Fused Deposition Method (FDM) merupakan salah satu metode 3D printing yang paling populer digunakan. Teknologi FDM menawarkan proses manufaktur yang relatif lebih cepat dan murah bila dibandingkan dengan CNC atau injection moulding. Pada FDM, filament diumpankan ke dalam ekstruder yang dipanaskan pada temperatur tertentu kemudian didorong keluar melalui sebuah nozzle untuk menghasilkan lapisan-lapisan objek. Hingga saat ini, banyak komunitas yang menghasilkan mesin-mesin 3D printer skala kecil karena proyek-proyek teknologi 3D printing bersifat open-source. Masing-masing komunitas memiliki standar tersendiri dalam membuat mesin 3D printer sehingga salah satu masalah yang timbul dari aktifitas ini adalah akurasi objek hasil 3D printing yang kurang seragam. Penyimpangan geometri akan mempengaruhi proses desain dan produksi objek-objek hasil 3D printing. Hal ini terutama dalam pembuatan objek-objek yang memerlukan proses pemasangan/perakitan. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penyimpangan geometri objek hasil 3D printing yang dihasilkan dari mesin 3D printer FDM DIY. Pembuatan objek menggunakan 3D printing DIY mengalami deviasi pada dimensi geometri dan posisi. Deviasi geometri bervariasi dari -0,08 mm hingga +0,14 mm. Sedangkan deviasi posisi berada di rentang -0,08 mm hingga +0,12 mm. Berdasarkan data deviasi yang dihasilkan dari perbandingan di atas, maka pembuatan objek 3D printing dapat disesuaikan dengan simpangan masing-masing. Hal ini menjadi penting untuk mendapatkan objek dengan akurasi yang maksimal sehingga proses perakitan komponen dapat dilakukan dengan mudah dan sesuai dengan peruntukannya.

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Simulation of Printer Nozzle for 3D Printing TNT/HMX Based Melt-Cast Explosive

10.21203/rs.3.rs-579750/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Huzeng Zong ◽

Qilun Cong ◽

Tengyue Zhang ◽

Yanjun Hao ◽

Lei Xiao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Channel Model ◽

Energetic Material ◽

Element Model ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

3D Printer ◽

Flow State ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Fluent Software ◽

Velocity Pressure

Abstract Fused deposition modelling (FDM) has been one of the most widely used rapid prototyping (RP) technologies, which has been attracted increasing attentions in the world. However, existing literatures about energetic material flow inside the 3D printer nozzle are sparse. For plunger 3D printer, we summarized the experimental and related literatures, finding that viscosity, temperature, outlet velocity, pressure, and nozzle diameter are the main factors to affect the flow state in the nozzle. Based on the actual printer nozzle structure, in this paper, a finite element model was established by SOLIDWORKS software firstly, meanwhile, the flow channel model of the nozzle was extracted and simplified. Secondly, the factors influencing the printing results were researched and analysed. In the end, numerical simulation on velocity field and temperature field was carried out by FLUENT software. Moreover, the printing test of HMX/TNT was also carried out by using EAM-D-1 3D printer. The printed sample shows that 3D printing is more satisfactory than conventional melt-casting ways to prepare high viscocity and unconventional structure explosives

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Development and Accuracy Test of a Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D Printing using H-Bot Mechanism

Indonesian Journal of Computing, Engineering and Design (IJoCED) ◽

10.35806/ijoced.v3i1.148 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 46-53

Author(s):

Budi Hadisujoto ◽

Robby Wijaya

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Manufacturing Process ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

3D Printer ◽

Initial Development ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Accuracy Test ◽

Custom Made ◽

Deposition Modeling

Additive manufacturing process known as the 3D printing process is an advanced manufacturing process including one of the components to support industrial revolution 4.0. The initial development of a 3D printing machine at Sampoerna University is the background of this research. The 3D printing setup of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) was built using H-bot moving mechanism by considering the rigidity aspect. The FDM printing method is selected due to its cost and reliability. In this early development, the brackets were custom made using a 3D printer with Polylactic Acid (PLA) material. The result showed that the software worked properly in accordance with the assembled mechanical and electrical parts. The 3D printer could print simple objects such as planes and cubes with small dimensions. However, the printing specimen still lacked accuracy caused by the less rigidity of linear rail brackets, less coplanar belt arrangement, and error in some electronic components.

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Three-dimensional Printing Versus Conventional Machining in the Creation of a Meatal Urethral Dilator: a Cost and Mechanical Strength Analysis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-28817/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Yue-Cheng Chen ◽

Jacob Skewes ◽

Ryan Daley ◽

Maria Ann Woodruff ◽

Nicholas John Rukin

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Patient Specific ◽

Strength Analysis ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

3D Printer ◽

Current Time ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

3D Printed ◽

Conventional Machining

Abstract BackgroundThree-dimensional (3D) printing is a promising technology but the limitations are often poorly understood. We compare different 3D printingmethods with conventional machining techniques in manufacturing meatal urethral dilators which were recently removed from the Australian market. MethodsA prototype dilator was 3D printed vertically orientated on a low cost fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printer in polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). It was also 3D printed horizontally orientated in ABS on a high-end FDM 3D printer with soluble support material, as well as on a SLS 3D printer in medical nylon. The dilator was also machined in stainless steel using a lathe. All dilators were tested mechanically in a custom rig by hanging calibrated weights from the handle until the dilator snapped. ResultsThe horizontally printed ABS dilator experienced failure at a greater load than the vertically printed PLA and ABS dilators respectively (503g vs 283g vs 163g, p < 0.001). The SLS nylon dilator and machined steel dilator did not fail. The steel dilator is most expensive with a quantity of five at 98 USD each, but this decreases to 30 USD each for a quantity of 1000. In contrast, the cost for the SLS dilator is 33 USD each for five and 27 USD each for 1000. ConclusionsAt the current time 3D printing is not a replacement for conventional manufacturing. 3D printing is best used for patient-specific parts, prototyping or manufacturing complex parts that have additional functionality that cannot otherwise beachieved.

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Bioprinting Technology as a Legal Challenge: Determining the Model of Legal Regulation

Lex Russica ◽

10.17803/1729-5920.2019.151.6.080-091 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 80-91

Author(s):

D. E. Bogdanov

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

3D Printing ◽

3D Models ◽

Physical World ◽

Legal Regulation ◽

Material World ◽

Human Organs ◽

Differentiated Cells ◽

The Creation ◽

Induced Pluripotent

The technology of 3D printing creates serious challenges to the legal system that in its development is lagging behind scientific and technological progress. The development of 3D printing technology leads to the «digitalization» of objects of the material world when the boundaries between the physical world and the digital space are blurred. If 3D printing digitalizes objects of the material world, bioprinting digitalizes the human body. An individual tends to depend on the digital incarnation of his body or its individual organs in the corresponding electronic 3D models.Bioprinting is aimed at the formation of a new medical paradigm that will result in overcoming the deficiency of human organs and tissues in the field of transplantology. The discovery of the possibility of reprogramming differentiated cells and obtaining induced pluripotent stem cells eliminates the ethical and legal problem associated with the use of stem cells of the embryo. This should be taken into account in the development of a model of legal regulation of relations connected with the creation of bio-print human organs.Bioprint organs are synthetic organs, so the relations associated with their creation and implantation need independent legal regulation. Contemporary transplantology legislation and bans and prohibitions contained in it do not take into account the features of the creation of organs through 3D bioprinting. It is acceptable to commercialize relations in the field of bioprinting, to perform non-gratuitous transactions in this area, as well as to permit limited turnover of «bioprinting» organs subjecting them to the regulation applied to any other objects of civil law. Legislation on biomedical cellular products is also not able to regulate relations related to the creation and implantation of bio-printed human organs. Thus, the need arises to adopt a special legislative act aimed at regulating relations at all stages of the use of bioprinting technology.

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Z-axis limit switch 3D printer

Gіrnichі budіvelnі dorozhnі ta melіorativnі mashini ◽

10.32347/gbdmm2020.96.0301 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 22-27

Author(s):

Vadym Shalenko ◽

Boris Korniychuk ◽

Andriі Masluyk

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Large Scale ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Selective Laser Sintering ◽

3D Printer ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Laminated Object Manufacturing ◽

The Future ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

Additive Methods

Not much time has passed since the appearance of the first 3D printer. Today there are many different printers. They differ in various 3D printing technologies, namely: Stereolithography – SL, Selective Laser Sintering, Fused Deposition Modeling – FDM, Laminated Object Manufacturing – LOM, Polyjet and Ployjet Matrix. In recent years, the spread of 3D printing technology has become and continues to be used more and more today. Of course, in the future we will see a large-scale spread of additive methods, but the practical application of 3D printing today is available to everyone. Melting deposition modeling technologies have become widespread and available. The authors in this article consider possible options for upgrading the mounting of the end sensor of the Z Axis and automating the process of calibration of the zero gap of the extruder nozzle relative to the working surface of the printer. This calibration is important. This affects the accuracy and printing process of the future plastic model. During the operation of the 3D printer, it is often necessary to service the extruder, which forces the process of calibrating the zero gap of the printer nozzle. Optimally correct selected nozzle clearance affects the accuracy, geometry of the model and printing as a whole. It also allows you to get rid of peeling off the model from the desktop surface and the destruction of the model during printing.

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Strength of PLA Components Fabricated with Fused Deposition Technology Using a Desktop 3D Printer as a Function of Geometrical Parameters of the Process

10.20944/preprints201803.0036.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Vladimir Kuznetsov ◽

Alexey Solonin ◽

Oleg Urzhumtcev ◽

Azamat Tavitov ◽

Richard Schilling

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Significant Influence ◽

Assessment Method ◽

Geometrical Parameters ◽

3D Printer ◽

Three Point Bending ◽

Geometric Process ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

3D Printers ◽

Deposition Technology

The current paper is studying the influence of geometrical parameters of the FDM (FFF) 3D printing process on printed part strength for open source desktop 3D printers and the most popular material used for that purpose, i.e. PLA (polylactic acid). The study was conducted using a set of different nozzles (0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mm) and a range of layer heights from the minimum to maximum physical limits of the machine. To assess print strength, a novel assessment method is proposed. A tubular sample is loaded in the weakest direction (across layers) in a three-point bending fixture. To explain the results obtained, a mesostructure evaluation through SEM scans of the samples were used. A significant influence of geometric process parameters was detected on sample mesostructure and, consequently, on sample strength.

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Preparation and Characterization for Antibacterial Activities of 3D Printing Polyetheretherketone Disks Coated with Various Ratios of Ampicillin and Vancomycin Salts

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10010097 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 97 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ngi-Chiong Lau ◽

Min-Hua Tsai ◽

Dave W. Chen ◽

Chien-Hao Chen ◽

Kong-Wei Cheng

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Drug Release ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Control Unit ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

3D Printer ◽

Buffer Solution ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Antibiotic Agents ◽

Release Profiles

In this study, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) materials coated with various ratios of two kinds of antibiotic agents (ampicillin and/or vancomycin salts) were prepared. A modified 3D printer based on fused deposition modeling was employed to prepare PEEK disks. Coating ampicillin and/or vancomycin salts onto the PEEK disks was carried out using the biodegradable poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) polymer as a binder and a control unit for the drug release in the buffer solution. The effects of various rations of ampicillin and/or vancomycin salts in the PLGA polymer on the PEEK substrates, the release profiles of various drugs, and antibacterial activities of the samples were investigated. Temperature of the heated nozzle in a commerical 3D printer was set at 340 °C. After systemic investigations of the qualities of PEEK disks, a diameter of the heated nozzle of 0.6 mm in the 3D printer was employed for the preparation of PEEK disks. Results of drug release profiles from samples into buffer solution show that the antibacterial activities of samples can continue up to 28 days. In the inhibition zone test of samples, the release amounts of antibiotic agents from the PEEK samples can inhibit S. aureus with activity of over 40% in 30 days tests and most of them can have inhibition activities of higher than 60% during the test. These results showed that a simple and low-cost 3D printing method for the preparation of PEEK/antibiotic agents/PLGA samples can have further applications in biomedical-related technology.

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