Inducible responses to antagonistic predation risks are not in a dilemma: Evidences from multi-traits and transcriptome of Ceriodaphnia

Inducible defenses of prey are evolved under diverse and variable predation risks. In the co-evolution of prey and multiple predators with antagonistic selection pressures, whether inducible defense responses of prey will fall into a dilemma and its underlying mechanism are still unclear. Based on the antagonistic predation pressure from invertebrate predator Chaoborus larvae and vertebrate predator fish, we studied multi-traits and transcriptome of the freshwater crustacean Ceriodaphnia cornuta under multiple predation risks. Our results showed that Chaoborus larvae predation risks altered the expression of genes encoding cuticle protein and changed the biosynthesis of steroid hormone, cutin, suberine, and wax, promoting Ceriodaphnia to express horns and grow larger at a late development stage, whereas fish predation risks mainly triggered responses in genes encoding ribosome and pathways of unsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis, cysteine and methionine metabolism, resulting in a smaller individual size and earlier reproduction. The inducible responses on transcription and individual traits both revealed that predator unique responses are dominant and the antagonistic responses are the least. Besides, Pearson correlations between different predator unique responses are extremely weak. Furthermore, the unique individual traits triggered by different predators can be expressed simultaneously. These results indicated that Ceriodaphnia can avoid the dilemma by performing predator unique responses and diverse inducible responses are favored in the co-evolution of zooplankton and multiple predators.

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Differential Expression of Genes Encoding Arabidopsis Phospholipases After Challenge with Virulent or Avirulent Pseudomonas Isolates

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.8.808 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 15 (8) ◽

pp. 808-816 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

Marta de Torres Zabela ◽

Isabelle Fernandez-Delmond ◽

Totte Niittyla ◽

Pedro Sanchez ◽

Murray Grant

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Gene Interactions ◽

Gene Encoding ◽

Cellular Processes ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

Pathogen Challenge ◽

Genes Encoding ◽

Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽

Gene For Gene

Phospholipase D (PLD; EC 3.1.4.4) has been linked to a number of cellular processes, including Tran membrane signaling and membrane degradation. Four PLD genes (α, β, γ1, and γ2) have been cloned from Arabidopsis thalami. They encode isoforms with distinct regulatory and catalytic properties but little is known about their physiological roles. Using cDNA amplified fragment length polymorphism display and RNA blot analysis, we identified Arabidopsis PLDγ1 and a gene encoding a lysophospholipase (EC 3.1.1.5), lysoPL1, to be differentially expressed during host response to virulent and avirulent pathogen challenge. Examination of the expression pattern of phospholipase genes induced in response to pathogen challenge was undertaken using the lysoPL1 and gene-specific probes corresponding to the PLD isoforms α, β, and γ1. Each mRNA class exhibited different temporal patterns of expression after infiltration of leaves with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato with or without avrRpm1. PLDα was rapidly induced and remained constitutively elevated regardless of treatment. PLDβ was transiently induced upon pathogen challenge. However, mRNA for the lysoPL1 and PLDγ1 genes showed enhanced and sustained elevation during an incompatible interaction, in both ndr1 and overexpressing NahG genetic backgrounds. Further evidence for differential engagement of these PLD mRNA during defense responses, other than gene-for-gene interactions, was demonstrated by their response to salicylic acid treatment or wounding. Our results indicate that genes encoding lysoPL1, PLDγ1, and PLDβ are induced during early responses to pathogen challenge and, additionally, PLDγ1 and lysoPL1 are specifically upregulated during gene-for-gene interactions, leading to the hypersensitive response. We discuss the possible role of these genes in plant-pathogen interactions.

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The Phytotoxin Coronatine Contributes to Pathogen Fitness and Is Required for Suppression of Salicylic Acid Accumulation in Tomato Inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi-20-8-0955 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 20 (8) ◽

pp. 955-965 ◽

Cited By ~ 149

Author(s):

Srinivasa Rao Uppalapati ◽

Yasuhiro Ishiga ◽

Tamding Wangdi ◽

Barbara N. Kunkel ◽

Ajith Anand ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Tomato Dc3000 ◽

Defense Proteins ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

Genes Encoding ◽

Salicylic Acid Accumulation ◽

Pathogen Fitness

The roles of the phytotoxin coronatine (COR) and salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defenses in the interaction of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) were investigated. Unlike findings reported for Arabidopsis thaliana, DC3000 mutants impaired for production of COR or one of its components, coronafacic acid (CFA) or coronamic acid (CMA), induced distinctly different disease lesion phenotypes in tomato. Tomato plants inoculated with the CFA- CMA- mutant DB29 showed elevated transcript levels of SlICS, which encodes isochorismate synthase, an enzyme involved in SA biosynthesis in S. lycopersicum. Furthermore, expression of genes encoding SA-mediated defense proteins were elevated in DB29-inoculated plants compared with plants inoculated with DC3000, suggesting that COR suppresses SlICS-mediated SA responses. Sequence analysis of SlICS revealed that it encodes a protein that is 55 and 59.6% identical to the A. thaliana ICS-encoded proteins AtICS1 and AtICS2, respectively. Tomato plants silenced for SlICS were hypersusceptible to DC3000 and accumulated lower levels of SA after infection with DC3000 compared with inoculated wild-type tomato plants. Unlike what has been shown for A. thaliana, the COR- mutant DB29 was impaired for persistence in SlICS-silenced tomato plants; thus, COR has additional roles in virulence that are SA independent and important in the latter stages of disease development. In summary, the infection assays, metabolic profiling, and gene expression results described in this study indicate that the intact COR molecule is required for both suppression of SA-mediated defense responses and full disease symptom development in tomato.

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Genome-Wide Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Insights into the Response to Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd) in Hop (Humulus lupulus L.)

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v10100570 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 570 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Ajay Mishra ◽

Atul Kumar ◽

Deepti Mishra ◽

Vishnu Nath ◽

Jernej Jakše ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Kinase ◽

Sugar Metabolism ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽

Sequencing Analysis ◽

Severe Stunting ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

Pathogenesis Related Protein ◽

Genes Encoding ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein

Viroids are smallest known pathogen that consist of non-capsidated, single-stranded non-coding RNA replicons and they exploits host factors for their replication and propagation. The severe stunting disease caused by Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd) is a serious threat, which spreads rapidly within hop gardens. In this study, we employed comprehensive transcriptome analyses to dissect host-viroid interactions and identify gene expression changes that are associated with disease development in hop. Our analysis revealed that CBCVd-infection resulted in the massive modulation of activity of over 2000 genes. Expression of genes associated with plant immune responses (protein kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase), hypersensitive responses, phytohormone signaling pathways, photosynthesis, pigment metabolism, protein metabolism, sugar metabolism, and modification, and others were altered, which could be attributed to systemic symptom development upon CBCVd-infection in hop. In addition, genes encoding RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, pathogenesis-related protein, chitinase, as well as those related to basal defense responses were up-regulated. The expression levels of several genes identified from RNA sequencing analysis were confirmed by qRT-PCR. Our systematic comprehensive CBCVd-responsive transcriptome analysis provides a better understanding and insights into complex viroid-hop plant interaction. This information will assist further in the development of future measures for the prevention of CBCVd spread in hop fields.

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Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis reveals insights into the response to Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd) in hop (Humulus lupulus L.)

10.20944/preprints201809.0553.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Ajay Kumar Mishra ◽

Atul Kumar ◽

Deepti Mishra ◽

Vishnu Sukumari Nath ◽

Jernej Jakse ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Kinase ◽

Sugar Metabolism ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽

Sequencing Analysis ◽

Severe Stunting ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

Pathogenesis Related Protein ◽

Genes Encoding ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein

Viroids are smallest pathogen that consist of non-capsidated, single-stranded non-coding RNA replicons and exploits host factors for their replication and propagation. The severe stunting disease caused by Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd) is a serious threat, which spread rapidly within hop gardens. In this study, we employed comprehensive transcriptome analyses to dissect host-viroid interactions and identify gene expression changes associated with disease development in hop. Our analysis revealed that CBCVd-infection resulted in the massive modulation of activity of over 2000 genes. Expression of genes associated with plant immune responses (protein kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase), hypersensitive responses, phytohormone signaling pathways, photosynthesis, pigment metabolism, protein metabolism, sugar metabolism and modification and others were altered, which could be attributed to systemic symptom development upon CBCVd-infection in hop. In addition, genes encoding RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, pathogenesis-related protein, chitinase as well as those related to basal defense responses were up-regulated. The expression levels of several genes identified from RNA sequencing analysis were confirmed by qRT-PCR. Our systematic comprehensive CBCVd-responsive transcriptome analysis provides a better understanding and insights into complex viroid-hop plant interaction. This information will assist further in the development of future measures for the prevention of CBCVd spread in hop fields.

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Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato OxyR Is Required for Virulence in Tomato and Arabidopsis

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi-09-15-0204-r ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 119-131 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Yasuhiro Ishiga ◽

Yuki Ichinose

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Bacterial Populations ◽

Disease Symptoms ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

Genes Encoding

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to have a crucial role in plant defense responses and signaling pathways. In addition, ROS also have direct toxicity against pathogens. However, the molecular mechanisms of plant ROS in the direct effects against pathogens is still unclear. To investigate the function of plant ROS in the interactions of plant and bacterial pathogens, we focused on oxyR, encoding an oxidative stress-regulated transcription factor in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (DC3000), and generated an ΔoxyR mutant. The DC3000 ΔoxyR mutant showed high sensitivity to oxidative stress in comparison with wild type and the complemented line. The host plants of DC3000, including tomato and Arabidopsis inoculated with the ΔoxyR mutant, clearly showed reduced disease symptoms as well as reduced bacterial populations. Expression profiles of DC3000 genes revealed that OxyR could regulate the expression of genes encoding ROS-detoxifying enzymes, including catalases (KatB and KatG), in response to ROS. We also demonstrated that the expression of katB could be regulated by OxyR during the infection of DC3000 in Arabidopsis. These results suggest that OxyR has an important role in the virulence of DC3000 by regulating the expression of genes related to oxidative stress.

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Systemic Expression of Genes Involved in the Plant Defense Response Induced by Wounding in Senna tora

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms221810073 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (18) ◽

pp. 10073

Author(s):

Ji-Nam Kang ◽

Woo-Haeng Lee ◽

So Youn Won ◽

Saemin Chang ◽

Jong-Pil Hong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Defense ◽

Defense Response ◽

Cysteine Proteinase ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽

Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitor ◽

Mechanical Wounding ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

Genes Encoding

Wounds in tissues provide a pathway of entry for pathogenic fungi and bacteria in plants. Plants respond to wounding by regulating the expression of genes involved in their defense mechanisms. To analyze this response, we investigated the defense-related genes induced by wounding in the leaves of Senna tora using RNA sequencing. The genes involved in jasmonate and ethylene biosynthesis were strongly induced by wounding, as were a large number of genes encoding transcription factors such as ERFs, WRKYs, MYBs, bHLHs, and NACs. Wounding induced the expression of genes encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, such as PR-1, chitinase, thaumatin-like protein, cysteine proteinase inhibitor, PR-10, and plant defensin. Furthermore, wounding led to the induction of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and the accumulation of kaempferol and quercetin in S. tora leaves. All these genes were expressed systemically in leaves distant from the wound site. These results demonstrate that mechanical wounding can lead to a systemic defense response in the Caesalpinioideae, a subfamily of the Leguminosae. In addition, a co-expression analysis of genes induced by wounding provides important information about the interactions between genes involved in plant defense responses.

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