scholarly journals Evaluation of the economic impact of classical and African swine fever epidemics using OutCosT, a new spreadsheet-based tool

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Casal ◽  
Damian TagoPacheco ◽  
Pilar Pineda ◽  
Blagojco Tabakovsky ◽  
Imelda Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
National Level ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

African swine fever (ASF) and classical swine fever (CSF) are two major transboundary animal diseases of swine with important socioeconomic consequences at farm, subnational and national level. The objective of this study was to evaluate the direct cost of outbreaks and their control at country/regional level in four countries: namely CSF in Colombia in 2015-2016, the retrospective cost of ASF in the Philippines in 2019 and in a province of Vietnam in 2020, and a hypothetical ASF scenario in one region in North Macedonia, using the newly developed Outbreak Costing Tool (OutCosT). The tool calculates the costs of 106 different items, broken down by up to four types of farms, and by who assumes the cost (whether veterinary services, farmers or other stakeholders). The total cost of CSF in Colombia was US$ 3.8 million of which 88% represented the cost of the vaccination campaign. For ASF, there were wide differences between countries: US$ 826,911 in Lao Cai (Vietnam), US$ 3,319,666 in North Macedonia and over US$ 58 million in the Philippines. While in the Philippines and Vietnam, 96-98% of the cost occurred in the affected farms, the highest expenditure in North Macedonia scenario was the movement control of the neighbouring and at-risk farms (77%). These important differences between countries depend on the spread of the disease, but also on the production systems affected and the measures applied. Apart from the financial cost, these diseases have other negative impacts, especially in the livelihoods of smallholder farms. The OutCosT tool also allows users to evaluate qualitatively other important aspects related to the epidemics, such as the impact on human health, the environment, animal welfare, socio-economic vulnerability, trading and political response. The main purpose of the OutCosT, which will become a FAO corporate tool, is to support country authorities to rapidly respond to ASF outbreaks by estimating the associated costs, and for advocacy purposes to mobilize resources at national or international levels.

scholarly journals UNDER THE COVER OF COVID: New Laws in Asia Favor Business at the Cost of Indigenous Peoples’ and Local Communities’ Land and Territorial Rights

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
National Level ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Territorial Rights ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
United Nations Declaration ◽  
The Cost

This brief discusses legislative developments during COVID-19 in India, Indonesia, and the Philippines that undermine sustainable human-environment interactions and IPs’ and LCs’ broader enjoyment of their rights over their customary territories. While India, Indonesia and the Philippines have yet to ratify the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169) (ILO 169), all three countries have ratified the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). Each of these countries has also promoted national-level tenure reforms over lands and forests, though their implementation has been weak.

THE CHALLENGES OF THE TECHNOLOGY 4.0 AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY WITHIN TOTAL WAR STRATEGY STRUCTURE

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Ruslan Arief ◽  
Helda Risman ◽  
Rudy Sutanto
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
National Level ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Qualitative Phenomenology ◽  
Total War ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Do So

<p class="Els-history-head">The development of information technology has a significant impact on various important aspects of life. Apart from positive impacts, there are also negative impacts that are important to know and anticipate to prevent major damage and losses. On a broad scale, namely at the national level, the development of information technology can also affect the development of national defense as it is known that the nature of Indonesia's defense is total defense, which is prepared to face the total war. Based on the explanation above, the purpose of this <em>study</em> is to examine the impact of the development of information technology on the implementation of Indonesia's total war strategy. The approach used is qualitative phenomenology with research data in the form of secondary data collected using literature studies. The data is then analyzed using qualitative analysis techniques. The results of the study indicate that the development of information technology has both positive and negative impacts. These impacts encourage the need for changes and adjustments to the total war strategy implemented by Indonesia. This is important to do so that Indonesia can have a stronger defense in preparation for a total war that may occur in the future.</p>

Impact of foreign workforce on productivity in foreign-funded infrastructure projects

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-183
Author(s):  
Nayanthara De Silva ◽  
R. Darmicka ◽  
Elmo Fernando
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Workers ◽  
Infrastructure Projects ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Construction Sites ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Construction Productivity ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Employee Characteristics ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The aim of this study is to explore the impact of using foreign workers on construction productivity in project situations. Generally, foreign-funded projects use both native and foreign workers. Foreign workforce entering into the construction industry may affect the productivity positively or negatively, depending on the migrants’ attributes, institutional arrangements and native workers’ responses, thereby impacting the cost of the project. In Sri Lanka, large construction sites have become multicultural and depend on foreign workers brought in by foreign contractors for infrastructure projects. Design/methodology/approach – A survey-based approach was used to collect data. Structured interviews were conducted to explore the characteristics of the foreign workforce and their impact on productivity. Further, potential strategies were analyzed to establish industry motivators (IM) to enhance productivity. Findings – The study on the foreign workforce identified ten employee characteristics that may impact project’s productivity either positively or negatively. Further, 16 significant strategies were compiled to establish six IM to enhance productivity. Originality/value – These proposed motivators will be useful for construction practitioners in mitigating negative impacts and proactively managing the foreign workforce in a way to enhance construction productivity.

scholarly journals Economic Burden Bore by Patients and Families because of stroke: Policy Assessment

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Honesty Fadhilah ◽  
Vetty Yulianty Permanasari
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Care ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
National Level ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
High Price ◽  
Preventive Action ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Prohibitive Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

AbstractStroke to this day is still a disease that causes a high disability. In the future, it will require a prohibitive cost so that it has an impact on the socio-economic consequences for patients and their families. The price is prohibitive so that the impact on socioeconomic implications for patients and their families. Because of that, the purpose of the study is to estimate the cause of the cost that causes an economic burden from a stroke. The method that is used is a content analysis by doing a further literature review from various sources, from journal to textbook from a national level to international. Literature studies show that direct medical cost, which is rehabilitation, and nursing care cost is identified as the leading contributor to the high price of economic burden from a stroke. High costs incurred cause family to experience catastrophic financial disaster; it even impacts to drop welfare level. Social preventive action is needed to reduce the high prevalence of stroke to reduce the cost, to protect every household from financial disaster from a stroke.

scholarly journals ANALYZING THE IMPACTS OF LAND COVER CHANGE TO THE HYDROLOGIC AND HYDRAULIC BEHAVIOURS OF THE PHILIPPINES' THIRD LARGEST RIVER BASIN

2019 ◽  
Vol IV-3/W1 ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
J. R. Santillan ◽  
A. M. Amora ◽  
M. Makinano-Santillan ◽  
A. L. Gingo ◽  
J. T. Marqueso
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
River Basin ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Hydrologic Model ◽  
Land Cover Changes ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Flood Depth ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Impact

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Changes in land cover can have negative impacts on the hydrological and hydraulic processes in river basins and watersheds such as increase in surface runoff and peak flows, and greater incidence, risk and vulnerability of flooding. In this study, the impacts of land-cover changes to the hydrologic and hydraulic behaviours of the Agusan River Basin (ARB), the third largest river basin in the Philippines, was analysed using an integrated approach involving Remote Sensing (RS), Geographic Information System (GIS), and hydrologic and hydraulic models. Different land-cover classes in the ARB for the years 1995 and 2017 were mapped using Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI images. Using a post-classification change detection approach, changes in land-cover were then determined. The impacts of these changes in land-cover to the to the basin discharge were then estimated using a calibrated hydrologic model based on the Hydrologic Engineering Center - Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) under different extreme rainfall conditions. The impact of the changes in land-cover to flood depth and extent was also determined using a hydraulic model based on the HEC-RAS (River Analysis System). Land cover classification results revealed that the ARB is 67.7% forest in 1995 but have decreased to 62.8% in 2017. Agricultural areas in the basin were also found to have increased from 12.2% to 15.5% in the same period. Other notable land cover changes detected include the increase in built-up lands and range lands, and decrease in barren lands. HEC HMS and HEC RAS model simulation results showed that there was an increase in discharge, flood depth, and flood extents between 1995 and 2017, implying that that the detected changes in land cover have negative impacts to hydrologic and hydraulic behaviours of the ARB.</p>

scholarly journals Counting the cost: COVID-19 school closures in South Africa and its impact on children

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nic Spaull ◽  
Servaas Van der Berg
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Early Childhood Development ◽  
National Level ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Pessimistic Scenario ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Background: When the new coronavirus rapidly spread across the globe, the impact of the virus on children was still unclear, and closing schools seemed the responsible thing to do. But much has been learnt since about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the effects of lockdown and school closures, both in South Africa and internationally.Aim: It shows that the mortality risk of the virus is extremely small for children, even when assuming an extremely pessimistic scenario for total COVID-19 deaths.Setting: We review the evidence at a national level in South Africa using nationally-representative datasets.Methods: This article offers evidence drawn from nationally representative household surveys, school surveys and administrative datasets, as well as research reports.Results: International evidence predominantly shows that children are not important transmitters of this virus, which is different from the case for influenza, for example. We show that there are considerable costs to the lockdown for children. These relate to foregone leaning opportunities, mental health, nutrition and physical health.Conclusion: We show that re-opening the economy whilst keeping schools closed results in many unintended consequences, including that children are at higher risk of being left home alone. Considering all of this, we propose that all children should return to schools, crèches and early childhood development (ECD)centres without any further delay.

scholarly journals DECISION MAKING UNDER UNCERTAINTY IN INTERNATIONAL FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prokudin Georgii ◽  
Chupaylenko Оleksii ◽  
Prokudin Оleksii ◽  
Khobotnia Tetiana ◽  
Nelia Kopiak
Keyword(s):  
Freight Transportation ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Optimal Choice ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Loading And Unloading ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Games Theory ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The process of international freight transportation is quite complex and cumbersome in terms of the technology of preparatory and final operations, loading and unloading operations, issuance of shipping documents and direct transportation of goods. All this is associated with possible risks that may arise at any stage of the organization and implementation of transportation and, ultimately, to negatively affect the efficiency indicators of the international freight transportation process, such as: delivery time, total costs, quality of transportation in general, etc. Ensuring the maximum level of quality and minimizing the cost of international freight is possible through the optimal choice of measures to reduce the negative impacts of transportation at each stage of the process of delivery of goods from the shipper to the consignee. The article proposes the use of the mathematical apparatus of the statistical games theory during the process of international freight transportation using one’s own and borrowed rolling stock, and aims to reduce the impact of risks that may arise during transportation and thus increase the transport tariff, and accordingly, the total cost of delivery of goods.

scholarly journals Assessment of the role and significance of the cost formation process in the activities of organizations

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (Extra-C) ◽  
pp. 314-319
Author(s):  
Dmitry A. Gura ◽  
Aleksandr N. Sekisov ◽  
Oksana A. Kuznetsova ◽  
Victoria I. Kalombo Mulamba ◽  
Evgeniya S. Tishchenko
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Effective Mechanism ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The article presents a comparative analysis of various approaches to the formation of production costs. The study estimates the role of costs in the production and economic activities of companies in a market environment. At the same time, the assessment considered the impact of the problem of limited resources on the activities of production systems, which is possible to solve only with the active use of alternative ways in organizing the functioning of the cost-effective mechanism of enterprises.    

scholarly journals Evidence-Based African Swine Fever Policies: Do We Address Virus and Host Adequately?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Busch ◽  
Céline Haumont ◽  
Mary-Louise Penrith ◽  
Alberto Laddomada ◽  
Klaas Dietze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control And Eradication

African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most threatening diseases for the pig farming sector worldwide. Prevention, control and eradication remain a challenge, especially in the absence of an effective vaccine or cure and despite the relatively low contagiousness of this pathogen in contrast to Classical Swine Fever or Foot and Mouth disease, for example. Usually lethal in pigs and wild boar, this viral transboundary animal disease has the potential to significantly disrupt global trade and threaten food security. This paper outlines the importance of a disease-specific legal framework, based on the latest scientific evidence in order to improve ASF control. It compares the legal basis for ASF control in a number of pig-producing regions globally, considering diverse production systems, taking into account current scientific evidence in relation to ASF spread and control. We argue that blanket policies that do not take into account disease-relevant characteristics of a biological agent, nor the specifics under which the host species are kept, can hamper disease control efforts and may prove disproportionate.

scholarly journals Exploring equity in health and poverty impacts of control measures for SARS-CoV-2 in six countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. e005521
Author(s):  
Sedona Sweeney ◽  
Theo Prudencio Juhani Capeding ◽  
Rosalind Eggo ◽  
Maryam Huda ◽  
Mark Jit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Income Loss ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Complex Models ◽  
Intervention Policy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundPolicy makers need to be rapidly informed about the potential equity consequences of different COVID-19 strategies, alongside their broader health and economic impacts. While there are complex models to inform both potential health and macro-economic impact, there are few tools available to rapidly assess potential equity impacts of interventions.MethodsWe created an economic model to simulate the impact of lockdown measures in Pakistan, Georgia, Chile, UK, the Philippines and South Africa. We consider impact of lockdown in terms of ability to socially distance, and income loss during lockdown, and tested the impact of assumptions on social protection coverage in a scenario analysis.ResultsIn all examined countries, socioeconomic status (SES) quintiles 1–3 were disproportionately more likely to experience income loss (70% of people) and inability to socially distance (68% of people) than higher SES quintiles. Improving social protection increased the percentage of the workforce able to socially distance from 48% (33%–60%) to 66% (44%–71%). We estimate the cost of this social protection would be equivalent to an average of 0.6% gross domestic product (0.1% Pakistan–1.1% Chile).ConclusionsWe illustrate the potential for using publicly available data to rapidly assess the equity implications of social protection and non-pharmaceutical intervention policy. Social protection is likely to mitigate inequitable health and economic impacts of lockdown. Although social protection is usually targeted to the poorest, middle quintiles will likely also need support as they are most likely to suffer income losses and are disproportionately more exposed.

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