scholarly journals Water phenomenon: Urban morphology transformation

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasenka Cakaric
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Urban Morphology ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Mutual Dependence ◽  
Urban Structures ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Technical Factors

This research paper deals with the mutual dependence of water phenomenon and urban morphology. Water is a basic subject matter of many analyses, and it is considered a principal existential and vital generator of the formation, sustainability and transformation of different types of cities. The water relevant facts are here presented from the aspect of elementary criteria of generative factors of typification of cities and relationship between urban landscapes and water. By integrating well-known urban and technical factors with presence of water on a surface model, optimum results are obtained with respect to water percentage in cities. Overall results of the research represent an instruction for future transformations of urban structures encouraged by water presence.

Waldentwicklung als Politikfeld. Das südwestliche Rheinland (Deutschland) im 18. Jahrhundert | Political dimension of forest development. Southwest Rhineland (Germany) in the 18th century

2001 ◽  
Vol 152 (12) ◽  
pp. 484-489
Author(s):  
Christoph Ernst
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
Political Dimension ◽  
Mutual Dependence ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Production Agriculture ◽  
Landed Gentry ◽  
Archive Material

Evaluation of archive material from southwest Rhineland, Germany,has provided new knowledge on the development of forests in the 18th century. The society of those times had three different main requirements, which called for three different types of forest; for wood production, agriculture and hunting. But both landed gentry and the community as a whole were interested in maximising the use of the forest. It is therefore not accurate to conclude that wood production was only in the interest of the landowners and agriculture in the interest of the rest of the community. In addition, the different types of forest were subject to mutual dependence because changing one parameter meant that the balance governing wood production,grazing and arable areas, as well as habitat for game,also shifted. These interests, both divergent and common, of the population as a whole lead to the conclusion that forestry development was a highly political issue, and that the influence of the non-owning part of the population was greater than previously thought.

scholarly journals The Effects of Roadside Woody Vegetation on the Surface Temperature of Cycle Paths

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 483
Author(s):  
Nikola Žižlavská ◽  
Tomáš Mikita ◽  
Zdeněk Patočka
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Woody Vegetation ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Roadside Vegetation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Aerial Vehicle

The article is on the effects of woody vegetation growing on the roadside on the temperature of the surface of cycle paths. The main hypothesis of the study is that vegetation has the effect of lowering the temperature of the surroundings in its shadow and thus improves the comfort of users of cycle paths in the summer months. The second hypothesis is to find out which type of road surface is most suitable for the thermal well-being of users. This goal was achieved by measuring the temperature of selected locations on cycle paths with different types of construction surfaces with nearby woody vegetation using a contactless thermometer over several days at regular intervals. The positions of the selected locations were measured using GNSS and the whole locality of interest was photographed using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), or drone, and subsequently a digital surface model (DSM) of the area was created using a Structure from Motion (SfM) algorithm. This model served for the calculation of incident solar radiation during the selected days using the Solar Area Graphics tool with ArcGIS software. Subsequently, the effect of the shade of the surrounding vegetation on the temperature during the day was analysed and statistically evaluated. The results are presented in many graphs and their interpretation used to evaluate the effects of nearby woody vegetation and the type of road surface on the surrounding air temperature and the comfort of users of these routes. The results demonstrate the benefits of using UAVs for the purpose of modelling the course of solar radiation during the day, showing the effect of roadside vegetation on reducing the surface temperature of the earth’s surface and thus confirming the need for planting and maintaining such vegetation.

XXVI.—The Field of the Essay

PMLA ◽  
1921 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Whitmore
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Actual Practice ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Moderate Length

Of all the literary terms in common use, the word “essay” has perhaps the widest field and the most indeterminate content. Since the form to which it applies has taken on a fresh character in the hands of almost all its chief exponents, it has become in practice the designation for any piece of prose of moderate length, and has consequently embraced a bewilderingly various subject-matter. Moreover, the essayists themselves are by no means all of a piece. Bacon and Lamb, for instance, have little in common; and the type of ‘essayist’ represented by Macaulay and Carlyle has little in common with either. As a result of this wide extension, studies of the essay either include so much as to be very indefinite, or else are based on partial views, the upshot, in either case, becoming sufficiently vague. At the same time, the word “essay” goes on being used, and collections, of curiously assorted content, go on being made; and it therefore seems worth while to pass in review the different types represented in actual practice, in order to see just how much continuity is discernible among them.

scholarly journals Lecciones de Portugal / Lessons from Portugal

Ería ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-164
Author(s):  
Aladino Fernández García
Keyword(s):  
Research Paper ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Northern Portugal

Este breve trabajo de investigación es un ejercicio de síntesis geográfica concebido como una actividad de extensión universitaria desde el aula Casa de La Buelga, dependiente de la Universidad de Oviedo. Es decir, fue utilizado para la realización de un itinerario cultural por cuatro ciudades del norte de Portugal. Su objetivo principal es el de mostrar los excepcionales paisajes urbanos de Oporto, Guimarães, Braga y Valençado Minho sobre la base de sus nodos componentes: romanos, medievales, modernos y contemporáneos.Ce brief travail de recherche, qui est, d’ailleurs un exemple de géographie de synthèse, a été conçu comme un exerciced’extension universitaire du centre Casa de La Buelga. Ce document a été utilisé pour la mise au point d’un itinéraire culturel a travers quatre villes du nord du Portugal, dont le but principal est de montrer les exceptionnels paysages urbains de Porto, Guimarães, Braga y Valença do Minho basés sur les parties principales de ces villes: romaines, médiévales, modernes et contemporaines.This short research paper, an example of syntheticalGeography, was conceived for the development of a universityextension exercise by the Casa de la Buelga Extension Classroom. Namely, it was used to conduct a four-city cultural itinerary through Northern Portugal. Its main aim is to show the outstanding urban landscapes of Porto, Guimaraes, Braga and Valença do Minho based on the main parts of these cities: roman, medieval, modern and contemporary. 

Researching Your Topic

2021 ◽  
pp. 80-89
Author(s):  
Brenda Hargroves
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
History Plays ◽  
Correct Method ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Subject

This chapter discusses what a researcher should consider before examining a topic or project. Understanding the context of the topic, the audience, and why the subject matter is important are critical first steps. Identifying issues surrounding the topic and determining whether history plays a role in the process must also be considered. Different types of research methods and choosing the correct method to facilitate meeting the research objective are addressed. Lastly, the author suggests various tools that should be selected to examine a topic or project.

Challenging the Divide: Socio-economic Rights as Human Rights

2018 ◽  
pp. 59-78
Author(s):  
Sandra Fredman
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Mutual Dependence ◽  
Participative Democracy ◽  
Civil And Political Rights ◽  
Available Resources

This chapter critically examines the ways in which civil and political rights have been distinguished from socio-economic rights, including differing ideologies, subject matter; obligations, resource implications, and justiciability. Instead of such bright-line distinctions, it suggests that all rights should be seen as giving rise to a cluster of duties: to respect, protect, and fulfil. The duty to fulfil is most challenging, especially when framed as a duty of progressive realization subject to maximum available resources. Section II assesses these concepts, particularly the attempt to establish a minimum core. It concludes that a thoroughgoing acceptance of socio-economic rights requires more than the label of ‘human right’. It also entails a re-characterization of human rights values, emphasizing inter-connectedness, mutual dependence, and a substantive conception of equality. Freedom and dignity need to be refashioned to ensure that individuals have genuine choices from a range of valuable options, within a framework of participative democracy.

Global Masculinities, Femininities, and Sexualities

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celeste Montoya ◽  
Sarah McCullar ◽  
Marjon Kamrani
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Sexual Identity ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Postcolonial Feminism ◽  
Feminist Standpoint ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Hierarchical Nature

Feminist international relations (IR) scholars have worked to expand understandings of the global processes through studies of gender. There are multiple forms of feminist scholars and scholarship, with each epistemology having its own understanding of gender and its role in influencing international relations. These include feminist empiricism, feminist standpoint, poststructuralist feminist approaches, and postcolonial feminism. Some of the early feminist IR scholarship placed most of their emphasis on critiquing patriarchy, sometimes resulting to a narrow and essentialist construction of masculinity. These early works note the absence of women and the denigration of the feminine, as well as the predominance of masculine subject matter and masculine partiality in IR. This began to change with the recognition of different types of masculinities, offering a broader conceptualization of gender and masculinities beyond attachment to sex. Beyond recognizing the relational differences between masculinity and femininity, feminist scholars have also pointed out the differential value accorded to each, thus emphasizing the problematic hierarchical nature of such binaries. Another goal of feminist scholars has been to uncover the feminine roles rendered invisible, to challenge the masculine nature of IR as a discipline as well as deal with descriptive and substantive representational issues within the field and practice of IR. Meanwhile, the study of sexualities focuses on power dynamics and the hierarchies associated with sexual identity in its many forms. The predominant themes in this study include sexuality in relation to the study of war and nation; sexuality as a commodity; and studies of hetero- and homonormativity.

Urban Canopy Modeling of the New York City Metropolitan Area: A Comparison and Validation of Single- and Multilayer Parameterizations

2007 ◽  
Vol 135 (5) ◽  
pp. 1906-1930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teddy Holt ◽  
Julie Pullen
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
York City ◽  
Urban Canopy ◽  
Urban Morphology ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Surface Mixed Layer ◽  
Prediction System ◽  
Near Surface

Abstract High-resolution numerical simulations are conducted using the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS)1 with two different urban canopy parameterizations for a 23-day period in August 2005 for the New York City (NYC) metropolitan area. The control COAMPS simulations use the single-layer Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Urban Canopy Model (W-UCM) and sensitivity simulations use a multilayer urban parameterization based on Brown and Williams (BW-UCM). Both simulations use surface forcing from the WRF land surface model, Noah, and hourly sea surface temperature fields from the New York Harbor and Ocean Prediction System model hindcast. Mean statistics are computed for the 23-day period from 5 to 27 August (540-hourly observations) at five Meteorological Aviation Report stations for a nested 0.444-km horizontal resolution grid centered over the NYC metropolitan area. Both simulations show a cold mean urban canopy air temperature bias primarily due to an underestimation of nighttime temperatures. The mean bias is significantly reduced using the W-UCM (−0.10°C for W-UCM versus −0.82°C for BW-UCM) due to the development of a stronger nocturnal urban heat island (UHI; mean value of 2.2°C for the W-UCM versus 1.9°C for the BW-UCM). Results from a 24-h case study (12 August 2005) indicate that the W-UCM parameterization better maintains the UHI through increased nocturnal warming due to wall and road effects. The ground heat flux for the W-UCM is much larger during the daytime than for the BW-UCM (peak ∼300 versus 100 W m−2), effectively shifting the period of positive sensible flux later into the early evening. This helps to maintain the near-surface mixed layer at night in the W-UCM simulation and sustains the nocturnal UHI. In contrast, the BW-UCM simulation develops a strong nocturnal stable surface layer extending to approximately 50–75-m depth. Subsequently, the nocturnal BW-UCM wind speeds are a factor of 3–4 less than W-UCM with reduced nighttime turbulent kinetic energy (average < 0.1 m2 s−2). For the densely urbanized area of Manhattan, BW-UCM winds show more dependence on urbanization than W-UCM. The decrease in urban wind speed is most prominent for BW-UCM both in the day- and nighttime over lower Manhattan, with the daytime decrease generally over the region of tallest building heights while the nighttime decrease is influenced by both building height as well as urban fraction. In contrast, the W-UCM winds show less horizontal variation over Manhattan, particularly during the daytime. These results stress the importance of properly characterizing the urban morphology in urban parameterizations at high resolutions to improve the model’s predictive capability.

Concepts and theoretical unification

2010 ◽  
Vol 33 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 219-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Margolis ◽  
Stephen Laurence
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mental Symbols ◽  
Theoretical Unification

AbstractConcepts are mental symbols that have semantic structure and processing structure. This approach (1) allows for different disciplines to converge on a common subject matter; (2) it promotes theoretical unification; and (3) it accommodates the varied processes that preoccupy Machery. It also avoids problems that go with his eliminativism, including the explanation of how fundamentally different types of concepts can be co-referential.

Discovering and Teaching Syntactic Structures in Three Technical Disciplines

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terri Paul ◽  
Mary Rosner
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Flexible Approach ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Standard Textbook ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Different Types

To determine whether there are different technical styles, syntactic structures at three audience levels in the published writing of three disciplines were analyzed. Our analysis discloses that different disciplines rely primarily on different types of subordinate clauses, sentence openers, and sentence types. It also discloses that paragraph length varies with audience level, as do the number of subject sentence openers and the kinds of verb constructions. Next, we compare our findings with standard textbook treatments of style and advocate a more flexible approach to the teaching of technical style, one that accounts for variations in subject matter and audience.

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