Dendrometric, phytopathological and entomological characteristics of a wych elm tree on mt. Goc

Valuable broadleaves, including also wych elms, belong to the category of rare tree species in the growing stock of Serbia. The conservation of Serbian forest diversity and the genetic potential of these tree species require a multidisciplinary study. In this respect, we undertook a dendrometric and health analysis of a wych elm tree on Goc, as it is a rarity by its dimensions, not only from the local, but also from the regional aspects. The tree is 266 years old, its diameter at breast height is 2.09 m, height 42.1 m, and volume (d>3 cm) 56.35 m3. Current height increment culminated early, at the age of 20-30 years, attaining 0.5 m, and current diameter increment at the age of 40-50 years when its value was 14.4 mm. The above data point to a high productivity of this elm tree and to favourable site and stand conditions of its development. On the other hand, its current diameter increment and height over the last period (1.7 mm, and 0.03 m respectively) indicate that the tree was in the phase of physiological dying. 10 species of fungi were identified on the tree (facultative parasites or saprophytes), the most significant being Armillaria mellea and Aurantioporus fissilis, which caused central heartwood decay. Other fungi developed saprophytically in the dead part of the stem or in dead branches. Eight insect species (secondary and tertiary pests) were identified, including the two most dangerous elm beetles (Scolytus scolytus and S. multistriatus). Together with the species Saperda punctata and Cerambyx scopolii, they accelerated the dying process of twigs and branches, as well as of the whole tree. Ambrosia beetle Xyleborus monographus infested the stem and the large dead branches and caused minor technical damage in wood. The species Dorcus paralelopipedus, Oryctes nasicornis and Valgus hemipterus supported the faster progress of wood-rotting fungi and thus contributed to physiological weakening and shortened the life cycle of the study elm tree.

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Effect of Competition and Climatic Conditions on the Growth of Beech in the Mixed Pine Beech Stand: Lithuanian Case Study

Environmental Sciences Proceedings ◽

10.3390/iecf2020-07961 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 49

Author(s):

Edgaras Linkevičius ◽

Gerda Junevičiūtė

Keyword(s):

Intraspecific Competition ◽

Tree Species ◽

Forest Growth ◽

Competition Effect ◽

Diameter Increment ◽

Cart Analysis ◽

Crown Width ◽

Beech Stand ◽

Negative Effect ◽

The Impact

Climate change and warming will potentially have profound effects on forest growth and yield, especially for pure stands in the near future. Thus, increased attention has been paid to mixed stands, e.g., pine and beech mixtures. However, the interaction of tree species growing in mixtures still remains unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the interspecific and intraspecific competition to diameter, height, and crown width of pine and beech trees growing in mixtures, as well as to evaluate the impact of climatic indicators to the beech radial diameter increment. The data was collected in 2017 at the mixed mature pine beech double layer stand, located in the western part of Lithuania. The sample plot of 1.2 hectare was established and tree species, diameter at the breast height, tree height, height-to-crown base, height-to-crown width, and position were measured for all 836 trees. Additionally, a representative sample of radial diameter increments were estimated only for the beech trees by taking out core discs at the height of 1 m when the stand was partially cut. Competition analysis was based on the distance-dependent competition index, which was further based on crown parameters. Climatic effect was evaluated using classification and regression tree (CART) analysis. We found almost no interspecific competition effect to diameter, height, or crown width for both tree species growing in the first layer. However, it had an effect on beeches growing in the second layer. The intraspecific competition effect was important for pine and beech trees, showing a negative effect for both of them. Our results show the possible coexistence of these tree species due to niche differentiation. An analysis of climatic indicators from 1991–2005 revealed that precipitation from February–May of the current vegetation year and mean temperatures from July to September expressed radial diameter increment effects for beech trees. Low temperatures during March and April, as well as high precipitation during January, had a negative effect on beech radial increments. From 2006–2016, the highest effect on radial diameter increments was the mean temperatures from July to September, as well as the precipitation in January of the current year. From 1991–2016, the highest effect on radial diameter increments was the temperature from July to September 1991–2016 and the precipitation in June 1991–2016. Generally, cool temperatures and higher precipitation in June had a positive effect on beech radial increments. Therefore, our results show a sensitivity to high temperatures and droughts during summer amid Lithuanian’s growth conditions.

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Predicting Logging Residue Volumes in Alaska

Forest Science ◽

10.1093/forsci/fxaa052 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 67 (2) ◽

pp. 119-124

Author(s):

Erik C Berg ◽

Eric A Simmons ◽

Todd A Morgan ◽

Stanley J Zarnoch

Keyword(s):

Predictive Models ◽

Tree Species ◽

Timber Harvesting ◽

Individual Tree ◽

Growing Stock ◽

Prediction Tools ◽

Breast Height ◽

Logging Residue ◽

The Creation ◽

Forest Managers

Abstract Alaska forest managers seek information on how timber harvesting practices change the creation of postharvest woody residues. To predict residue volumes, researchers investigated how residue ratios—growing-stock residue volume per mill-delivered volume—related to readily available data on logging site and tree attributes in Alaska. Residue ratios were not related to logging site-level variables but were related to individual tree variables with predictive models. Ratios varied widely by tree species and were predicted to increase with larger stump height and larger small-end used diameters and decline exponentially with increasing diameter breast height (dbh) to approximately 25 inches. Ratios were then predicted to increase progressively in larger dbh trees. Results from this study update previous findings in other US Northwest states and can be used to produce or improve residue prediction tools for Alaska land managers.

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Analysis of the production potential of raw wood in the forests of Slovakia

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/10/2008-jfs ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 54 (No. 7) ◽

pp. 314-320

Author(s):

R. Petráš ◽

J. Mecko

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Coniferous Tree ◽

Production Potential ◽

Tree Species Composition ◽

Industrial Processing ◽

Growing Stock ◽

Forest Condition ◽

Broadleaved Tree Species ◽

Broadleaved Tree ◽

Coniferous Tree Species

Production of raw wood material and its regulation has a great ecological and economic importance in every country. The aim of the paper is to analyze the prospective production of raw wood with respect to the expected basic tree species composition and assortment structure on an example of long-term development of selected indicators of forest condition in Slovakia. For this analysis we used data on the area, growing stock and planned decennial timber felling in the forests of Slovakia in 1980, 1996 and 2003. The production potential of forests was evaluated on the basis of the annual perspective allowable cut by 2020, from which the prospective production of assortments was derived using the models of assortment yield tables of tree species. The results show that in the forests of Slovakia there is an about half proportion of coniferous and half proportion of broadleaved tree species, very good structure of growing stock as well as its trend in the last years. Production of raw wood assortments for industrial processing for the years 2010–2020 is limited by the volume 6.3–6.4 mil. m<sup>3</sup>. About one half of this volume comes from coniferous and the other half from broadleaved tree species. For coniferous tree species the proportion of spruce and fir is 87% and for broadleaved tree species the proportion of beech and oak is 80%. For coniferous tree species sawmill assortments have a decisive, almost 70% proportion. Regarding broadleaved tree species, pulpwood assortments with 47% proportion prevail, although with 11% the highest quality assortments for the production of veneer from beech and oak are also significant.

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An Individual-Tree Mortality Model for Complex Stands of Southeastern British Columbia

Western Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/wjaf/20.2.101 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 101-109 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Hailemariam Temesgen ◽

Stephen J. Mitchell

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

Tree Species ◽

Tree Mortality ◽

Model Development ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Average Deviation ◽

Individual Tree ◽

Permanent Sample Plots ◽

Diameter Increment ◽

Mortality Model

Abstract An individual-tree mortality model was developed for major tree species in complex stands (multi-cohort, multiaged, and mixed species) of southeastern British Columbia (BC), Canada. Data for 29,773 trees were obtained from permanent sample plots established in BC. Average annual diameter increment and mortality rates ranged from 0.08 to 0.17 cm/year and from 0.3 to 2.6%, respectively. Approximately 70% of the trees were used for model development and 30% for model evaluation. After evaluating the model, all 29,773 trees were used to fit the final model. A generalized logistic model was used to relate mortality to tree size, competition, and relative position of trees in a stand. The evaluation test demonstrated that the model appears to be well behaved and robust for the tree species considered in this study. For the eight tree species, the average deviation between observed and predicted annual mortality rates varied from −0.5 to 0.7% in the test data. West. J. Appl. For. 20(2):101–109.

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Estimation of Forest Growing Stock Volume with UAV Laser Scanning Data: Can It Be Done without Field Data?

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12081245 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 1245 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Stefano Puliti ◽

Johannes Breidenbach ◽

Rasmus Astrup

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Field Data ◽

Image Data ◽

Visual Assessment ◽

Average Density ◽

Data Set ◽

Tree Crowns ◽

Growing Stock ◽

Stock Volume

Laser scanning data from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV-LS) offer new opportunities to estimate forest growing stock volume ( V ) exclusively based on the UAV-LS data. We propose a method to measure tree attributes and using these measurements to estimate V without the use of field data for calibration. The method consists of five steps: i) Using UAV-LS data, tree crowns are automatically identified and segmented wall-to-wall. ii) From all detected tree crowns, a sample is taken where diameter at breast height (DBH) can be recorded reliably as determined by visual assessment in the UAV-LS data. iii) Another sample of crowns is taken where tree species were identifiable from UAV image data. iv) DBH and tree species models are fit using the samples and applied to all detected tree crowns. v) Single tree volumes are predicted with existing allometric models using predicted species and DBH, and height directly obtained from UAV-LS. The method was applied to a Riegl-VUX data set with an average density of 1130 points m−2 and 3 cm orthomosaic acquired over an 8.8 ha managed boreal forest. The volumes of the identified trees were aggregated to estimate plot-, stand-, and forest-level volumes which were validated using 58 independently measured field plots. The root-mean-square deviance ( R M S D % ) decreased when increasing the spatial scale from the plot (32.2%) to stand (27.1%) and forest level (3.5%). The accuracy of the UAV-LS estimates varied given forest structure and was highest in open pine stands and lowest in dense birch or spruce stands. On the forest level, the estimates based on UAV-LS data were well within the 95% confidence interval of the intense field survey estimate, and both estimates had a similar precision. While the results are encouraging for further use of UAV-LS in the context of fully airborne forest inventories, future studies should confirm our findings in a variety of forest types and conditions.

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Modelling and Predicting the Growing Stock Volume in Small-Scale Plantation Forests of Tanzania Using Multi-Sensor Image Synergy

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10030279 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 279 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Ernest William Mauya ◽

Joni Koskinen ◽

Katri Tegel ◽

Jarno Hämäläinen ◽

Tuomo Kauranne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Forest Inventory ◽

Remotely Sensed ◽

Small Scale ◽

Remotely Sensed Data ◽

Weighted Mean ◽

Alos Palsar ◽

Growing Stock ◽

Stock Volume ◽

Sentinel 2

Remotely sensed assisted forest inventory has emerged in the past decade as a robust and cost efficient method for generating accurate information on forest biophysical parameters. The launching and public access of ALOS PALSAR-2, Sentinel-1 (SAR), and Sentinel-2 together with the associated open-source software, has further increased the opportunity for application of remotely sensed data in forest inventories. In this study, we evaluated the ability of ALOS PALSAR-2, Sentinel-1 (SAR) and Sentinel-2 and their combinations to predict growing stock volume in small-scale forest plantations of Tanzania. The effects of two variable extraction approaches (i.e., centroid and weighted mean), seasonality (i.e., rainy and dry), and tree species on the prediction accuracy of growing stock volume when using each of the three remotely sensed data were also investigated. Statistical models relating growing stock volume and remotely sensed predictor variables at the plot-level were fitted using multiple linear regression. The models were evaluated using the k-fold cross validation and judged based on the relative root mean square error values (RMSEr). The results showed that: Sentinel-2 (RMSEr = 42.03% and pseudo − R2 = 0.63) and the combination of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 (RMSEr = 46.98% and pseudo − R2 = 0.52), had better performance in predicting growing stock volume, as compared to Sentinel-1 (RMSEr = 59.48% and pseudo − R2 = 0.18) alone. Models fitted with variables extracted from the weighted mean approach, turned out to have relatively lower RMSEr % values, as compared to centroid approaches. Sentinel-2 rainy season based models had slightly smaller RMSEr values, as compared to dry season based models. Dense time series (i.e., annual) data resulted to the models with relatively lower RMSEr values, as compared to seasonal based models when using variables extracted from the weighted mean approach. For the centroid approach there was no notable difference between the models fitted using dense time series versus rain season based predictor variables. Stratifications based on tree species resulted into lower RMSEr values for Pinus patula tree species, as compared to other tree species. Finally, our study concluded that combination of Sentinel-1&2 as well as the use Sentinel-2 alone can be considered for remote-sensing assisted forest inventory in the small-scale plantation forests of Tanzania. Further studies on the effect of field plot size, stratification and statistical methods on the prediction accuracy are recommended.

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Diameter Increment and Survival Equations for Loblolly Pine Trees Growing in Thinned and Unthinned Plantations on Cutover, Site-Prepared Lands

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/sjaf/13.4.170 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 170-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Ralph L. Amateis ◽

Harold E. Burkhart ◽

Terese A. Walsh

Keyword(s):

Loblolly Pine ◽

Growth Function ◽

Individual Tree ◽

Competitive Position ◽

Probability Of Survival ◽

Diameter Increment ◽

Annual Probability ◽

Pine Trees ◽

Stand Conditions

Abstract Individual tree dbh increment and survival equations were developed for predicting annual dbh growth and annual probability of survival of loblolly pine trees in thinned and unthinned plantations on cutover, site-prepared lands. The dbh increment equation predicts dbh increment froma potential dbh growth function multiplied by a modifier function. The survival equations predicts the probability of survival as a function of crown ratio and the tree's competitive position in the stand. When used together, the equations should be useful to foresters interested in predictingfuture dbh and survival values for both thinned and unthinned stand conditions. South. J. Appl. For. 13(4):170-174.

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The Effect of Climate on Tree-Ring Chronologies of Native and Nonnative Tree Species Growing Under Homogenous Site Conditions

Geochronometria ◽

10.2478/v10003-009-0006-4 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 33 (-1) ◽

pp. 49-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Edward Feliksik ◽

Sławomir Wilczyński

Keyword(s):

Norway Spruce ◽

Tree Ring ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Tree Species ◽

Sitka Spruce ◽

Early Spring ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Silver Fir ◽

Site Conditions ◽

Diameter Increment

The Effect of Climate on Tree-Ring Chronologies of Native and Nonnative Tree Species Growing Under Homogenous Site ConditionsDendroclimatic studies were carried out in the experimental stands composed of many tree species situated in the Polish part of the Baltic sea-coast. Increment cores were taken from a 100-years old trees of 2 native species: Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.) and 3 nonnative species: Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.) Franco), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis(Bong.) Carr.) and Silver fir (Abies albaMill.). Thirty trees of each species were cored. The relationships between the diameter increment and the thermal and pluvial conditions during the period from 1925 to 2005 were analyzed on the basis of standardized tree-ring chronologies and climatic data. It was found that precipitation and temperature of the growing season and months preceding that season affected the annual diameter increment of all investigated tree species. The current year winter and early spring temperatures as well as February and August precipitation had a similar effect on the variation of diameter increment of trees. On the other hand thermal and pluvial conditions of the current year June differentiated the increment rhythm of individual species. A very strong negative effect on diameter growth of trees was observed in the case of winter and early spring frosts. Norway spruce turned out to be a species most resistant to low temperatures. The investigated tree species, especially Norway spruce, was susceptible to water deficiency in the soil during spring and summer. In the case of Scots pine a high precipitation in June stimulated its growth. The diameter increments of Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, Scots pine, and Silver fir were more strongly connected with air temperature than with precipitation. So called all-species chronology of tree-ring width, constructed during this study, permitted to verify the factors having a similar effect on growth response of the investigated tree species. It reflected the mutual characteristics of diameter increments of trees of various species.

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The roles of disturbance and succession in upland forest at Candle Lake, Saskatchewan

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b71-103 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 49 (5) ◽

pp. 657-676 ◽

Cited By ~ 75

Author(s):

R. L. Dix ◽

J. M. A. Swan

Keyword(s):

Species Composition ◽

Tree Species ◽

Growth Increment ◽

Tree Species Composition ◽

Upland Forest ◽

Growing Stock ◽

Vegetational Change ◽

Lichen Cover ◽

Understory Composition ◽

Number Of Stems

Eighty-nine upland forest stands were selected to cover the ranges of tree species composition, stand ages, understory composition, and site in the area. The role of each tree species as a pioneer, transient, or self-maintaining component of the forest was determined from the number of stems, their vigor, and distribution in tree, sapling, and seedling strata among all stands and from growth increment cores of trees and saplings in 39 stands. Conclusions are drawn regarding the species likely to dominate different sites following severe fire and the kinds of vegetational change likely to occur on them between disturbances. Changing patterns in the non-arboreal vascular flora, moss, and lichen cover were related to changes in tree species composition with site and time. The forest and its environment are linked in an irregular "pulse" strategy of alternating disturbance and regrowth that repeatedly rejuvenates the growing stock.

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Production potential and stability of a broadleaved mixed oak/hornbeam forest stand situated on a eutrophic site, Ždánický les

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun201260060135 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 60 (6) ◽

pp. 135-144

Author(s):

Václav Hurt

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Forest Stand ◽

The Other ◽

Production Potential ◽

Wild Cherry ◽

Cherry Tree ◽

Sessile Oak ◽

Growing Stock ◽

Volume Increment ◽

Wild Service Tree

The paper focuses on assessing the growth and production of a mixed oak/hornbeam forest stand established by combined regeneration in 1940 to 1942. The stand is situated at an altitude of 460 m. Since 1961, it is left to its natural development. The 25–year–old stand was characterized as an individually mixed, both diameter- and height-differentiated pole-stage stand. The proportion of tree species was as follows: sessile oak 77 %, hornbeam 19 %, birch 1 %, lime 1 %, black poplar 1 %, wild cherry tree, wild service tree, and field maple. During 41 years of measurements, the proportion of oak slightly decreased to 76 %, on the other hand, the proportion of hornbeam increased to 22%. The initial growing stock of the 25–year–old stand, 75 m3.ha−1, increased to 323 m3.ha−1 at an age of 66 years in 2008. At present, current volume increment ranged between 6.3 m3.ha−1.year−1 and 11.6 m3.ha−1.year−1 during years 1967 and 1998. Since the age of 61, the growth of the stand has decreased and then even ceased due to increased mortality of oak.

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