scholarly journals Epidemiological characteristics of pertussis in Vojvodina

2006 ◽  
Vol 59 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 19-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Petrovic ◽  
Predrag Djuric ◽  
Slavica Stefanovic
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Small Children ◽  
Long Period ◽  
And Control ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

Introduction. In the preimmunization era, pertussis was one of the most common respiratory diseases in children in Vojvodina. Material and methods. This paper deals with effects of immunization against pertussis in Vojvodina and its epidemiological characteristics during the last 10 years. Results and discussion. The average incidence rate for the preimmunization era (1948-1960) was 122/100.000. During the period of immunization, the incidence rate has been continuously declining. During the period from 1995 till 2004, average incidence rate was 0,2/100.000 There were 125 registered deaths caused by pertussis in the preimmunization era, and 13 deaths in the immunization period. The last case of death caused by pertussis occurred in 1970. Pertussis vaccination coverage in Vojvodina has been above 95% for a long period of time. Pertussis is still reported, mostly in individual cases. Since 2003, it was registered in children younger than 24 months. During the last decade, 82% of cases were unimmunized children. The majority of affected were infants (59%) and children from 12 to 24 months of age (15%). Pertussis is registered in small children due to delayed immunization and in school children due to loss of immunity. Conclusion. Favorable epidemiological situation of pertussis in Vojvodina is the result of high immunization coverage. The disease is most frequently registered in individual cases, in unimmunized infants and small children. Mild cases of pertussis remain unrecognized in older age groups, in previously immunized children. It is necessary to improve surveillance and laboratory diagnostics of pertussis in order to monitor the epidemiological situation and to provide timely investigation and control of pertussis. .

scholarly journals The problem of pertussis in some regions of the world

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 354-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A Basov ◽  
O. V Tsvirkun ◽  
A. G Gerasimova ◽  
A. K Zekoreeva
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cell Vaccine ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Immunization Schedule ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Pertussis Infection ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
National Immunization

Pertussis infection remains a high-priority issue both for Russian health care and abroad. A rise of pertussis incidence in various human age groups instigates a search for new ways to fight this infection and improve methods for its laboratory diagnostics. By taking into consideration a short-term effect induced by acellular and whole-cell vaccines, a feasibility of introducing the second or even the third pertussis revaccination is vigorously debated. Objective of the study was to analyze the experience and effectiveness of acellular pertussis vaccines in countries, which use the second and third pertussis revaccination in the National Immunization Schedule in order to have an insight into adjusting strategy and tactics of pertussis immunization In Russia. Analyzing pertussis prevalence demonstrated that despite a wide immunization coverage pertussis incidence in the last years (2008–2015) was increased in a large number of countries in the European region, as well as inAustralia,CanadaandUSA. However, the reasons for elevated pertussis incidence have not been clarified yet. On one hand, it may be accounted for by low vaccination coverage in adolescents and adults; weakened immune protection after vaccination; genetic changes in Bordetella pertussis; shortened durability of protective immunity in children vaccinated with acellular vs. whole-cell vaccine; improved monitoring and morbidity reporting, as well as improved laboratory diagnostics due to shifting from serological and bacteriological to molecular genetic assays. In an attempt to solve this issue, researchers from several countries collaborate to discuss and develop a strategy to reduce pertussis incidence. ForRussia, the most important is to empower and/or improve existing infant immunization strategy in order to provide wide coverage with the four dose pertussis vaccine for decreasing the risk of pertussis morbidity and mortality. It is worth noting the “cocoon” strategy given the high risk of pertussis infection in children of the first months of life. We believe that forRussiait is worth investigating an opportunity of using children 2–3 months of life an acellular vaccine as the first vaccination, which is expected to increase the coverage of this cohort and allow to increase proportion of children who might complete vaccination by 5 months of age. At the same time, more reasonable might be to preserve a number of age groups for pertussis vaccination in the current National Immunization Schedule, as expanding age limits for vaccination might put a risk at increasing pertussis morbidity in older individuals, which could be hard to diagnose. 

scholarly journals The epidemiology of pulmonary tuberculosis in children in Mainland China, 2009–2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruling Yang ◽  
Mengyang Liu ◽  
Hui Jiang ◽  
Yingjie Zhang ◽  
Jinfeng Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Information Management System ◽  
Care Seeking ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Effective Care ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
And Control ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

ObjectiveTo describe the incidence and epidemiological characteristics of child pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) notified to the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Tuberculosis Information Management System (TBIMS) from 2009 to 2015.Study designA database of child PTB for 31 provinces in mainland China over 7 years was retrospectively analysed. The spatiotemporal distribution of child PTB was described.ResultsIn total, 35,710 child PTB cases were notified to the TBIMS, representing only 0.60% of all 5,991,593 PTB case notifications. The average annual notified incidence of child PTB was 2.44/ per 100,000 children (95% CI: 1.77–3.10) and decreased by 52.53% in all age groups during the study period. Tibet had the highest incidence (15.95/ per 100,000 children), followed by Guizhou and Xinjiang. However, the case numbers were the most in Guizhou. The 0-1 year and 12–14 years of age groups exhibited the most cases. The positive rates of sputum smears, bacteriology and chest X-rays abnormality were 21.5%, 21.7% and 98.1%, respectively, which were lower than those 15 years of age and older (all p-values<0.0001).ConclusionThe notified incidence of child PTB in mainland China decreased substantially over 7 years. Future prevention and control of PTB in children should focus on the 0–1 and 12–14 years of age groups, and Tibet and Guizhou provinces. However, the notified incidence is still low, relative to adults, suggesting substantial under-reporting. Thus, more effective care seeking, identification and registration of children with TB are crucial.

scholarly journals Preliminary Clinical and Epidemiological Analysis of the First 1,000 Pediatric COVID-19 Cases in Moscow Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena R. Meskina
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Moscow Region ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Exponential Growth Phase ◽  
Daily Monitoring ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

Rationale. The novel coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) continues to spread worldwide, though the epidemiological situation varies across countries. It is of interest to estimate the pediatric incidence in a separate constituent entity of the Russian Federation, Moscow Region (MR) closely connected with Moscow (accounting for the highest number of COVID-19 cases in Russia). Assessment of the epidemiological data is interesting due to the late onset of the epidemic outbreak, the preventive lockdown imposed during the early stages, and extensive testing of all the identified contacts.Purpose of the study: Assessment of the pediatric incidence of COVID-19, including identification of its main clinical and epidemiological characteristics, based on the monitoring data for the current situation in MR.Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of all pediatric cases of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in MR (1,047 children of all ages) was performed. The time span covered the data of the daily monitoring of the epidemiological situation from the beginning of reporting (53 days in total). The information was obtained from the database of the Rospotrebnadzor Territorial Administration of MR and collected in compliance with the regulations on Daily Monitoring of Children with Coronavirus Infection, Management Section, State Information System, MR.Results. The pediatric cases of COVID-19 accounted for 6.3% (95% CI2 5.9–6.7) of all the cases reported by 6/5/2020 (16,590); the total infection rate of the pediatric population in the region was 0.07% (0.06–0.09). The basic reproduction number ranged from 4.8 (during the two-week exponential growth phase) to 2.7 (during the later period characterized by a slowdown in the incidence rate) and averaged 3.8 (3.0–4.57). The clustering rate of COVID-19 among children was high, reaching 82.8% (79.7–85.6) with a small average number of cases detected in the cluster — 1.21 (1.16–1.26). Asymptomatic COVID-19 cases prevailed significantly, amounting to 62.2% (59.2–65.1), including 73.1% in newborns; severe cases accounted for 0.38% (0.35–0.41) and hospitalized cases totaled 12.0 (10.1–14.2). No death cases were reported. The mean age of the diseased and infected was 8 [4; 13] years old. Boys prevailed insignificantly (53.2%).Conclusion. There is a distinct stage-by-stage development of the epidemic situation among children in MR. In the pediatric population, COVID-19 was generally acquired from a secondary household transmission within family clusters. Early preventive measures and extensive testing helped to reduce the period of exponential growth and, therefore, to avoid large clusters of infection. In addition, 17.2% of the COVID-19 clusters were identified as those where the child was the first to become sick. In the future, it is necessary to practice distancing and provide effective isolation of diseased children and adults, since the high rate of incidence in children can lag behind the incidence rate in adults.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COVID-19 CASES IN THE STAVROPOL KRAI DURING MARCH 19, 2020 TO AUGUST 12, 2020

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.V. Dubodelov ◽  
◽  
V.V. Klushkina ◽  
N.S. Churilova ◽  
Ia.V. Panasiuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Old Men ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Epidemiological Situation ◽  
Observation Period ◽  
Stavropol Krai

We studied the epidemiological situation of the COVID-19 epidemic in the Stavropol Territory during March 19 2020 to Аugust 12, 2020. There was no significant decrease in the number of new cases after the phase of the increased incidence of COVID-19. The average number of registered COVID-19 patients in the final phase of the observation period was 93 per day. It has been shown that the frequency of severe forms of COVID-19 is higher in patients of older age groups: in the group of 80 years and older, the frequency of moderate and severe forms of COVID-19 was 69.4%, while in the group under 27 years old — 23.6%. A positive correlation was found between the number of COVID-19 cases and age for the age groups 20–41, 54–60 and 77–83 years (women) and 21–36 and 57–59 years old (men).

scholarly journals MODERN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NOROVIRUS INFECTION IN MOSCOW

2017 ◽  
pp. 32-37
Author(s):  
V. A. Kovalev ◽  
N. N. Filatov ◽  
M. N. Loktionova ◽  
T. G. Frolovskaya ◽  
A. V. Linok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Disease Area ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Incidence Increase

Aim. Norovirus infection (NVI) epidemiological characteristics evaluation in Moscow at municipal and district levels. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of NVI incidence rate was conducted according to the 2009 - 2016 state statistical reporting forms data. Results. In 2009 - 2016 NVI incidence rate has a trend to increase in Moscow, either at municipal and district levels. NVI cases were registered among children mostly (78% in the SEAD of Moscow, 80% in Moscow and 81% in Russia), at the same time adults proportion of NVI incidence rate increased significantly (up to 42,7% in Moscow and 13,9% in the Russian Federation) by 2016. The morbidity dynamics in different child population age groups was effected by the outbreaks cases. Totally in 2011 - 2016 33 outbreaks were registered in Moscow (24,3% from all acute diarrheal infection outbreaks in Moscow for the same period), where 64,3% with nonpercutaneous channel of infection and 35,7% alimentary. Outbreaks were more often recorded in children’s organized collectivity (69,7%). Conclusion. Nowadays in Moscow there is an NVI incidence increase trend is evidenced, with an increase of the adult population proportion in morbidity structure. At this stage, main contribution to group morbidity was made by children 7 - 14 and 15 - 17 years old. One of the reasons for the NVI incidence rate growth in Moscow (2016) could possibly be the lack of effective prevention measures. Actually, specific NVI diagnostics provided only in outbreaks, due to the lack of routine diagnostic tools. The main reason for the NVI group morbidity effective disease area formation is still sanitary and anti-epidemic regime violation at sites and facilities.

scholarly journals Estimating the Transmissibility of Mumps: A Modelling Study in Wuhan City, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Peng ◽  
Tianlong Yang ◽  
Yuanzhao Zhu ◽  
Qingqing Hu ◽  
Yao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Transmission Capacity ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
Peak Incidence ◽  
Incidence Data ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Despite the adoption of a national immunization program in China, the incidence of mumps remains high. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics, including the time, region, occupation, and age, of mumps in Wuhan from 2005 to 2018 and to evaluate its transmissibility. In this study, the susceptible–exposed–infectious–asymptomatic–recovered (SEIAR) model fitted the actual incidence data of mumps. The effective reproduction number (Rt) was used to evaluate and compare the transmission capacity in different areas. From 2005 to 2018, there were 36,415 cases. The incidence of mumps was highest among people aged 5–10 years (460.02 per 100,000). The SEIAR model fitted the reported mumps data well (P &lt; 0.01). The median transmissibility (Rt) was 1.04 (range = 0–2.50). There were two peak spreads every year (from March to May and from October to December). The Rt peak always appeared in the first 2 months of the peak incidence rate. The peak time of the epidemic spread of mumps was 1–2 months earlier than the peak incidence rate. The prevention and control measures of vaccination for children aged 5–10 years should be taken before the peak transmission capacity each year, 2 months before the peak of the outbreak, to reduce the spread of mumps.

scholarly journals Clinical and Epidemiological Characterization of Acute Chagas Disease in Casanare, Eastern Colombia, 2012–2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Yaneth Rincón-Acevedo ◽  
Andrea Stella Parada-García ◽  
Mario Javier Olivera ◽  
Fernando Torres-Torres ◽  
Liliana Patricia Zuleta-Dueñas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Clinical Complications ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
And Control ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Background: Chagas disease (CD), caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is considered a public health problem in Latin America. In Colombia, it affects more than 437,000 inhabitants, mainly in Casanare, an endemic region with eco-epidemiological characteristics that favor its transmission. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the cases of acute CD in Casanare, eastern Colombia, in the period 2012–2020.Methods: In the present study, 103 medical records of confirmed cases of acute CD were reviewed. The departmental/national incidence and fatality were compared by year; the climatological data of mean temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation per year were reviewed and plotted at IDEAM (Colombian Meteorology Institute) concerning the number of cases of acute CD per month, and it was compared with the frequency of triatomines collected in infested houses by community surveillance. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed, comparing symptoms and signs according to transmission routes, complications, and age groups.Results: The incidence was 3.16 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, and the fatality rate was 20% in the study period. The most frequent symptoms included: fever 98.1%, myalgia 62.1%, arthralgia 60.2%, and headache 49.5%. There were significant differences in the frequency of myalgia, abdominal pain, and periorbital edema in oral transmission. The main complications were pericardial effusion, myocarditis, and heart failure in the group over 18 years of age. In Casanare, TcI Discrete Typing Unit (DTU) has mainly been identified in humans, triatomines, and reservoirs such as opossums and dogs and TcBat in bats. An increase in the number of acute CD cases was evidenced in March, a period when precipitation increases due to the beginning of the rainy season.Conclusions: The results corroborate the symptomatic heterogeneity of the acute phase of CD, which delays treatment, triggering possible clinical complications. In endemic regions, clinical suspicion, diagnostic capacity, detection, and surveillance programs should be strengthened, including intersectoral public health policies for their prevention and control.

scholarly journals The incidence of people and animals with echinococcosis in the Kostanay region of the Republic of Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
M. Zh. Aubakirov ◽  
M. K. Mustafin ◽  
B. M. Mustafin ◽  
A. M. Ergazina ◽  
G. K. Murzakayeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Invasion Rate ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Human Echinococcosis ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

The aim of the research was to study the distribution of echinococcosis in humans and animals in the Kostanay region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Research on the diagnosis of echinococcosis in humans was carried out in the Kostanay branch of the “Scientific and Practical Center for Sanitary and Epidemiological Expertise and Monitoring” of Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2000-2015. In order to establish the degree of invasion of dogs by echinococcus, fecal samples in the Kostanay region, in the areas where cases of echinococcosis in humans were registered, were taken. The incidence among the population of various age groups in the region was analyzed according to the results of studies of blood samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and lung radiography. It has been established that echinococcosis is a widespread disease among people living not only in the Kostanay region, but also in the Republic of Kazakhstan on the whole. Between 2000 and 2019 the number of patients with echinococcosis in the Kostanay region amounted to 249 cases. The smallest number of cases (5) was registered in 2000, and the largest in 2014-26 cases. In the years of 2002-2015. the incidence rate of echinococcosis in humans did not decrease and ranged from 1.6% to 1.5% per 100.0 thousand people. The maximum number of positive reactions by ELISA for echinococcosis was recorded in 2003, 2005, 2006 and from 2013 to 2016, when the incidence rate of people was 0.9%; 0.8%; 0.26%; 1.8%, 3.0%; 1.5%; 0.9% respectively. The peak incidence of human echinococcosis occurred in 2014 and amounted to 3.0%. The analysis of the registration of cases of echinococcosis among people of different age groups showed that out of 8 cases in 2016, 3 cases were in the population under the age of 14 and its infection rate per 100.0 thousand amounted to 1.74%. In 2017, out of 7 registered cases of the incidence of echinococcosis in humans- 2 cases were in the population under the age of 14 and its infection rate per 100.0 thousand was 1.14%. The maximum number of cases of echinococcosis in 2011-2017 was recorded in sheep, the invasion rate of Echinococcus granulosus being 3.1%, 3.5%, 4.2%, 3.1%, 5.6%, 3.0%, 2.8% respectively, while the average invasion in sheep amounted to 1.5%. There were no cases of registration of echinococcosis in horses. Judging by the results of the comparative analysis of the epizootic and epidemiological situation of echinococcosis in the Kostanay region, it should be noted that echinococcus infection occurs in all areas of the region, with approximately the same level of development of livestock production and a large number of dogs.

scholarly journals Analysis on the Trend of AIDS Incidence in Zhejiang, China Based on the Age-Period-Cohort Model from 2004 to 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenzhen Lu ◽  
Weidong Ji ◽  
Yi Yin ◽  
Xinye Jin ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cohort Effect ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Control Information ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Homosexual Transmission

Abstract Background: To predict the trend of acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS) in specific age groups and to determine the objective population for AIDS screening, we explored the three transmission routes (homosexual transmission, heterosexual transmission, drug injection and others) and characterized each patients group using the Age-Period-Cohort(APC) model based on the whole, local and immigrant populations in Zhejiang, China.Methods: The data recruited in this paper was obtained from the national "Comprehensive AIDS Prevention and Control Information System - Antiviral Therapy Management" database and the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System and the Statistical Yearbook of Zhejiang, China. An APC model was used to estimate the impact of age, period and cohort on the incidence rate of AIDS, and to predict the AIDS incidence rate in specific age groups based on sexes and transmission routes.Results: The AIDS incidence rate peaked in males between 20 and 35 years old; the incidence rate of males was higher than that of females due to the impact of period; obvious cohort effect was observed among the immigrants. In the whole and local populations, the incidence rates of males in all age groups and females in both the 35-year-old group and the whole age group were predicted to increase sharply in five years. In the immigrant population, the AIDS incidence rates of males and females in all age groups were expected to increase significantly in five years; influenced by age, the incidence of AIDS through homosexual transmission peaked between 20 and 35 years old in the whole and local populations; under the influence of period, the incidence of AIDS via homosexual transmission in the whole and local populations increased and remained stable after 2015, and the incidence of AIDS transmitted by homosexual and heterosexual routes in the immigrants also showed an increasing trend. As a result of the cohort effect, the incidence of AIDS transmitted through homosexual route among the whole and local populations peaked in 1990; the incidence of AIDS in all age groups through different transmission routes would show an upward trend over the next five years.Conclusions: The results elucidate that there are sex differences in AIDS incidence rate, and the incidence of AIDS through various transmission routes in all groups is predicted to exhibit an upward trend in the five years to come. Effective intervention strategies should be developed and implemented by the public health departments in Zhejiang to control the epidemic of AIDS.

scholarly journals Study of a cutaneous leishmaniasis outbreak in General Vedia, Province of Chaco, 1996

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Daniel SALOMON ◽  
María BOGADO DE PASCUAL ◽  
María L. MOLINARI ◽  
Viviana VERRI
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Subtropical Forest ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Gallery Forest ◽  
Epidemic Outbreak ◽  
Symptomatic Infection ◽  
Vector Abundance ◽  
And Control

Between March and July 1996, a focalized epidemic outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in General Vedia, province of Chaco, associated to the gallery forest of the Oro river was verified. The incidence rate in the area, which was 0-2/000 cases in preceding years, reached 8/000 cases in 1996. The risk of symptomatic infection was similar between sexes, but was different when analizing the different age groups by sex, suggesting a greater relative importance of the peridomestic transmission for the females and of the transmission in the subtropical forest for the males. Specimens of Lutzomyia intermedia, a species already incriminated as a vector of Leishmaniasis in other provinces of northern Argentina, were captured and identified in the focus locality in May 1996. The possible causes of the outbreak related to the climatic variables and the vector abundance are analyzed and the results in the framework of possible preventive and control activities are discussed.

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