scholarly journals Social changes and changing role of mixed households in Serbia

Sociologija ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-138
Author(s):  
Vladimir Cvetkovic
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Rural Culture ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Cultural Model ◽  
Specific Group ◽  
Value System ◽  
Changing Role

Every specific social order relies on certain elements in social structure. In the case of Serbian society in the last decade of twentieth century significant role had played group of people that occupied two socio-economic positions, workers' and peasants'. The power of this group steamed from two points: their value system and capability to efficiently survive economic hardship by having alternative to secure living resources. Other specificity of this group is its dispersion, or non existence of consciousness of belonging to this specific group. However, social 'glue' for this group was nationalism and xenophobia, and common cultural model of behavior deeply rooted in rural culture. Ruling regime in Serbia, being itself based on nationalistic elements, had found its counterpart in this group. This paper deals with the position and changing role of the mentioned group from so called mixed households and the prospects of changes after the elections 2000 in Serbia.

The Eighteenth-Century Social Order in Surat: A Reply and an Excursus on the Riots of 1788 and 1795

1991 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakshmi Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Recent Article ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
The Social

The Banias of eighteenth-century Surat, whom Michelguglielmo Torri earlier treated with indifference if not innocence, have invited his wrath since they were brought into focus by the publication of my essay on the Banias and the Surat riot of 1795. In his ‘rejoinder’ to my article, he seeks to wish away their existence altogether (to him there was no specific Bania community, the term merely signifying traders of all communities engaged in the profession of brokerage), and seeks to provide what he regards as an ‘alternative’ explanation of the Muslim–Bania riot of 1795. the Muslim-Bania riot of 1795. It shall be my purpose in this reply to show that his alternative explanation is neither an alternative nor even an explanation, and is based on a basic confusion in his mind about the Banias as well as the principal sources of tension in the social structure of Surat. I shall treat two main subjects in this reply to his misdirected criticisms. First, I shall present some original indigenous material as well as European documentation to further clarify the identity, position and role of the Banias, whom Irfan Habib in a recent article has identified as the most important trading group in the trading world of seventeenth and eighteenth-century India. It is also my purpose to show how the social order of Surat operated under stress by presenting some archival material, the existence of which Torri seems to be completely unaware of, on the Parsi-Muslim riot of 1788.

scholarly journals Introduction: Moving Targets Risk, Security, and the Social in Twentieth-Century Europe

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Moses ◽  
Eve Rosenhaft
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Special Section ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Anthony Giddens ◽  
Agent Of Change

According to the sociologists Ulrich Beck and Anthony Giddens, modern societies have become increasingly preoccupied with the future and safety and have mobilized themselves in order to manage systematically what they have perceived as “risks” (Beck 1992; Giddens 1991). This special section investigates how conceptions of risk evolved in Europe over the course of the twentieth century by focusing on the creation and evolution of social policy. The language of risk has, in the past twenty years, become a matter of course in conversations about social policy (Kemshall 2002). We seek to trace how “risk” has served as aheuristic toolfor understanding and treating “social problems.” A key aim of this collection is to explore the character of social policy (in the broadest sense) as an instrument (or technology) that both constructs its own objects as the consequences of “risks” and generates new “risks” in the process (Lupton 2004: 33). In this way, social policy typifies the paradox of security: by attempting literally to making one “carefree,” orsē(without)curitās(care), acts of (social) security spur new insecurities about what remains unprotected (Hamilton 2013: 3–5, 25–26). Against this semantic and philological context, we suggest that social policy poses an inherent dilemma: in aiming to stabilize or improve the existing social order, it also acts as an agent of change. This characteristic of social policy is what makes particularly valuable studies that allow for comparisons across time, place, and types of political regime. By examining a range of cases from across Europe over the course of the twentieth century, this collection seeks to pose new questions about the role of the state; ideas about risk and security; and conceptions of the “social” in its various forms.

scholarly journals Respectable Citizens: Civic Militias, Local Patriotism, and Social Order in Late Habsburg Austria (1890‒1920)

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 193-219
Author(s):  
Claire Morelon
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Social Order ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Social Unrest ◽  
Good Citizenship

AbstractThis article analyzes the role of urban civic militias (burgher corps) in Habsburg Austria from the end of the nineteenth century to the aftermath of World War I. Far from a remnant of the early modern past, by the turn of the twentieth century these militias were thriving local institutions. They fostered dynastic patriotism and participated in the growing promotion of shooting among the population in the lead-up to the conflict. But they also played a major role in upholding the bourgeois ideals of protection of social hierarchies and property. In the context of the rise of the workers' movement and social unrest, the militias saw themselves as bulwarks of social order and bastions of bourgeois virtue. They reflected an exclusive conception of armed citizenship opposed to the egalitarian notion of the citizen-soldier that survived into the twentieth century. The sensory experience of burgher corps parades during the patriotic or church celebrations was supposed to convey stability and express hierarchies in the urban space. This article also links the practices of armed civilians before the war to the paramilitary groups that emerged in 1918 and emphasizes the legacy of local conceptions of armed defense of property and of notions of “good” citizenship in the aftermath of the war.

A Brief History of Motives—Composition

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-54
Author(s):  
Brent Auerbach
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Music Composition ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Western Music ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Changing Role

Chapter 2 provides a brief history of the role of motives in Western music composition. Motive is posited as one of the several generative forces in music, alongside harmony, counterpoint, and form. Motive’s relative prominence is tracked in style periods of the last four centuries, with peak influence manifesting in the late Romantic and early twentieth-century periods. This changing role of motives is illustrated by a set of analyses of chronologically ordered pieces by Handel, Mozart, Brahms, Wagner, Holst, and Schoenberg. The musical examples, in addition to supporting the historical narrative, serve to introduce readers to the new conventions of nomenclature and rules motivic association that will be presented in detail in the methodology chapters of the book.

The Death of an Uncrowned King—C. R. Das and Political Crisis in Twentieth-Century Bengal

1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-441
Author(s):  
Paul Greenough
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Complex Societies ◽  
Short Essay ◽  
The Comparative Study

These observations, which open a widely read essay on primitive religion, might with equal profit be applied to the comparative study of complex societies. They suggest an unusual descriptive project: to catalog the threats to social order in particular cultures in order to make revealing comparisons. They also imply that, armed with such a catalog, unusual meanings might be wrung out of recurrent disasters and common dilemmas. Such a project has not been ventured for South Asia, and I should like to begin with modern Bengal, but the embarassment arises that I am not confident I possess the “active principles” of Bengali culture. It is only by taking up acknowledged instances of “dangers,” “cataclysms,” and “disasters” that I expect to be able to reason back to ordering concepts and thus to complete the catalog. In the course of this short essay, however, only one specific calamity—the death of C. R. Das, a charismatic Indian politician—can be examined in detail. If I succeed in showing that this one calamity has a hitherto unrealized significance in modern Bengal, perhaps the reader will grant that the role of relatedcalamities in Bengal, and even in the whole of modern India, has not been insignificant.

scholarly journals Justice in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Mobility Capital and New Social Order

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Evgeniy Karchagin
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Spatial Mobility ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
New Social Order ◽  
Opening Up

The COVID-19 pandemic forces us to reconsider the conceptual boundaries of the world and everyday social order, affecting such pairs of concepts as: natural / artificial; habitual / extraordinary. The author considers one of the aspects of the changes having occured: the transformation of spatial mobility, which is connected with deep social changes. In the first part, the experience of isolation is interpreted on the basis of the theoretical resources of the social theory of mobilities, primarily the concepts of mobility capital and mobility justice. Not all social groups were equally mobile, because they had different mobility capital. The issue of mobility equity has taken in a new context: a natural global threat that has exacerbated the existing inequalities caused by the emergency. The second part of the article deals with the concept of "state of emergency" by G. Agamben and analyzes the issue of transgression of the system of the world social order, including its everyday dimension. The answer to this question is given on the basis of an analysis of the interpretations and forecasts of the leading contemporary European intellectuals (Agamben, Žižek, Latour, Sloterdijk, Fuller). The problems of social distancing, the transformation of higher education, the increase in the powers of the state, associated with medical justifications are considered. Important parameters of the new social order are the environmental factor and the need for sociocritical optics to understand the consequences of the pandemic. Analysis captures the increasing role of digital intermediaries of social interactions, which forms a new context for the problem of justice, opening up perspectives for issues of distance with digital technologies and issues of digital ecology.

scholarly journals Sports Participation For Hong Kong Women And Hong Kong Initiatives

1995 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-30
Author(s):  
Mee Lee LEUNG
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Value System ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Child Bearing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Changing Role

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Historically, sports was globally understood within the context of a masculine value system both in the Eastern and Western Societies. The 'Ying' and the 'Yang' stand for female and male in the Chinese culture implied that the female are more fragile and submissive where as the male being more aggressive and stronger. With 90% of the population in Hong Kong being Chinese, the cultural belief in a Chinese society that "Women's place should be in the home" has confined women to attend household chores and child bearing activities. In early 20th century, with the changing role of women in China and especially in Hong Kong, women are more active that they were a decade ago. Women are equal nowadays in a wide range of activities because they are better educated, play a more committed role and live a more active life. Thus, their participation in sports has increased in the past decade both in recreation and in competition. This paper attempts to report on Hong Kong women's participation in major games and also to recommend strategies which can further enhance women's place in sports.歷史上，無論東西方社會，運動廣泛地被視為屬於雄性的項目。正如中國以陰陽來代表女男一樣，女性被認為較順從和脆弱的，而男性則較強壯和具攻擊性。在九成人口都是中國人的香港社會中，「女性應該留在家裡」的觀念曾規限著女性須要處理家務和照顧孩子的責任。踏入20世紀，女性對社會事務的參與也開始積極起來。時至今日，香港的女性在多方面都能跟男性般獲得平等對待。她們不單止得到較佳的敎育機會， 在社會的角色也越來越重要。因此，無論在運動比賽及健體活動上，女性的參與比十年前的大為提高。究竟香港女性過去在主要運動競賽上的參與情況和未來女性在運動發展上方針應該如何?這都是本文探討的綱領。

Gift and Sacrifice

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Auffarth
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Order ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Gift Exchange ◽  
Gift Economy ◽  
Sacrificial Ritual ◽  
Exchange Relations

This chapter discusses sacrifice and gift exchange as perspectives on ritual relations between gods and humans. It begins by noting the role of Protestant theology in emphasizing the centrality of sacrifice to religion and the contributions of Victorian evolutionist scholars as well as twentieth-century thinkers to the conceptualization of sacrifice. Problems with these analyses—and with interpretations of mythic narratives of sacrifice more generally—suggest the value of a comprehensive religio-historical analysis of sacrifice. This suggests the value of considering sacrifice within a more general framework: as communicative gift in a gift economy. Sacrificial ritual establishes ritual commensality, thus constituting a performance of social order and power. Anthropological concepts and typologies of gifting facilitate comparing and contrasting exchange relations between humans with those between humans and gods. More generally, it allows us to characterize the roles of exchange relations in society, thus adding to our understanding of religion’s social roles.

The Transitional Woman: A Case Study of Values in the Context of an Arabic/Islamic Society

Hawwa ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-244
Author(s):  
Timothy Walters ◽  
Lynne Walters
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Value System ◽  
The Family ◽  
Instrumental Values ◽  
Value Sets ◽  
Changing Role ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Islamic Society

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is fourfold. It is first in a series of studies designed to examine: 1) Rokeach's Terminal and Instrumental Values typology in the context of non-Western culture, specifically Arab/Islam of the United Arab Emirates, 2) whether there are emerging (perhaps transitional) family and female typologies based on these value sets, 3) the relationship between outside forces (the economy and public policy for example) and the family, and 4) it is also meant to gather questions for future study.The paper is based on a survey of students at the all-female Zayed University in Dubai. The results suggested differences between groups of students with respect to Rokeach's Terminal and Instrumental Values. Environmental factors that seem to influence these differences included religion, education, urbanization, and the changing role of women in society.Findings suggest that Rokeach's values system must be rephrased, gathering terms bound to Arabic/Islamic Society to determine what terms are synonymous and what are not. Before the questions of whether a new value system is emerging in the modernizing Arab/Islamic world, where that value system is coming from, and how values are generated can be studied, the old value system must be known. Determining these benchmarks, then, is the next step in what could be a rich, rewarding stream of work adding to multi-cultural understanding.

The myths and meanings of home security

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowland Atkinson ◽  
Sarah Blandy
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Home Security ◽  
A Site ◽  
Ways Of Life

This chapter paints in some of the background to the process by which the contemporary fortress home has become normalised. Social changes in the second half of the twentieth century have accompanied a shift from more communal ways of life and collective responses to risk and insecurity, to much more individual perspectives. Neoliberal governments have complemented this trajectory with policies designed to encourage ownership, a project advantaged by engendering a fear of crime. However, at the same time as owners have come to see their homes as commodified financial assets, the state has increasingly withdrawn its guarantee to protect households from crime and disorder. This has meant that the home has taken on the role of assuring the survival of the familial unit against an ongoing assault on public systems of assistance. The need to defend this asset / haven is further exaggerated by media accounts of the elaborate security measures employed to protect the homes of celebrities and the wealthy, which feed perceptions of home as both a site of vulnerability, and of prestige and status.

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