Gift and Sacrifice

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Auffarth
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Order ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Gift Exchange ◽  
Gift Economy ◽  
Sacrificial Ritual ◽  
Exchange Relations

This chapter discusses sacrifice and gift exchange as perspectives on ritual relations between gods and humans. It begins by noting the role of Protestant theology in emphasizing the centrality of sacrifice to religion and the contributions of Victorian evolutionist scholars as well as twentieth-century thinkers to the conceptualization of sacrifice. Problems with these analyses—and with interpretations of mythic narratives of sacrifice more generally—suggest the value of a comprehensive religio-historical analysis of sacrifice. This suggests the value of considering sacrifice within a more general framework: as communicative gift in a gift economy. Sacrificial ritual establishes ritual commensality, thus constituting a performance of social order and power. Anthropological concepts and typologies of gifting facilitate comparing and contrasting exchange relations between humans with those between humans and gods. More generally, it allows us to characterize the roles of exchange relations in society, thus adding to our understanding of religion’s social roles.

scholarly journals Introduction: Moving Targets Risk, Security, and the Social in Twentieth-Century Europe

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Moses ◽  
Eve Rosenhaft
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Special Section ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Anthony Giddens ◽  
Agent Of Change

According to the sociologists Ulrich Beck and Anthony Giddens, modern societies have become increasingly preoccupied with the future and safety and have mobilized themselves in order to manage systematically what they have perceived as “risks” (Beck 1992; Giddens 1991). This special section investigates how conceptions of risk evolved in Europe over the course of the twentieth century by focusing on the creation and evolution of social policy. The language of risk has, in the past twenty years, become a matter of course in conversations about social policy (Kemshall 2002). We seek to trace how “risk” has served as aheuristic toolfor understanding and treating “social problems.” A key aim of this collection is to explore the character of social policy (in the broadest sense) as an instrument (or technology) that both constructs its own objects as the consequences of “risks” and generates new “risks” in the process (Lupton 2004: 33). In this way, social policy typifies the paradox of security: by attempting literally to making one “carefree,” orsē(without)curitās(care), acts of (social) security spur new insecurities about what remains unprotected (Hamilton 2013: 3–5, 25–26). Against this semantic and philological context, we suggest that social policy poses an inherent dilemma: in aiming to stabilize or improve the existing social order, it also acts as an agent of change. This characteristic of social policy is what makes particularly valuable studies that allow for comparisons across time, place, and types of political regime. By examining a range of cases from across Europe over the course of the twentieth century, this collection seeks to pose new questions about the role of the state; ideas about risk and security; and conceptions of the “social” in its various forms.

The governance of standard setting and the role of academia in Italian accounting regulation, 1942 to the present

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 464-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Quagli ◽  
Francesco Avallone ◽  
Paola Ramassa ◽  
Elisa Roncagliolo
Keyword(s):  
Collective Identity ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Professional Associations ◽  
Standard Setting ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Accounting Regulation

This article provides a historical analysis of the role of the accounting academia in influencing Italian accounting regulation from the 1942 Civil Code to the present. It builds on the theory of social order to investigate the evolution of accounting regulation in accordance with the rise, dominance, and decline of the sources of social order and finds that academia has progressively lost its influence. The declining role of academia is interpreted in light of its inability to evolve from a vibrant community to a more structured association, which contributed to the lack of a unified position and of a formally acknowledged representation in the Italian standard setter. The progressive exclusion of academics also parallels the growing role of professional associations in the increasingly structured governance of standard setting. Moreover, this work highlights a progressive fading of the typical features of community and the collective identity originally characterizing Italian accounting academia.

scholarly journals Respectable Citizens: Civic Militias, Local Patriotism, and Social Order in Late Habsburg Austria (1890‒1920)

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 193-219
Author(s):  
Claire Morelon
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Social Order ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Social Unrest ◽  
Good Citizenship

AbstractThis article analyzes the role of urban civic militias (burgher corps) in Habsburg Austria from the end of the nineteenth century to the aftermath of World War I. Far from a remnant of the early modern past, by the turn of the twentieth century these militias were thriving local institutions. They fostered dynastic patriotism and participated in the growing promotion of shooting among the population in the lead-up to the conflict. But they also played a major role in upholding the bourgeois ideals of protection of social hierarchies and property. In the context of the rise of the workers' movement and social unrest, the militias saw themselves as bulwarks of social order and bastions of bourgeois virtue. They reflected an exclusive conception of armed citizenship opposed to the egalitarian notion of the citizen-soldier that survived into the twentieth century. The sensory experience of burgher corps parades during the patriotic or church celebrations was supposed to convey stability and express hierarchies in the urban space. This article also links the practices of armed civilians before the war to the paramilitary groups that emerged in 1918 and emphasizes the legacy of local conceptions of armed defense of property and of notions of “good” citizenship in the aftermath of the war.

A History of Bodies

2018 ◽  
pp. 237-250
Author(s):  
Annette Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Mexican American Women ◽  
Pedagogical Choices ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Continuum

This chapter explores the development of pedagogical choices and historical practice via familial and professional mentorship. Rodríguez argues for the critical role of mentorship for the development of women in the historical profession. Naming her work “a history of the gaps,” she discusses widening the definition of historical actors as well as subjects of historical analysis. As an example, the chapter points to the continuum of women acting against racist violence, documenting, analyzing, and historicizing racist violence—against previously masculinist narratives. Demonstrating a “history of the gaps,” Rodríguez’s chapter concludes with the testimonies of Mexican and Mexican American women whose X marks confirmed anti-Mexican murders at the turn of the twentieth century.

The Death of an Uncrowned King—C. R. Das and Political Crisis in Twentieth-Century Bengal

1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-441
Author(s):  
Paul Greenough
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Complex Societies ◽  
Short Essay ◽  
The Comparative Study

These observations, which open a widely read essay on primitive religion, might with equal profit be applied to the comparative study of complex societies. They suggest an unusual descriptive project: to catalog the threats to social order in particular cultures in order to make revealing comparisons. They also imply that, armed with such a catalog, unusual meanings might be wrung out of recurrent disasters and common dilemmas. Such a project has not been ventured for South Asia, and I should like to begin with modern Bengal, but the embarassment arises that I am not confident I possess the “active principles” of Bengali culture. It is only by taking up acknowledged instances of “dangers,” “cataclysms,” and “disasters” that I expect to be able to reason back to ordering concepts and thus to complete the catalog. In the course of this short essay, however, only one specific calamity—the death of C. R. Das, a charismatic Indian politician—can be examined in detail. If I succeed in showing that this one calamity has a hitherto unrealized significance in modern Bengal, perhaps the reader will grant that the role of relatedcalamities in Bengal, and even in the whole of modern India, has not been insignificant.

scholarly journals A Study of the Role of Sivathamil Selvi Thangamma Appakutty in the Development of Hinduism in Sri Lanka

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-125
Author(s):  
A Vyasan
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Social Service ◽  
Educational Development ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Dedicated Service ◽  
Ancient Women

The vegan culture of Sri Lanka is ancient and unique. Many have contributed to the development of this culture. The twentieth century opened new chapters in educational development, social change and change of thinking as a result of English rule. Such changes began to have a massive impact on the perception of women. New chapters were opened. Such changes began to have a massive impact on the perception of women. Women’s education, women’s going to work, etc. were made possible. Born and educated at this time, Deivath Thirumakal - Dr. Sivathamilch Selvi Thangamma Appakutty was a teacher. The study, entitled A Role of Sivathamil Selvi Thangamma Appakutty in the Development of Hinduism in Sri Lanka, entitled How Her Contribution to the Educational Development of Sri Lanka Women and Overcoming the Challenges Facing Women. This study is carried out with the aim of the study. This study forms a descriptive study. Performed with analysis, comparison and historical analysis when appropriate. The mothers were eloquent, well-managed, artistic and literary, and had a fearless and dedicated service mindset. Traditional studies on women should be carried out in the field of education and social service, and studies on women should be conducted from different angles through various fields. Such research and their findings may help to show our present and future generations that ancient women lived and excelled in the Hindu society subject to various restrictions.

scholarly journals Rosa: as Representações de Gênero na Composição de Pixinguinha

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Alexandra Ferreira Martins Ribeiro ◽  
Rebeca Oliveira Araújo ◽  
Beatriz Polidori Zechlinski
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Love Marriage

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo geral analisar as representações de gênero contidas na letra da música Rosa, composta por Pixinguinha, na década de 20 do século XX. O estudo procura relacionar as representações de gênero contidas na composição de Rosa e os pensamentos e práticas culturais do período, promovendo uma reflexão acerca do papel do amor, do casamento e da ordem social naquela sociedade. A metodologia utilizada foi a análise de conteúdo (BARDIN, 2015) das fontes, valendo-se dos estudos teóricos de Burke (1991), Maluf e Mott (1998), Chartier (2002), Del Priore (2005), Saliba (2012) e Carvalho (2014). Os resultados demonstram que na composição de Rosa, a mulher é idealizada como pura, calma, mãe, bela e em sintonia com seus deveres de rainha do lar. Rosa: The Representations of Gender in the Composition of Pixinguinha The present work has the general objective to analyze the representations of genres contained in the lyrics of Rosa, composed by Pixinguinha, in the twenties of the twentieth century. The study seeks to relate the representations of gender contained in the composition and the cultural thoughts and practices of the period, promoting a reflection on the role of love, marriage and social order in that society. The methodology used was the content analysis (BARDIN, 2015) of the sources, using the theoretical studies of Burke (1991), Maluf and Mott (1998), Chartier (2002), Del Priore (2005), Saliba and Carvalho (2014). The results show that in Rosa's composition, the woman is idealized as pure, calm, mother, beautiful and in line with her duties as queen of the home.

scholarly journals Social changes and changing role of mixed households in Serbia

Sociologija ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-138
Author(s):  
Vladimir Cvetkovic
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Rural Culture ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Cultural Model ◽  
Specific Group ◽  
Value System ◽  
Changing Role

Every specific social order relies on certain elements in social structure. In the case of Serbian society in the last decade of twentieth century significant role had played group of people that occupied two socio-economic positions, workers' and peasants'. The power of this group steamed from two points: their value system and capability to efficiently survive economic hardship by having alternative to secure living resources. Other specificity of this group is its dispersion, or non existence of consciousness of belonging to this specific group. However, social 'glue' for this group was nationalism and xenophobia, and common cultural model of behavior deeply rooted in rural culture. Ruling regime in Serbia, being itself based on nationalistic elements, had found its counterpart in this group. This paper deals with the position and changing role of the mentioned group from so called mixed households and the prospects of changes after the elections 2000 in Serbia.

cAbdullah Yūsuf cAlī & Muhammad Asad: Two Approaches to the English Translation of the Qur'an

2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muzaffar Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Academic Career ◽  
British India ◽  
Human Understanding ◽  
English Translations ◽  
Political Milieu ◽  
The Times

This article attempts to present a comparative study of the role of two twentieth-century English translations of the Qur'an: cAbdullah Yūsuf cAlī's The Meaning of the Glorious Qur'ān and Muḥammad Asad's The Message of the Qur'ān. No two men could have been more different in their background, social and political milieu and life experiences than Yūsuf cAlī and Asad. Yūsuf 'Alī was born and raised in British India and had a brilliant but traditional middle-class academic career. Asad traversed a vast cultural and geographical terrain: from a highly-disciplined childhood in Europe to the deserts of Arabia. Both men lived ‘intensely’ and with deep spiritual yearning. At some time in each of their lives they decided to embark upon the translation of the Qur'an. Their efforts have provided us with two incredibly rich monumental works, which both reflect their own unique approaches and the effects of the times and circumstances in which they lived. A comparative study of these two translations can provide rich insights into the exegesis and the phenomenon of human understanding of the divine text.

On Metaphysics and the Political: A Polemics of Reading Baudelaire in the 1930s

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-259
Author(s):  
Joseph Acquisto
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Modern Poetry ◽  
Progressive Politics ◽  
The World ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

This essay examines a polemic between two Baudelaire critics of the 1930s, Jean Cassou and Benjamin Fondane, which centered on the relationship of poetry to progressive politics and metaphysics. I argue that a return to Baudelaire's poetry can yield insight into what seems like an impasse in Cassou and Fondane. Baudelaire provides the possibility of realigning metaphysics and politics so that poetry has the potential to become the space in which we can begin to think the two of them together, as opposed to seeing them in unresolvable tension. Or rather, the tension that Baudelaire animates between the two allows us a new way of thinking about the role of esthetics in moments of political crisis. We can in some ways see Baudelaire as responding, avant la lettre, to two of his early twentieth-century readers who correctly perceived his work as the space that breathes a new urgency into the questions of how modern poetry relates to the world from which it springs and in which it intervenes.

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