Science and Politics

1951 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 641-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Kelsen
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Science And Politics ◽  
Essential Function

It is a commonplace to assert that science should be independent of politics. By this one usually means that the search for truth, which is the essential function of science, should not be influenced by political interests, which are the interests concerned with the establishment and maintenance of a definite social order or a particular social institution. Politics as the art of government, that is to say, the practice of regulating the social behavior of men, is a function of will and, as such, an activity which necessarily presupposes the conscious or unconscious assumption of values, the realization of which is the purpose of the activity. Science is a function of cognition; its aim is not to govern but to explain. To describe the world is its object. Its independence of politics means in the last analysis, that the scientist must not presuppose any value; consequently he has to restrict himself to an explanation and a description of his object without judging it as good or bad, i.e., as being in conformity with, or contrary to, a presupposed value. This implies that the statements by which a scientist describes and explains the object of his inquiry must not be influenced by values in which he himself believes.

scholarly journals La muerte de los pequeñitos: entre el dogma y las creencias populares. Francia, de finales de la Antigüedad a la Época Moderna

Revista Trace ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Isabelle Séguy
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Funeral Rites ◽  
The Social ◽  
Risk Period ◽  
The Future ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Modern Europe

A menudo, el nacimiento acompaña a la muerte, perturbando el ciclo de las generaciones y el orden social. La fragilidad biológica de los recién nacidos encuentra un eco en los ritos de presentación que durante mucho tiempo coincidieron con el final de ese período “de riesgo”. Los niños que fallecían en ese período intermedio tenían derecho a recibir tratamientos funerarios particulares, heredados de una representación arcaica de la muerte. En la Europa medieval y moderna, el destino de las almas infantiles siempre fue una preocupación para los padres y para toda la sociedad. A lo largo de los siglos, se redujo el plazo entre el nacimiento y el bautismo, hasta el punto de coincidir con el día del nacimiento, con el fin de asegurar la salvación espiritual de todos los recién nacidos. Para los que fallecían antes del bautismo, se pusieron en práctica algunas soluciones originales para evitar que sus almas vagasen eternamente en el Limbo y para darles una sepultura decente.Abstract: Often, birth alternates with death, disrupting the cycle of generations and social order. Family and social behavior to welcome the newborns spread out their biological frailty. For a long time, rites surrounding the social introduction of the newborn took place at the end of this “risk” period. Infants who died during this marginal period received particular funeral rites, heritage of an archaic representation of death. In Medieval and Modern Europe, parents and whole society were concerned with the future of children’s souls. By taking place as close at birth as possible, the Christian baptism allowed protecting child’s salvation, which was considered more important than his own survival. For those who died before this sacrament, original solutions were put in place to keep their souls from eternally wandering in limbo and to give them a decent burial.Résumé : Souvent la naissance voisine avec la mort, perturbant le cycle des générations et l’ordre social. La fragilité biologique des nouveau-nés trouve un écho dans les rites de présentation qui ont coïncidé longtemps avec la fin de la période “à risque”. Les enfants qui décédaient dans cette période de marge avaient droit à des traitements funéraires particuliers, hérités d’une représentation archaïque de la mort. Dans l’Europe médiévale et moderne, le devenir des âmes enfantines a toujours été une préoccupation pour les parents et pour la société tout entière. Au fil des siècles, le délai entre la naissance et le baptême s’est réduit, au point de coïncider le même jour, afin d’assurer le salut spirituel de tous les nouveau-nés. Pour ceux qui décédaient avant le baptême, des solutions originales ont été mises en oeuvre pour éviter que leurs âmes errent éternellement dans les limbes et pour leur donner une sépulture décente.

The Myth of Science as a Source of Progress

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-82
Author(s):  
Ilya T. Kasavina ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
World View ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
The World ◽  
Progressive Potential ◽  
Scientific Research Program

In the philosophy of science and technology, scientific progress has been usually considered in a logical-methodological way, namely, from the point of view of the capacity to solve problems, the theoretical and empirical success of a certain theory or scientific research program. These are the concepts of K. Popper, I. Lakatos, and L. Laudan. They are opposed by historical and sociological ap­proaches to the development of science by T. Kuhn, S. Toulmin, and P. Feyer­abend. The article proposes a variant of the second approach – socio-epistemo­logical and, in particular, value interpretation of scientific progress shifting the focus of the discourse on scientific progress to the world-view and ideological circumstances of the development of science not only as knowledge, but as a form of culture and social institution. There is a polemic with the thesis by A.L. Nikiforov about the dominant pragmatic need for science and the primacy of its applied results, as ifthe modern achievement of which science has al­legedly fulfilled as well as the purpose prescribed to it by F. Bacon, and even ex­hausted its progressive potential. Criticism of the position by A.L. Nikiforov is based on an alternative view on science, which follows from a different interpre­tation of the New Times scientific revolution and the purpose of science in gen­eral. Scientific progress is seen in the creation by science of a new image of the world, new ways of communication, new moral guidelines, the design of new ways of social order. Such a science does not fit into the narrow, logical-method­ological criteria of scientific rationality. However, it is precisely this culture-forming, socio-cultural function of science that allows us to talk about science as an enterprise that contributes to social progress and, if progressive, it is precisely because of this circumstance.

Imaginary and Rational: From Social Theory to Social Order

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4-1) ◽  
pp. 168-179
Author(s):  
Elena Erokhina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Theory ◽  
Social Constructivism ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Social Imaginary ◽  
Research Strategies ◽  
Social Imagination ◽  
Public Expectations ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
New Research

The article is devoted to the analysis of imagination as a philosophical and sociological concept that played a significant role in the development of social theory in the middle of the 20th century. Exploring the premises of the contradictory relationship between science and society, it is easy to find a connection between the development of science and social change. Currently, it is generally accepted that scientific, including social theories, through the transfer of ideas, transform the social order and, on the contrary, social practices transform knowledge about the world. The article proves that imagination plays a key role in this process. An excursion into the theory of ideas reveals the connection between imagination and irrational and experiential knowledge. The author of the article refers to the works of P. Berger and T. Luckmann, C. Castoriadis and C. Taylor, who showed a direct connection between theoretical ideas and the world of "social imaginary", collective imaginary and social changes. For the first time in the history of mankind, thanks to imagination, society does not see the social order as something immutable. Methodological cases are presented that illustrate the specific role of the concept of imagination as a source of the formation of new research strategies that allow for a new look at the problem of nationalism (social constructivism) and the study of public expectations from the implementation of technological innovations (STS). For decades, Benedict Anderson's work “Imagined Communities” predetermined the interest of researchers of nationalism in social imagination and the collective ideas based on it about the national identity of modern societies, their history and geography. The research of Sheila Jasanoff and Sang-Hyun Kim has formed a new track for the study of science as a collective product of public expectations of an imaginary social order, embodied in technological projects. The conclusion is made about the contradictory nature of social expectations based on collective imagination: on the one hand, they strengthen the authority of science in society, on the other hand, they provoke the growth of negative expectations from the introduction of scientific discoveries. The article substantiates the opinion that imagination is an effective tool for assessing the risks of introducing innovations.

Being-at-home and Homelessness

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Simone
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Private Space ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Autobiographical Accounts ◽  
Physical Spaces ◽  
The Waves ◽  
Representations Of Women ◽  
At Home

In Chapter 3, the previous focus upon place is narrowed to that of ‘home’, an element of Being-in-the-world that is granted particular significance throughout Woolf’s writings. Heideggerian understandings of ‘not-Being-at-home’, ‘thrownness’, and ‘theyness’ are drawn upon in order to explore Woolf’s representations of women in the private space as ‘homeless at home.’ From her autobiographical accounts, to her essays and her fiction, Woolf emphasises the ways in which the physical spaces of the home – including its objects, and architectural features such as doors and rooms – are representative of the social order. Reflecting a recurrent preoccupation throughout her writings, Woolf also explores the sense of homelessness and deep unease experienced by social ‘outsiders’ such as Septimus Smith in Mrs Dalloway, and Louis and Rhoda in The Waves, each of whom unveil, question and reject society’s call for conformity and compliance.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Simone
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Being And Time ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World

The Introduction includes an overview of the content of each of the following chapters. This chapter explores the context of war and modernity that provided a shared backdrop for Woolf and Heidegger. An explication of Woolf’s sustained engagement in the critique of the social order throughout her writings is included, and is compared with Heidegger’s largely apolitical approach to Being-in-the-world in his 1927 book, Being and Time. A review of potential philosophical influences upon Woolf’s writings is provided, as well as a survey of published literature that touches upon the connections between Woolf’s writings and Heidegger’s Being and Time.

4. The modern world

2018 ◽  
pp. 56-84
Author(s):  
Steve Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Intellectual Discipline

Although we can view sociology as a disinterested intellectual discipline that stands aside from the world it observes, sociology is itself a symptom of the very things it describes. ‘The modern world’ summarizes what sociology sees as distinctive about the social formations that concern it, considering modernity, social order, social mobility, and postmodernity. The key sociological proposition that much of our world is inadvertent and unintended is important, not just for understanding why things do not go as planned, but also for understanding why things are as they are. This has serious policy implications, because if we misunderstand the causes of what concerns us, we misdirect our efforts to change it.

Rousseau and Critical Theory

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-55
Author(s):  
Alessandro Ferrara
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Critical Theory ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Political Order ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The One

InRousseau and Critical Theory, Alessandro Ferrara argues that among the modern philosophers who have shaped the world we inhabit, Rousseau is the one to whom we owe the idea that identity can be a source of normativity (moral and political) and that an identity’s potential for playing such a role rests on its capacity for being authentic. This normative idea of authenticity brings unity to Rousseau’s reflections on the negative effects of the social order, on the just political order, on education, and more generally, on ethics. It is also shown to contain important teachings for contemporary Critical Theory, contemporary views of self-constitution (Korsgaard, Frankfurt and Larmore), and contemporary political philosophy.

scholarly journals DIGITALISASI DAKWAH SEBAGAI UPAYA MEMBANGUN PERADABAN BARU ISLAM DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-61
Author(s):  
Muhammad Himmatur Riza
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Soft Skills ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
The West ◽  
Soft Skill ◽  
Literature Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Face

The Covid-19 pandemic has plagued all over the world. Many aspects of the social order have changed including da'wah activities. The development and existence of technology and restrictions on various religious activities during the Covid-19 pandemic are challenges and opportunities in da'wah activities. Research conducted is literature research that is by collecting data from various sources of references that already exist. The result of this research indicates that the speaker is required to have mastery in the field of technology and continuously to upgrade soft skills to preach in this era. The method that must be modern and practical dawah material becomes a bargaining value that is in demand by the community. This provides an opportunity for dai to document all forms of activities that are da'wah and can also publish muslims and the dynamics of their developing lives. Dai's role must be able to adapt and compete with the globalization of information technology that is already rapidly evolving and liberally controlled by the west, so as to build a new civilization of the face of Islam in the Islamic preaching activities.Keywords: Digitization of Da'wah, Covid-19 Pandemic, Islamic Civilization.Abstrak Pandemi Covid-19 telah mewabah dunia. Banyak aspek tatanan kehidupan sosial mengalami perubahan termasuk dalam kegiatan dakwah. Adanya perkembangan dan keberadaan teknologi serta pembatasan berbagai kegiatan keagamaan di masa pandemi Covid-19 menjadi tantangan dan peluang dalam kegiatan dakwah. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan berbasis data kepustakaan yaitu dengan mengumpulkan data dari berbagai sumber referensi yang sudah ada. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dai atau penceramah dituntut untuk memiliki penguasaan dibidang teknologi dan terus menerus untuk mengupgrade soft skill guna mampu berdakwah di era sekarang ini. Metode yang harus dimodernisasi dan materi dakwah yang praktis menjadi nilai tawar yang diminati oleh masyarakat. Hal ini memberikan peluang bagi para dai untuk mendokumentasikan segala bentuk kegiatan yang bersifat dakwah dan juga dapat mempublikasikan umat islam beserta dinamika kehidupannya yang sedang berkembang. Peran dai harus mampu beradaptasi dan bersaing dengan globalisasi teknologi informasi yang dikuasai yang sudah secara pesat berkembang dan dikuasai secara liberal oleh barat, sehingga mampu membangun peradaban baru wajah Islam dalam berdakwah.Kata kunci: Digitalisasi Dakwah, Pandemi Covid-19, Peradaban Islam.

scholarly journals اللغة العربية قبل الإسلام

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Nur Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Social Field ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Islamic Religion

Language is a set of words used by a group of people to express or reveal a purpose. Arabic is one of the Sam languages, Arab nation is a kind of Sam  nations (identical to sam ibn nuh). As we all know that the Arabic language is not only used by the Arab nation, but also used in many nations of the world. Before the arrival of the Islamic religion in the Arab nation, the Arab nation lives in the Jahiliyyah. Arabic civilization before Islam in the social field has a bad social order, but in the field of arts and language is highly advanced. The Arabic language since its oldest era has been divided  into many dialects that differ from each other in many aspects of Phonology, Semantic, Sintax, and Vocabulary

scholarly journals COMMUNITY OF CHILDREN INMATES AND ASSISTANCE SYSTEM IN THE PENITENTIARY: The Impact of Child Social System to the Assistance Process at Kutoarjo Children Penitentiary

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-120
Author(s):  
Indah Sri Utari
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Social System ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

The community of inmates children as a unique and unique social system is difficult to understand when viewed only from the outside, so it is necessary to systematically attempt to know the values, norms, relationships, and objectives-through where and with what they are living, and understand both their own experiences and the world in which they liveThe situational system of the inmates children as human beings (although in this case is the child) to be fostered, is one of the important elements in the whole process of assistance in the Penitentiary is no exception to the Children Penitentiary in Kutoarjo. The entire penitentiary system design, from the assistance program, the assistance mechanism, and the assistance implementation, is actually determined by the circumstances and the reality of the people who are to be fostered, the inmates.The reality of the children inmates who are always on the "social order" in their various communities is essentially constantly changing. Specifically, this study finds links between: the institutional reality of a children penitentiary, which includes the factual circumstances concerning facilities and infrastructure, and the administrative aspects of KutoarjoChildren Penitentiary. The reality of the member of KutoarjoChildren Penitentiaryin the form of identified number of occupants, placement systems, and formal and informal groupings of the targeted children in addition to the build and formed a community of the assisted children in KutoarjoChildren Penitentiary and the basic elements of the Social System of the Auxiliaries in all the community of assisted children and etc.As Soerjono Sukanto said that even though human "convicts" live in a confined state, they instinctively want to interact with fellow inmates. This instinct is referred to as "gregariousness" (Soekanto: 1998: 73), which in the last instance will give birth to so-called "social groups". In this context created social structure, social system, norms and so on.

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