The Buffalo Pound in North-Western Plains Prehistory: Site 48 CA 302, Wyoming

1971 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
George C. Frison
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Powder River Basin ◽  
Meat Processing ◽  
Alluvial Deposits ◽  
Radiocarbon Age ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Middle Period ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
North Western

AbstractThe Ruby site, 48 CA 302, in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming, is a buffalo pound dating to late Middle Period with a radiocarbon age of 1670± 135 years: A.D. 280 GX-1157). The site was contained in steadily aggrading alluvial deposits allowing close stratigraphic control. Features included most of a buffalo pound, part of the drive lane, and an associated ceremonial structure.An attempt to explain the operation of this pound is based on historical accounts for various north-western Plains tribes and on problems of buffalo handling encountered with modern herds, allowing for changes brought about by the introduction of the horse. The ceremonial structure is explained in the context of shamanistic activity occurring with communal hunts in ethnographic and historical accounts. Archaeological data from the same area and time period suggest this pound is a variant of other communal buffalo procurement methods, including buffalo jumps, that occurred yearly to provide food for winter use and that required consolidation of the society into larger groups than could effectively exploit the environment during the remainder of the year.A large segment of the meat processing area remains intact and will eventually be used in an attempt to test hypotheses concerning butchering methods, tool use, and nature of social groups involved.

Gonad morphology and gametogenesis in the deep-sea jellyfish Atolla wyvillei and Periphylla periphylla (Scyphozoa: Coronatae) collected from Cape Hatteras and the Gulf of Mexico

2009 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 1095-1104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathy H. Lucas ◽  
Adam J. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Gonad Development ◽  
Bell Diameter ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Gonad Morphology ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Cape Hatteras ◽  
Literature Evidence ◽  
Long Time ◽  
North Western

Observations on gonad morphology and the structure of ovaries and testes of the coronate scyphozoans Atolla wyvillei and Periphylla periphylla are described based on samples collected from the Gulf of Mexico and Cape Hatteras (north-western Atlantic). In A. wyvillei, gonads of distinguishable sex were observed in medusae as small as 17 mm bell diameter (BD). Spermatogenesis occurred within follicles (average 366 × 254 μm) that were evenly distributed throughout the gonad. Oocytes in different stages of development were observed in all the females with gonads. Oocytes arise from the gastrodermis and migrate into the mesoglea to develop from early-mid to late vitellogenic oocytes characterized by a large nucleus and granular (organic-rich) cytoplasm. The largest oocytes measured were 543 μm and 263 μm from the Gulf of Mexico and Cape Hatteras respectively. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed. In P. periphylla gonads were also initially observed in medusae 17 mm BD, although not all larger medusae had obvious gonads. Unlike A. wyvillei sperm follicles were arranged in long convoluted rows normally only one follicle thick. The organization of ooytes in female P. periphylla was very similar to A. wyvillei, although the gonads were small and the number of oocytes present in each gonad very low (<22). The largest oocyte measured was 777 μm in a 53 mm BD medusa. Although medusae were collected from one time period only (September) in this study, our findings appear to be in agreement with literature evidence indicating that coronate jellyfish produce few eggs continuously over a long time period. Aspects of gonad development and gametogenesis are discussed with respect to potential differences in site productivity and species identification.

Elliptical Analysis: An Heuristic Technique for the Analysis of Artifact Clusters

1976 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert A. Dekin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Archaeological Method And Theory ◽  
Heuristic Technique ◽  
Archaeological Method ◽  
Arctic Archaeology

Perhaps the most neglected aspect of archaeological research in the Arctic has been the within-site dimension of archaeological data. Few archaeologists have “attempted to see their material as remains left by social groups” (Anderson 1968:397) and fewer still have attempted to infer patterns of social organization and the within-site organization of activities. One measure of the degree to which Arctic archaeologists have failed to contribute to contemporary archaeological method and theory is the fact that the 37-page bibliography of Contemporary Archaeology: A Guide to Theory and Contributions recently edited by Mark Leone (1972) contains not one reference to Arctic archaeology. In part, this is because much of the contents of this collection of papers considers data from the southwestern United States and Mesoamerica, but it also demonstrates that Arctic archaeologists have contributed little to discussions of archaeological method and theory.In a recent chapter on the development of Arctic archaeology (Dekin 1973), I expressed optimism regarding the potential theoretical contributions of archaeology in the Arctic, but this will not occur without a renewed emphasis on precise excavation, analytic sophistication, and a revitalized sense of “problem.”

Review of periodical articles

Urban History ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-335
Author(s):  
JELLE HAEMERS ◽  
GERRIT VERHOEVEN ◽  
JEROEN PUTTEVILS ◽  
PETER JONES
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
The Social ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Urban Elites ◽  
Patrilineal Descent ◽  
North Western

One of the key concepts of Max Weber's writings on cities was that in north-western Europe, the landed nobility and urban elites were clearly distinguished. For Weber, this was indeed a main reason to locate the occidental city in the north rather than in the Mediterranean. Christof Rolker tackles this question in his ‘Heraldische Orgien und Sozialer Aufstieg. Oder: Wo ist eigentlich “oben” in der spätmittelalterlichen Stadt?’, Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung, 52 (2015), 191–224. The in-depth analysis of one of the largest and at the same time most widespread armorials in the late medieval Holy Empire, namely that of Konrad Grünenberg (d. 1494), demonstrates that in Konstanz (where Grünenberg lived) guilds (and not the nobility) first insisted on patrilineal descent as a proof of status. Traditionally, Grünenberg is seen as a paradigmatic social climber, as he left his guild to join the society of the local nobility (called ‘Zur Katz’). Yet his sumptuous armorial, containing over 2,000 coat of arms mainly from the south-west of the Empire, does not mention any single member of this noble society. Instead, it praises the tournament societies of which Grünenberg was not a member, and highlights chivalric events in which he never participated. This, Rolker argues, indicates that armorials were not only about status already gained or to be gained, but also a manual for contemporaries to discuss the social order in a more abstract way. In his ‘Wappenbuch’, Grünenberg constantly explains why he could not join the noble societies he praised, while at the same time he ignored the ‘Zur Katz’ association of which he was a member. Therefore, Rolker concludes that it was not only members (or would-be members) of the respective social groups who knew and reproduced social codes. So the boundary between noble and urban elites was more blurred than Weber claimed – though Rolker is of course not the first to criticize Weber on this. Clearly, Grünenberg's armorial was part and parcel of a wider discussion of origins and kinship, namely patrilineal kinship that took place in several social milieux, rather than simply a book which displayed inherited status.

The Neolithic in The Cambridgeshire Fens

Antiquity ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 36 (141) ◽  
pp. 10-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. D. Clark ◽  
H. Godwin
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Age Determination ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Radiocarbon Age ◽  
Neolithic Culture ◽  
University Department ◽  
The University ◽  
North Western

By common consent the spread of Neolithic culture has been one of the first objectives of radiocarbon dating in north-western Europe. This is due primarily to the intrinsic historical importance of this process, but the fact that the inception of husbandry has left clear indicators in the palaeobotanical record means that decisive samples are readily available. In the present paper an account will first be given of the reinvestigation of the site on Peacock’s Farm, Shippea Hill, Cambridgeshire, a locality where in 1934 Neolithic pottery had been found stratified in a vertical sequence between Mesolithic and Early Bronze Age remains, each in deposits with fossil pollen. In view of the stratigraphical importance of the site it may be appropriate in this same context to review the radiocarbon dates for the inception of Neolithic culture in the British Isles as a whole. The excavations were undertaken during June, 1960, by the Cambridge University Department of Archaeology and Anthropology with the support of the Crowther-Beynon Fund. Samples were collected for pollen analysis and radiocarbon age determination and the laboratory work was carried out in the University Sub-department of Quaternary Research at Cambridge.

scholarly journals The Joint Use of Multiple Satellite SAR Data and Geotechnical Models for the Study of the Shanghai Ocean-Reclaimed Lands

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Pepe ◽  
Manuela Bonano ◽  
Qing Zhao ◽  
Tianliang Yang ◽  
Hanmei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Alluvial Deposits ◽  
Surface Displacements ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Small Baseline Subset ◽  
Dependent Model ◽  
Time Gap ◽  
Sar Data ◽  
Small Baseline

This paper is aimed at studying the temporal evolution of the surface displacements occurred over the past few years in the ocean-reclaimed platforms of the Shanghai megacity (China), which are mainly ascribable to consolidation processes of large dredger fills and alluvial deposits. With respect to previous analyses carried out over the same area, this work provides a joint multi-platform differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) analysis, based on the application of the advanced Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) algorithm. This led us to retrieve long-term deformation time-series that are helpful for a better understanding of the on-going deformation phenomena. To this aim, we have exploited two sequences of SAR data collected by the ASAR/ENVISAT and by the COSMO-SkyMed (CSK) sensors, respectively, spanning the whole time period from 2007 to 2016. Unfortunately, the large time gap (of about three years) existing between the available ASAR/ENVISAT and CSK datasets gave rise to additional difficulties for their combination. Nevertheless, this problem has been faced by benefiting from the knowledge of a time-dependent model describing the temporal evolution of the expected deformations affecting the Shanghai ocean-reclaimed platforms.

Uncertain Adjustments

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifton Hood
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
The Political ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Urban Elites ◽  
Main Development ◽  
National Capital ◽  
New Yorkers

In the 1780s and 1790s, the old configuration of rank and hierarchy slowly gave way to demands for greater pluralism and equality, patriarchal leaders had to share the political sphere with representatives from other social groups, and an invigorated market economy created new fears and uncertainties. Even as they unflinchingly asserted their right to governance, upper-class New Yorkers were being forced to acknowledge in new ways the presence of the less privileged. That was a legacy of the Revolution and its immediate aftermath. For elites, the challenge of organizing new relationships with commoners was the main development of this time period. The loss of the national capital (to Philadelphia, in 1790) ensured that New York would continue to evolve as a business-oriented city and that business would be the main source of wealth and prestige for urban elites but upper-class New Yorkers remained fearful and apprehensive about materialism and did not yet embrace it fully.

Spread of denudational processes in seepage channels in a postglacial area (north-western Poland)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Mazurek
Keyword(s):  
Mass Movement ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Stream Channels ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Stream Network ◽  
Alluvial Deposits ◽  
Seepage Erosion ◽  
Groundwater Sapping ◽  
The Impact ◽  
North Western

&lt;p&gt;Erosion by emerging groundwater (i.e., seepage erosion or groundwater sapping) is the primary mechanism initiating stream channels (so-called seepage channels) and headward growth in lowland areas with a high infiltration capacity of sediment where the surface runoff is relatively rarely observed. Around groundwater outflows, as a result of the impact of denudational processes, develops an alcove, which is an amphitheatrical depression, often of steep slopes, separated from the slopes of the initial depression with clear edges. A spring-formed alcove is the upper boundary of a concentrated flow of water and sediment transport between well-marked channel margins. The influence of groundwater remains one of the least understood factors in the landform evolution in the postglacial zone of Western Pomerania (north-western Poland).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Morphometric and lithological surveying of about 80 spring-formed alcoves were studied in the southern part of the Pars&amp;#281;ta catchment (NW Poland) made it possible to identify morphological effects of seepage erosion which are combined with surface wash and mass movement processes. The co-occurrence of various denudational processes in the headwater zones produces variations in the accumulation conditions, and as a result, a diversity of deposits. The mineral series includes erosional pavements, colluvium, and alluvial deposits. Changes in hydrodynamic conditions are favourable to organic accumulation (peats and organic-mineral muds) as well as &amp;#160;chemical and biochemical deposition (calcareous tufa and precipitation of Fe-oxides). Seepage channels grow when they attract enough groundwater to remove clastic material from the heads. Depending on the discharge volume of the outflow from the ten observed spring-formed alcoves (1-73 L/s), products of mechanical denudation (4-54 mg/L) are transported from the slope system to the fluvial system.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The morphometry of the spring-formed alcoves as well as deposits found in them reflect stages of their development. Changes in the development of the channel heads occur as a result of variations in the groundwater table that are due to changes in climatic conditions or land use. The determination of the place and formation of the beginning of a river channel initiated by groundwater outflows is of key importance for the modelling of the development of a stream network.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Role of multifractal analysis in understanding the preparation zone for large size earthquake in the North-Western Himalaya region

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Teotia ◽  
D. Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Western Himalaya ◽  
B Value ◽  
Great Earthquake ◽  
Kashmir Earthquake ◽  
The North ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Self Organised Criticality ◽  
North Western

Abstract. Seismicity has power law in space, time and magnitude distributions and same is expressed by the fractal dimension D, Omori's exponent p and b-value. The spatio-temporal patterns of epicenters have heterogeneous characteristics. As the crust gets self-organised into critical state, the spatio-temporal clustering of epicenters emerges to heterogeneous nature of seismicity. To understand the heterogeneous characteristics of seismicity in a region, multifractal studies hold promise to characterise the dynamics of region. Multifractal study is done on seismicity data of the North-Western Himalaya region which mainly involve seismogenic region of 1905 Kangra great earthquake in the North-Western Himalaya region. The seismicity data obtained from USGS catalogue for time period 1973–2009 has been analysed for the region which includes the October 2005 Muzafrabad-Kashmir earthquake (Mw =7.6). Significant changes have been observed in generalised dimension Dq, Dq spectra and b-value. The significant temporal changes in generalised dimension Dq, b-value and Dq−q spectra prior to occurrence of Muzaffrabad-Kashmir earthquake relates to distribution of epicenters in the region. The decrease in generalised dimension and b-value observed in our study show the relationship with the clustering of seismicity as is expected in self-organised criticality behaviour of earthquake occurrences. Such study may become important in understanding the preparation zone of large and great size earthquake in various tectonic regions.

The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian epic chronicle of the thirteenth century Translated with a historical and philological commentary

Inner Asia ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor De Rachewiltz
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Epic Poetry ◽  
Social Organisation ◽  
Outstanding Contribution ◽  
The Real ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Secret History

AbstractThe appearance of this new publication by Igor de Rachewiltz is evidence of the unquenchable interest in the Mongolian medieval literary monument The Secret History of the Mongols. To quote: ‘The real interest of the Secret History lies . . . in its faithful description of the Mongol tribal life in the 12th and 13th centuries’. Why is this text so especially valuable? Firstly, ‘The Secret History stands alone also because it is so close to the events which it relates’ (p. lxiv), and secondly, ‘The Secret History is and remains a true and original Mongol product, unique of its kind, for no other nomadic or seminomadic people has ever created a literary masterpiece like it, in which epic poetry and narrative are so skilfully and indeed artistically blended with fictional and historical accounts’ (p. xxvi). In the present study the author used more than forty translations in different languages. By doing it he pays a tribute to his predecessors: ‘Mostaert’s outstanding contribution’ (p. cxiii), ‘Mostaert’s and Ligeti’s epoch-making studies’ (p. lxxv), ‘Cleaves’ book is nevertheless of paramount importance’ (p. lxxvi) etc. To complete the translation and the commentary, the author used bibliographies, references, and dictionaries, all of which helped him to create a piece of work which revealed different sides of Mongolian life in the period of formation of the Mongolian Empire. For instance, the mentality of the time is revealed through interpretation of various folk motifs. Types of social organisation are revealed by explanation of terms, social positions, ranks and hierarchy, the levels of political organisation, and through analysis of interrelations between social groups and the elite. The present translation is the product of thirty years’ continuous investigation into this difficult text. ‘Over 1,300 primary and secondary sources, as well as monographs and essays in many languages, have been consulted by the author’. One can not disagree with the statement that, despite the longevity of observation and interest in it, the Secret History still remains ‘a true mine of information’.

scholarly journals The age and origin of the Gelderse IJssel

2008 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Makaske ◽  
G.J. Maas ◽  
D.G. van Smeerdijk
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Natural Process ◽  
Lower Reach ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
The Third ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Considerable Debate ◽  
Overbank Sedimentation ◽  
Historical Accounts

AbstractThe Gelderse IJssel is the third major distributary of the Rhine in the Netherlands and diverts on average ~15% of the Rhine discharge northward. Historic trading cities are located on the Gelderse IJssel and flourished in the late Middle Ages. Little is known about this river in the early Middle Ages and before, and there is considerable debate on the age and origin of the Gelderse IJssel as a Rhine distributary. A small river draining the surrounding Pleistocene uplands must have been present in the IJssel valley during most of the Holocene, but very diverse opinions exist as to when this local river became connected to the Rhine system (and thereby to a vast hinterland), and whether this was human induced or a natural process. We collected new AMS radiocarbon evidence on the timing of beginning overbank sedimentation along the lower reach of the Gelderse IJssel. Our data indicate onset of overbank sedimentation at about 950 AD in this reach. We attribute this environmental change to the establishment of a connection between the precursor of the IJssel and the Rhine system by avulsion. Analysis of previous conventional radiocarbon dates from the upper IJssel floodplain yields that this avulsion may have started ~600 AD. Our results contradict earlier suppositions, based on interpretation of archaeological data and historical accounts, that the Gelderse IJssel is much older and originated as a canal, dug under supervision of the Roman general Drusus.

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