Studies in the Roman province Galatia: VI. Some Inscriptions of Colonia Caesarea Antiochea

1924 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 172-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Mitchell Ramsay
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Gradual Disappearance ◽  
Roman Province ◽  
The Town ◽  
Good Number

Sterrett mentioned long ago that there are twelve mahale (divisions) in the modern town of Yalowatch. Two of these are separate from the rest on the SW. I have often tried to get a list of the mahale; but no two persons agreed about them and, as the town has grown, the distinction seems to have been forgotten as inconsistent with modern ‘progress.’ Once I gathered a group of men, and instituted a regular ‘third degree’ questioning. There was general acquiescence in the number 12; it is a good number; but some maintained that some quarter of the town was a mahale, while others declared that it was not really a mahale. Probably the classification represents the persistence and gradual disappearance of a former condition. Yalowatch was in the fourteenth century one of the six great cities of Hamid (H.G.A.M. p. 390).

Groundwater exploitation for public and private uses in the towns of the Roman province: the emblematic example of Formia (Latium adiectum: central Italy)

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-402
Author(s):  
S. Ciccone ◽  
A. Di Leo ◽  
M. Tallini
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Groundwater Exploitation ◽  
Geographic Position ◽  
Roman Province ◽  
Storage Structures ◽  
The Town

Formia was a Roman municipality (central Italy) and one of the Roman notables' favourite holiday destinations from the 2nd century B.C. to the 1st century A.C. The town was also a strategic hub for sea and land trade and drew its strength from its geographic position, climate and abundance of spring waters near the sea. This wealth of freshwater, managed by special magistrates (curator aquarum), had multiple public and private uses: (i) intake structures (draining tunnels, cistern and an octagonal hall/musaeum/nymphaeum which may have been used as a model for the most famous octagonal hall of Nero's Domus Aurea in Rome); (ii) supply structures (above all aqueducts); (iii) storage structures (above all cisterns); and, finally, (iv) utilisation structures for public use (thermal baths, probably a pond/piscina dulcis and at least two fountains located along the Appian Way, the regina viarum of the Roman period) and private use (balnea and nymphaea/oeci described by the famous architect Vitruvius who was born in Formia). Hence, as a municipality located in the hinterland of the caput mundi, Formia may be regarded as a typical example of management and public and private use of water resources in the Roman period.

VII. The Papal Palace and other Fourteenth-Century Buildings at Sorgues near Avignon

Archaeologia ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 161-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Luttrell ◽  
T. F. C. Blagg
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Small Town ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Major Tributary ◽  
John Xxii ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Town ◽  
Old Roman

John XXII, elected as the second of the Avignon popes on 7 August 1316 at the age of seventy-two, built extensively in the territories around that city as well as initiating works in Avignon itself. In 1318 he began the construction of a palace on the edge of the small town of Sorgues, situated some nine kilometres north of Avignon at a point on the line of the old Roman road to Orange where there was a bridge across the river Ouvèze, a major tributary of the Rhône. This paper considers the evidence for the palace, including the surviving remains of the structure which are published here for the first time, and for certain contemporary buildings in Sorgues, in particular the house at 27 Rue de la Tour in which a series of late fourteenth-century frescoes was uncovered in 1936. These researches began with an architectural study of this ‘Maison des Fresques’, but it soon became clear that such investigations raised wider questions involving the interpretation of documentary and archaeological evidence relevant both to the palace and to the medieval topography of the town.

Tripoli at the Beginning of the Fourteenth Century A. D./Eighth Century AH

1978 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 55-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Brett
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
French Translation ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The People ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

In the Seventh Annual Report of the Society I published an account of the journey of the shaykh Al-Tijānī to Tripoli at the beginning of the fourteenth century A. D./eighth century A. H., with particular reference to the Arab tribes and chiefs whom he encountered.What follows is a translation of the passages from the Riḥla in which he describes the city of Tripoli as he saw it during the eighteen months of his residence. Page references are to the 1958 Tunis edition of the work, followed by references to the nineteenth century French translation by Alphonse Rousseau. The latter is incomplete, and not always accurate.221, trans. 1853, 135Our entry into (Tripoli) took place on Saturday, 19th Jumāḍā II (707).237, trans. 1853, 135–6As we approached Tripoli and came upon it, its whiteness almost blinded the eye with the rays of the sun, so that I knew the truth of their name for it, the White City. All the people came out, showing their delight and raising their voices in acclaim. The governor of the city vacated the place of his residence, the citadel of the town, so that we might occupy it. I saw the traces of obvious splendour in the citadel (qaṣba), but ruin had gained sway. The governors had sold most of it, so that the houses which surrounded it were built from its stones. There are two wide courts, and outside is the mosque (masjid), formerly known as the Mosque of the Ten, since ten of the shaykhs of the town used to gather in it to conduct the affairs of the city before the Almohads took possession. When they did so, the custom ceased, and the name was abandoned.

Sutri (Sutrium) (Notes on Southern Etruria, 3)

1958 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 63-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Original Work ◽  
Small Town ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Town

The modern town of Sutri lies 50 km. north of Rome, beside the Via Cassia, on the site of the ancient Sutrium (pl. X, a, b). It was already in existence in Etruscan times, passed to the Romans at the beginning of the fourth century b.c., was twice colonised by them and reached a peak of prosperity under the early Empire. It continued to flourish in the early Middle Ages, but a rapid decline set in after the fourteenth century and the town to-day is comparatively modest and unimportant.The following report is concerned mainly with the ancient town and with a typical area of the surrounding countryside (7 km. × 12 km. in extent), as it was in Etruscan and Roman times (fig. 1, p. 64). It is chiefly a record of the archaeological remains found in the area during five months' fieldwork in the winter and spring, 1957–1958, undertaken as part of the British School's current programme of survey in southern Etruria, which is designed to record permanently such remains before they disappear for ever, as they are fast doing.The antiquities of the ancient town itself are already well known and have been described several times in the past. But, apart from occasional references to isolated finds and an attempt towards the end of the last century to map the ancient roads, the countryside outside the town has never been properly explored. The bulk of the original work, therefore, lies in sections III and IV. The Etruscan and the Roman roads have been located, as far as is possible, and all the sites which are still to be found have been recorded. In certain areas present-day woodland concealed a few, notably round the small town of Bassano di Sutri and towards the summit of M. Calvi, south of Sutri, and cultivation in the immediate vicinity of the modern towns may have destroyed a few more, especially near Ronciglione; but at the most it is probable that only about 20 sites were lost or missed in this way, as opposed to a total recorded of some 220. Except for woodland, all the ground within the limits of the area chosen was walked over and examined.

scholarly journals The Medieval Synagogue of Molina de Aragón: Architecture and Decoration

Arts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Daniel Muñoz-Garrido
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Excavation Work ◽  
Work Done ◽  
The Town

The remains of a medieval synagogue, in addition to numerous fragments of plaster decoration, have been found as a result of the excavation work done at the Prao de los Judíos archaeological site in the town of Molina de Aragón (Guadalajara, Spain). These remains suggest that the synagogue was built in the second half of the thirteenth century and that it was refashioned later in the fourteenth century following the same artistic model of the synagogues of Córdoba and El Tránsito. Based on comparative analysis, this article studies the Synagogue of Molina de Aragón in relation to other medieval Iberian synagogues.

The Rumanian Orthodox church and the west

1976 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 277-291
Author(s):  
Eric Tappe
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
The West ◽  
Church Building ◽  
Time And Being ◽  
Roman Province

The title of this paper raises a problem at the very outset. What is meant by ‘the Rumanian Orthodox church’ when one is talking of a period before the notion of ‘Rumania’ had been conceived? In this paper it will be taken to mean the Orthodox church as it existed in the principalities of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania from the fourteenth century and has continued in those territories to the present day.A few words first about the prehistory of the Rumanian Orthodox church as thus defined. The Roman province of Dacia had been created by Trajan in AD 106, and the administration had been withdrawn south of the Danube by Aurelian in 271, after which the territories in question were controlled first by the Goths and then by a succession of other invaders for about ten centuries. During this millenium they remain for us in a darkness lit by very few rays. It is therefore not surprising that there is little evidence for church organisation north of the Danube during this period, especially when we remember that the Dacian lands ceased to belong to the empire half a century before Christianity became a tolerated religion. The first church building so far discovered in the lands north of the lower Danube is at Sucidava, a bridgehead held by the Romans after their withdrawal, destroyed by the Huns in 447, and refounded by Justinian in his first years as emperor. This basilica is apparently from Justinian’s time, and being in a bridgehead, may be presumed to have depended on a church organisation south of the Danube.

Tughluqabad, third interim report: gates, silos, waterworks and other features

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
MEHRDAD SHOKOOHY ◽  
NATALIE H. SHOKOOHY
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Interim Report ◽  
Artificial Lake ◽  
Street Layout ◽  
The Town

An early-fourteenth-century capital of the Delhi sultanate, Tughluqabad is a prototype for the planning of many later cities. The ruins of Tughluqabad represent the extent of the architectural design and engineering skills of the time, while the street layout and other urban features remain as the earliest existing example of Indo-Muslim urban planning and its architectural components. In this report the survey of the major fortified gates with their corridors and guard rooms is presented, along with the granaries built to sustain the town in the event of siege or famine. A detailed study of the systems for controlling the water supply also shows how the flood plain was dammed and the water level managed by an ingenious system of sluices to create an artificial lake which supplied the moat and town. The report is part of the project of survey of Tughluqabad initiated in 1986 and complements the two earlier interim reports in BSOAS, 57 (1994) and 62 (1999), in which the architectural remains were studied together with urban planning and the method for construction of the town.

scholarly journals A Research of the Material of the Core of Metal Threads from the Fourteenth-Century Slabbed Graves at the Plateau of Eski-Kermen

2021 ◽  
pp. 246-254
Author(s):  
Victor M. Pojidaev ◽  
Andrey V. Kamaev ◽  
Anastasia Yu. Loboda ◽  
Elena Yu. Tereschenko ◽  
Elzara A. Khairedinova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Precious Metal ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Silk Cloth ◽  
The Core ◽  
Mediterranean Origin ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
The Town

In 2020, the excavations of the fourteenth-century burials in slabbed graves 5/2020 and 8/2020 located in front of the main basilica in the central area of the town atop of the plateau of Eski-Kermen discovered metal threads of thin strips of precious metal spirally wound round the core. The present research analyses the material of this core. It is known that most often the strips of precious metal were wound around the core with protein base (silk, wool, or hair) or with cellulose base (linen, cotton, or hemp). The samples of three metal threads were analysed, though no preserved organic core was found in one of the samples. Electron microscopy of the threads recorded their fibrous core, thus showing that the base of metal threads was not hair, skin, or tendons. Further, the core material was investigated by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The research detected trace amounts of two amino-acids, glycine and alanine, which appeared in silk fibroin only. The results of this study suggest that the core of metal threads was made of silk cloth. This indicates an imported, probably Mediterranean origin of the metal threads found in the burials at Eski-Kermen plateau. The artefacts made of such threads were possibly brought to the Crimea by Genoese merchants. It is known that in the fourteenth century various silk cloths were a priority commodity in the trade carried on by the Italians in Caffa and the towns of Genoese Gazaria.

Tughluqabad, the earliest surviving town of the Delhi sultanate

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 516-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Shokoohy ◽  
Natalie H. Shokoohy
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Town Centre ◽  
Time Capsule ◽  
The Town

Tughluqabad is the first of many sultanate and Mughul towns which were purposely planned and constructed on previously uninhabited sites. Built early in the fourteenth century, Tughluqabad was to serve as the capital of the newly established Tughluq dynasty. There were, of course, three earlier Muslim capitals in the vicinity, the first the Delhi of Rāi Pithūrā, converted to an Islamic town after the Ghurid conquest in 588/1192–3; the second Jalāl al-dīn Khahīs Shahr-i naw, which was founded by Muՙiẓẓ al-dīn Kai Qubād (685–8/1286–9) at Kīlukharī (or Kīlugharī) but left incomplete at the time of his death, and the third Sīrī, built by Alՙ al-dīn Khaljī between 698/1298–9 and 700/1300–1 in the fields outside the walls of the older Delhi, but nothing has remained from these towns except parts of the fortification walls and some isolated monuments. The ruins of Tughluqabad, on the other hand, are enshrined in a time capsule. Built between 1320 and 1325 by Ghiyāth al-dīn Tughluq, the town had a brief life, and within a generation was abandoned and its population reduced to the size of a small village. As a result, most of its remains are datable to the short period of its duration in the first half of the fourteenth century. The only exception, as we shall see, are the remains of a small settlement which continued to exist around the old town centre, and in the late Mughal period also occupied the citadel.

scholarly journals LE PRIME DISPUTE TRA ARCHITETTI LOMBARDI E FORESTIERI NEL CANTIERE DEL DUOMO

2013 ◽  
pp. 51-68
Author(s):  
Luciano Patetta
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gothic Cathedral ◽  
Local Tradition ◽  
The Town

Riassunto. – Dai Libri Mandatorum (poi trascritti negli Annali della Fabbrica del Duomo, Milano 1877-1885) abbiamo una grande quantità di notizie sui magistri e sugli inzignierii lombardi, francesi e tedeschi chiamati, alla fine del Trecento, da Galeazzo Visconti e dai Deputati cittadini a progettare una cattedrale gotica, degna di quelle europee. Le discussioni e le dispute hanno riguardato la planimetria del Duomo e gli schemi della sua sezione, per una scelta della tradizione locale o di una imitazione delle grandi cattedrali di Francia. Soprattutto con l’arrivo da Parigi dell’architetto Jean Mignot (1400 ca.) si scontrarono due teorie che si fondavano, rispettivamente, una sui principi della geometria e della matematica, l’altra sulle esperienze costruttive delle maestranze con l’uso dei materiali locali. Le polemiche si fondavano su due affermazioni contradditorie, rimaste poi emblematiche: ars sine scientia nihil est e scientia sine arte nihil est.***Abstract. – From the Libri Mandatorum (later on in the Annali della Fabbrica del Duomo, Milan 1877-85) we have a great quantity of news about the magistri of yard and about Lombard, French and German inzignierii, called at the end of Fourteenth Century, by Gian Galeazzo Visconti and by the Delegates of the town to built a gothic cathedral, whorty of whose of Europe. The discussions and the disputations were about the plan of the Duomo and the pattern of his section, for the choise of local tradition or imitation of great French cathedrals. Above all the arrival from Paris of the architect Jean Mignot (approximately 1400) clashed two theories well-grounded, one on principles of the geometry and the mathematic, and the other on the building experience of the workers on the use of local building materials. The controversies founded on two opposite assertions: ars sine scientia nihil est and scientia sine arte nihil est.

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