Biology of Aging

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Bharadia ◽  
Raquel Minasian ◽  
Indranil Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Free Radical Theory ◽  
Radical Theory ◽  
Care For The Elderly ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Clinical Scenarios ◽  
Specific Tissue ◽  
Biology Of Aging ◽  
Age Related Changes

With aging, there are multiple internal and external factors that are associated with age-related changes in skin and soft tissue.  As Plastic Surgeons, we very commonly evaluate and treat elderly patients, often offering ‘anti-aging’ treatments.  An understanding of the science behind aging as well as common patterns of change seen in soft tissue may allow us to refine our treatments.  This review provides an overview of mechanisms underlying aging, as well common clinical scenarios with aging regarding anatomic sites commonly treated by Plastic Surgeons including the face, breast, and abdomen.  Separately, we discuss aging associated changes to specific tissue types, including skin, fat, muscle, and bone.  Knowledge of factors related to aging and concepts related to safe interventions to reverse or mitigate age-related changes and integral to our ability to care for the elderly population.   This review contains 9 figures, 3 tables and 69 references Key Words : Cellular senescence, mitochondrial theory, free radical theory, inflammation, protein damage hypothesis, glycation hypothesis, atrophy, lipotoxicity, rhytids, involution  

scholarly journals Review on Mechanisms, Importance of Homeostasis and Fluid Imbalances in the Elderly

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (Special-Issue-November) ◽  
pp. 01-07 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aggie Bak ◽  
Amalia Tsiami
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
Hormone Release ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Hormonal Stimulation ◽  
Care For The Elderly ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Subsequent Response ◽  
Pressure Water ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
Age Related Changes

Water is considered an essential nutrient, but very often is overlooked in favour of nutrition. Due to age related changes, older people are more vulnerable to both, dehydration and overhydration. This article describes the principles of water homeostasis and provides a description of common age-related physiological changes related to water balance. Fluid homeostasis largely depends on osmo- and baro-receptors that respectively react to changes in osmolality and blood pressure, water-regulating hormone release, the subsequent response of kidneys to the hormonal stimulation and activation of thirst. These mechanisms diminish with age and put elderly at risk of dehydration. All involved in a care for the elderly should be informed and become vigilant to prevent dehydration from occurring.

Abstract T P136: Potential Contributors to the Declining Impact of Stroke Risk Factors with Age: Implications for Stroke Epidemiology in the Elderly

Stroke ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
George Howard ◽  
Mary Cushman ◽  
Maciej Banach ◽  
Brett M Kissela ◽  
David C Goff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Stroke Risk ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Stroke Risk Factors ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Age Related Changes

Purpose: The importance of stroke research in the elderly is increasing as America is “graying.” For most risk factors for most diseases (including stroke), the magnitude of association with incident events decreases at older ages. Potential changes in the impact of risk factors could be a “true” effect, or could be due to methodological issues such as age-related changes in residual confounding. Methods: REGARDS followed 27,748 stroke-free participants age 45 and over for an average of 5.3 years, during which 715 incident strokes occurred. The association of the “Framingham” risk factors (hypertension [HTN], diabetes, smoking, AFib, LVH and heart disease) with incident stroke risk was assessed in age strata of 45-64 (Young), 65-74 (Middle), and 75+ (Old). For those with and without an “index” risk factor (e.g., HTN), the average number of “other” risk factors was calculated. Results: With the exception of AFib, there was a monotonic decrease in the magnitude of the impact across the age strata, with HTN, diabetes, smoking and LVH even becoming non-significant in the elderly (Figure 1). However, for most factors, the increasing prevalence of other risk factors with age impacts primarily those with the index risk factor absent (Figure 2, example HTN as the “index” risk factor). Discussion: The impact of stroke risk factors substantially declined at older ages. However, this decrease is partially attributable to increases in the prevalence of other risk factors among those without the index risk factor, as there was little change in the prevalence of other risk factors in those with the index risk factor. Hence, the impact of the index risk factor is attenuated by increased risk in the comparison group. If this phenomenon is active with latent risk factors, estimates from multivariable analysis will also decrease with age. A deeper understanding of age-related changes in the impact of risk factors is needed.

scholarly journals Regenerative Medicine Approaches for Age-Related Muscle Loss and Sarcopenia: A Mini-Review

Gerontology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 580-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Diego Naranjo ◽  
Jenna L. Dziki ◽  
Stephen F. Badylak
Keyword(s):  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Signaling Molecules ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Muscle Physiology ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Function ◽  
Age Related Changes

Sarcopenia is a complex and multifactorial disease that includes a decrease in the number, structure and physiology of muscle fibers, and age-related muscle mass loss, and is associated with loss of strength, increased frailty, and increased risk for fractures and falls. Treatment options are suboptimal and consist of exercise and nutrition as the cornerstone of therapy. Current treatment principles involve identification and modification of risk factors to prevent the disease, but these efforts are of limited value to the elderly individuals currently affected by sarcopenia. The development of new and effective therapies for sarcopenia is challenging. Potential therapies can target one or more of the proposed multiple etiologies such as the loss of regenerative capacity of muscle, age-related changes in the expression of signaling molecules such as growth hormone, IGF-1, myostatin, and other endocrine signaling molecules, and age-related changes in muscle physiology like denervation and mitochondrial dysfunction. The present paper reviews regenerative medicine strategies that seek to restore adequate skeletal muscle structure and function including exogenous delivery of cells and pharmacological therapies to induce myogenesis or reverse the physiologic changes that result in the disease. Approaches that modify the microenvironment to provide an environment conducive to reversal and mitigation of the disease represent a potential regenerative medicine approach that is discussed herein.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial transformations in the aging human placenta

2020 ◽  
Vol 319 (6) ◽  
pp. E981-E994
Author(s):  
Lucy A. Bartho ◽  
Joshua J. Fisher ◽  
James S. M. Cuffe ◽  
Anthony V. Perkins
Keyword(s):  
Human Placenta ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Gestational Length ◽  
Free Radical Theory ◽  
Radical Theory ◽  
Cellular Environment ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Function

Mitochondria play a key role in homeostasis and are central to one of the leading hypotheses of aging, the free radical theory. Mitochondria function as a reticulated network, constantly adapting to the cellular environment through fusion (joining), biogenesis (formation of new mitochondria), and fission (separation). This adaptive response is particularly important in response to oxidative stress, cellular damage, and aging, when mitochondria are selectively removed through mitophagy, a mitochondrial equivalent of autophagy. During this complex process, mitochondria influence surrounding cell biology and organelles through the release of signaling molecules. Given that the human placenta is a unique organ having a transient and somewhat defined life span of ∼280 days, any adaption or dysfunction associated with mitochondrial physiology as a result of aging will have a dramatic impact on the health and function of both the placenta and the fetus. Additionally, a defective placenta during gestation, resulting in reduced fetal growth, has been shown to influence the development of chronic disease in later life. In this review we focus on the mitochondrial adaptions and transformations that accompany gestational length and share similarities with age-related diseases. In addition, we discuss the role of such changes in regulating placental function throughout gestation, the etiology of gestational complications, and the development of chronic diseases later in life.

scholarly journals Bone and Muscle Crosstalk in Aging

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen He ◽  
Wenzhen He ◽  
Jing Hou ◽  
Kaixuan Chen ◽  
Mei Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Changes

Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are two age-related diseases that affect the quality of life in the elderly. Initially, they were thought to be two independent diseases; however, recently, increasing basic and clinical data suggest that skeletal muscle and bone are both spatially and metabolically connected. The term “osteosarcopenia” is used to define a condition of synergy of low bone mineral density with muscle atrophy and hypofunction. Bone and muscle cells secrete several factors, such as cytokines, myokines, and osteokines, into the circulation to influence the biological and pathological activities in local and distant organs and cells. Recent studies reveal that extracellular vesicles containing microRNAs derived from senescent skeletal muscle and bone cells can also be transported and aid in regulating bone-muscle crosstalk. In this review, we summarize the age-related changes in the secretome and extracellular vesicle-microRNAs secreted by the muscle and bone, and discuss their interactions between muscle and bone cells during aging.

scholarly journals ORGANISING RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES WITH THE ELDERLY IN A HEALTH RESORT INSTITUTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-66
Author(s):  
Nadezhda V. Bibikova ◽  
◽  
Liudmila N. Belonogova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional State ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Recreational Activity ◽  
Health Resort ◽  
Recreational Activities ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Social ◽  
Age Related Changes

The article highlights the problem of increasing the number of the elderly people and, as a consequence, the problem of ensuring vigorous activity and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. The authors of the article determine the potential of recreational activities for solving the social and psychological problems of the elderly. The article discusses the main definitions of the concepts of «recreation», «recreational activity», the characteristics of the socio-psychological characteristics. The article presents the results of an empirical study, during which the emotional state of the elderly, their sociopsychological adaptation and readiness to accept age-related changes were diagnosed. In addition, the article describes the results of the implemented program for organizing recreational activities with the elderly.

scholarly journals Geriatric Dentistry - Surmounting the Challenges

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Ranjith Kumar P ◽  
Dr Rohit Raghavan ◽  
Dr. Nadeem Abdul Rahman ◽  
Dr. Sumitra S ◽  
Dr. Monisha Vs
Keyword(s):  
Dental Care ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Geriatric Dentistry ◽  
Care For The Elderly ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Treatment Considerations ◽  
Normal Ageing ◽  
Dental Professionals

Geriatric dentistry is the branch of dentistry that emphasizes dental care for the elderly population and focuses upon patients with chronic physiological, physical and/or psychological changes or morbid conditions/ diseases. Gerodontics delivers dental care to older adults which involves diagnosis and treatment planning and prevention of problems associated with normal ageing and age-related diseases as an inter disciplinary manner with other medical professionals. Elderly patients are usually associated with oral manifestations due to various systemic conditions. It is important to alter the treatment mode with taking into account the psychological considerations of such patients. More stress must be given for prevention and early intervention to control the risk of oral diseases. It is important to educate dental professionals regarding the importance of geriatric services without any delay. This article makes an attempt to give the objectives, dietary guidelines and treatment considerations to meet the need of the geriatric patients.

scholarly journals Validating the Capability for Measuring Age-Related Changes in Grip-Force Strength Using a Digital Hand-Held Dynamometer in Healthy Young and Elderly Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Chun Lee ◽  
Li-Chen Wu ◽  
Shang-Lin Chiang ◽  
Liang-Hsuan Lu ◽  
Chao-Ying Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Grip Force ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Elderly Adults ◽  
Hand Grip ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Jamar Dynamometer ◽  
Maximum Grip ◽  
Age Related Changes

Background. Grip-force performance can be affected by aging, and hand-grip weakness is associated with functional limitations of dasily living. However, using an appropriate digital hand-held dynamometer with continuous hand-grip force data collection shows age-related changes in the quality of hand-grip force control may provide more valuable information for clinical diagnoses rather than merely recording instantaneous maximal hand-grip force in frail elderly adults or people with a disability. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to indicate the construct validity of the digital MicroFET3 dynamometer with Jamar values for maximal grip-force assessments in elderly and young adults and confirmed age-related changes in the maximal and the quality of grip-force performance using the MicroFET3 dynamometer in elderly people. Methods. Sixty-five healthy young (23.3±4.5 years) and 50 elderly (69.5±5.8 years) adults were recruited and asked to perform a validity test of the grip-force maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) using both the dominant and nondominant hands with a Jamar dynamometer and a MicroFET3 dynamometer. Results. A strong correlation of maximal grip-force measurements was found between the MicroFET3 dynamometer and Jamar standard dynamometer for both hands in all participants (p<0.05). Although, the results showed that a lower grip force was measured in both hands by the MicroFET3 dynamometer than with the Jamar dynamometer by 49.9%~57% (p<0.05), but confidently conversion formulae were also developed to convert MicroFET3 dynamometer values to equivalent Jamar values for both hands. Both dynamometers indicated age-related declines in the maximum grip-force performance by 36.7%~44.3% (p<0.05). We also found that the maximal hand-grip force values generated in both hand by the elderly adults were slower and more inconsistent than those of the young adults when using the MicroFET3 dynamometer. Conclusions. This study demonstrated that the digital MicroFET3 dynamometer has good validity when used to measure the maximal grip force of both hands, and conversion formulae were also developed to convert MicroFET3 dynamometer force values to Jamar values in both hands. Comparing with the Jamar dynamometer for measuring grip force, the MicroFET3 dynamometer not only indicated age-related declines in the maximum grip-force performance but also showed slower and more inconsistent maximal hand-grip strength generation by the elderly.

scholarly journals Melatonin, aging, and COVID-19: Could melatonin be beneficial for COVID-19 treatment in the elderly?

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1504-1512
Author(s):  
Güler ÖZTÜRK ◽  
Kazime Gonca AKBULUT ◽  
Şevin GÜNEY
Keyword(s):  
Aging Process ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Free Radical Reactions ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Age Related Changes

The aim of this review is to summarize current studies on the relationship between melatonin and aging. Nowadays, age-related diseases come into prominence, and identifying age-related changes and developing proper therapeutic approaches are counted as some of the major issues regarding community health. Melatonin is the main hormone of the pineal gland. Melatonin is known to influence many biological processes in the body, including circadian rhythms, the immune system, and neuroendocrine and cardiovascular functions.Melatoninrhythms also reflect the biological process of aging. Aging is an extremely complex and multifactorial process. Melatonin levels decline considerably with aging and its decline is associated with several age-related diseases. Aging is closely associated with oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. Free radical reactions initiated by the mitochondria constitute the inherent aging process. Melatonin plays a pivotal role in preventing age-related oxidative stress. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) fatality rates increase with chronic diseases and age, where melatonin levels decrease. For this reason, melatonin supplementation in elderly could be beneficial in COVID-19 treatment. Therefore, studies on the usage of melatonin in COVID-19 treatment are needed.

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