scholarly journals Radiation Sterilization: Dose Is Dose

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (s1) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Joyce M. Hansen ◽  
Niki Fidopiastis ◽  
Trabue Bryans ◽  
Michelle Luebke ◽  
Terri Rymer
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Radiation Energy ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Microbial Inactivation ◽  
Radiation Sterilization ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Radiation Sources ◽  
Radiation Sterilization Dose

Abstract In the radiation sterilization arena, the question often arises as to whether radiation resistance of microorganisms might be affected by the energy level of the radiation source and the rate of the dose delivered (kGy/time). The basis for the question is if the microbial lethality is affected by the radiation energy level and/or the rate the dose is delivered, then the ability to transfer dose among different radiation sources could be challenged. This study addressed that question by performing a microbial inactivation study using two radiation sources (gamma and electron beam [E-beam]), two microbial challenges (natural product bioburden and biological indicators), and four dose rates delivered by three energy levels (1.17 MeV [gamma], 1.33 MeV [gamma], and 10 MeV [high-energy E-beam]). Based on analysis of the data, no significant differences were seen in the rate of microbial lethality across the range of radiation energies evaluated. In summary, as long as proof exists that the specified dose is delivered, dose is dose.

scholarly journals Performance and hormonal profile in broiler chickens fed with different energy levels during post restriction period

2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 697-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poliana Fernanda Giachetto ◽  
Erika Nomura Guerreiro ◽  
Jesus Aparecido Ferro ◽  
Maria Inês Tiraboschi Ferro ◽  
Renato Luis Furlan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feeding Program ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Metabolic Hormone

The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of diet energy level on performance and hormonal profiles of broilers during post restriction period. It was a split-plot experiment, and the main treatments were in a 2x2 factorial scheme. Birds were fed restricted to 30% of the ad libitum intake, from 7 to 14 days of age. After the restriction period, birds were fed ad libitum with diets containing low (2,900 kcal ME/kg) or high (3,200 kcal ME/kg) energy until 49 days of age. Broilers fed with high energy ration showed lower feed intake and better feed conversion and decreased carcass protein; however, abdominal fat pad, and total carcass fat were not affected by ration energy levels or feeding program. Neither diet energy level nor feed restriction program changed body weight at 49 days. The profile of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was reduced during the feed restriction period, but increased at refeeding period. Feeding program and ration energy level did not affect T3, T4 and growth hormone serum concentrations. Feed restriction at 30% of ad libitum intake is not enough to promote changes on carcass quality, related to fat deposition, and on metabolic hormone levels, except IGF-1 seric level that has rapid increase after feed restriction.

Effect of CSN1S1 genotype and its interaction with diet energy level on milk production and quality in Girgentana goats fed ad libitum

2010 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Italo Pagano ◽  
Pietro Pennisi ◽  
Bernardo Valenti ◽  
Massimiliano Lanza ◽  
Adriana Di Trana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Milk Urea ◽  
Ad Libitum

A study was carried out to evaluate how the energy level of the diet can affect milk production and quality in Girgentana lactating goats in relation to polymorphism at the αs1-casein (CSN1S1) genotype locus. Twenty-seven goats, homogeneous for milk production (1·5±0·3 kg/d), days of lactation (90±10 d) and body weight (35·8±5·5 kg) were selected on the basis of their CSN1S1 genotype, as follows: nine goats homozygous for strong (AA) alleles, nine goats homozygous for weak alleles (FF) and nine goats heterozygous (AF). The goats were used in a 3×3 factorial arrangement of treatments, with three genotypes (AA, FF, AF) and three diets at different energy levels (100%, 65% and 30% of hay inclusion). The experiment consisted of three simultaneous 3×3 Latin squares for the three genotypes, with one square for each level of hay inclusion in the diet. All the animals were housed in individual pens. Each experimental period lasted 23 d and consisted of 15 d for adaptation and 8 d for data and sample collection, during which the goats received the scheduled diet ad libitum. The animals were fed three different diets designed to have the same crude protein content (about 15%) but different energy levels: a pelleted alfalfa hay (H100) and two feeds including 65% (H65) and 30% (H30) of alfalfa hay (respectively 1099, 1386 and 1590 kcal NE for lactation/kg DM). All the diets were ground and pelleted (6 mm diameter). AA goats were more productive than AF and FF goats (respectively: 1419 v. 1145 and 1014 g/d; P=0·002). Indeed the interaction energy level×genotype was significant (P=0·018): in fact AA goats showed their milk increase only when fed with concentrates. Differences in protein and in casein levels between the three genotypes were in line with results expected from the different allele contribution to αs1-casein synthesis. Milk urea levels were significantly lower in AA goats compared with AF and FF genotypes (respectively 32·7 v. 40·4 and 40·4 mg/dl; P=0·049) and significantly lower when goats were fed with 65H and 30H diets than with 100H diet (respectively 37·4 and 34·3 v. 41·7 mg/dl; P<0·001). Indeed, a significant interaction genotype×diet (P=0·043) occurred for milk urea, which was significantly lower in AA goats but only when fed with concentrates (65H and 30H). Blood concentrations of energy indicators (glucose, non-esterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyric acid) were not influenced by genotype. The results confirm that strong alleles are associated with a greater efficiency of feed utilization and seem to show that a high energy level of the diet can further improve this efficiency.

EXPRESS: High-Energy Ad Content: A Large-scale Investigation of TV Commercials

2021 ◽  
pp. 002224372110678
Author(s):  
Joonhyuk Yang ◽  
Yingkang Xie ◽  
Lakshman Krishnamurthi ◽  
Purushottam Papatla
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Tv Commercials

A trend reported by both academics and practitioners is that advertising on TV has become increasingly energetic. This study investigates the association between the energy level in ad content and consumers’ tendency of ad-tuning. Using a data set of over 27,000 TV commercials delivered to U.S. homes during the period between 2015 and 2018, the authors first present a framework to algorithmically measure the energy level in ad content from the video of ads. This algorithm-based measure is then compared to human-perceived energy levels, which shows that the measure is related to the level of arousal stimulated by ad content. By relating the energy levels in ad content with the tendency of ad-tuning using two empirical procedures, the authors document the following. Overall, more energetic commercials are likely to be tuned in more or avoided less by viewers. The positive association between energy levels in ad content and ad-tuning is statistically significant after controlling for placement and other aspects of commercials. However, the association varies across product categories and program genres. The main implication of this study is that advertisers should pay attention to components of ad content other than loudness, which has been regulated by law.

scholarly journals Dietary Energy Levels Affect Growth Performance through Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 in Yak (Bos grunniens)

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Yang ◽  
Jianbo Zhang ◽  
Anum Ahmad ◽  
Pengjia Bao ◽  
Xian Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Growth Hormone Receptor ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Feed Conversion

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different dietary energy levels on serum concentrations of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), as well as gene expression of their associated binding proteins and receptors in yak. Fifteen adult male yaks with BW of 276.1 ± 3.5 kg were allotted in three dietary groups and were fed with low (LE), medium (ME), and high energy (HE) level diet having different NEg of 5.5 MJ/kg, 6.2 MJ/kg, 6.9 MJ/kg, respectively. The effects of these treatments on ADG, BW, ADFI, and feed conversion ratio were significant (p < 0.05) throughout the experimental period. Serum GH concentration decreased (p < 0.05) with an increase in dietary energy level on d 30 and d 60. While IGF-1 concentration was higher (p < 0.05) in ME group, as compared to LE and HE groups on d 60. The expression level of growth hormone receptor (GHR) was decreased (p < 0.001) and IGF-1 was increased with the increase in the dietary energy level. The relative expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) was higher (p < 0.001) in ME and HE groups, except the LE group. In conclusion, our findings provide a first insight into the combined effect of GH and IGF-1 in controlling the metabolism and productivity of yak. It also showed that medium energy level diet contributed to promote growth performance of yak during the cold season.

scholarly journals Hepatic Injury Induced by Dietary Energy Level via Lipid Accumulation and Changed Metabolites in Growing Semi-Fine Wool Sheep

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benchu Xue ◽  
Qionghua Hong ◽  
Xiang Li ◽  
Mingli Lu ◽  
Jia Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Hepatic Injury ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Protein Carbonyl ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Tnf Α

Liver injury threatens the overall health of an organism, as it is the core organ of the animal body. Liver metabolism is affected by numerous factors, with dietary energy level being a crucial one. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate hepatic injury and to describe its metabolic mechanism in ruminants fed diets with different dietary energy levels. A total of 25 Yunnan semi-fine wool sheep were fed diets with five dietary metabolic energy levels and were randomly assigned to five groups as follows: low energy (LE), medium–low energy (MLE), medium energy (ME), medium–high energy (MHE), and high energy (HE). The results revealed that the average optical density (AOD) of lipid droplets in the LE, MLE, and HE groups was higher than that in the ME and MHE groups. The enzyme activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was the lowest in the ME group. An increase in dietary energy level promoted the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and altered the malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PCO) concentration quadratically. In addition, both high and low dietary energy levels upregulated the mRNA abundance of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Metabonomic analysis revealed that 142, 77, 65, and 108 differential metabolites were detected in the LE, MLE, MHE, and HE groups, compared with ME group respectively. These metabolites were involved in various biochemical pathways, such as glycolipid, bile acid, and lipid metabolism. In conclusion, both high and low dietary energy levels caused hepatic injury. Section staining and metabonomic results revealed that hepatic injury might be caused by altered metabolism and lipid accumulation induced by lipid mobilization.

scholarly journals Performance, carcass and ruminal fermentation characteristics of heifers fed concentrates differing in energy level and cereal type (corn vs. wheat)

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. e0606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Coral Carrasco ◽  
María D. Carro ◽  
Alfonso Fuentetaja ◽  
Pedro Medel
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Fresh Matter

A total of 144 beef heifers (218 ± 26.4 kg body weight) were housed in 24 pens (6 animals each) and used in a 168-day feedlot study to evaluate the influence of cereal type and energy level on performance, carcass quality and ruminal fermentation. Four concentrates were formulated according to a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments, with two energy levels (1,452 vs. 1,700 kcal net energy/kg) and two main cereals (wheat vs. corn). Concentrate and straw were offered ad libitum. Concentrate intake and body weight were recorded on days 42, 84, 126 and 168. Ruminal fluid was obtained by ruminocentesis from 3 heifers per pen on days 1, 84 and 168; and carcass weight, classification and yield, were determined in the same animals. Heifers fed high-energy diets had lower intake (6.97 vs. 7.29 kg fresh matter/d; p=0.011), and lower concentrate to gain ratio (5.15 vs. 5.66 kg/kg; p=0.002) than those fed low energy concentrates, and tended (p=0.069) to be heavier along the time. Neither carcass yield and classification, nor ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids nor NH3-N concentrations were affected (p>0.050) by energy level. Total volatile fatty acids concentration tended (p=0.070) to be greater in heifers fed corn-based than wheat-based concentrates. No energy level x cereal type interactions were observed. These results indicate that high energy concentrates decreased feed intake and feed conversion but had minor effects on carcass performance. Cereal type had no effects on performance and ruminal fermentation and no interactions between cereal type and energy were detected.

scholarly journals High-energy diet does not overcome the negative impact of conjugated linoleic acid on young broiler performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e51128
Author(s):  
Katia Maria Cardinal ◽  
Júlia Guazzelli Pezzali ◽  
Lucas de Marques Vilella ◽  
Priscila de Oliveira Moraes ◽  
Andréa Machado Leal Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Broiler Performance ◽  
Negative Effect

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation in diets with different energy levels in broiler performance. Birds were offered a starter (1-21 d), grower (22-35 d) and finisher (36-42 d) diets; wherein soybean oil was replaced by CLA. The study consisted of a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement with two CLA levels (0 and 1%) and three energy levels (3050, 3100 and 3150 ME kg-1 diet). During the grower and finisher periods, birds were fed diets with same energy level and CLA supplementation was maintained the same. Growth performance was assessed weekly, and carcass and cuts yield were assessed at 42d. Interaction effect of CLA by energy level was observed in broiler performance and carcass yield throughout the study (p > 0.05). During the overall period (1-42 d) broiler performance was not affected by CLA (p > 0.05).However, CLA supplementation (1%) decreased weight gain (p < 0.05) at 21d, regardless of energy level, with no effects on feed intake and feed conversation rate (p > 0.05). The increase in dietary energy was not able to compensate the negative effect on growth performance of broilers supplemented with 1% CLA at the starter period.

scholarly journals Effect of lighting program and energy level in the ration on the slaughter traits of broilers

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Milosevic ◽  
M. Veljic ◽  
M. Djukic-Stojcic ◽  
L. Peric ◽  
S. Bjedov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Factorial Experiments ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Standard Protein

Investigations were carried out to assess the effect of lighting program and energy levels in the diet on carcass characteristics of broilers. The experiment was performed on chickens Cobb 500 hybrids for up to 42 days. The setting was reflected by the principle of two factorial experiments (2x2) at the 40 broiler carcasses of both sexes (10 per replications). The first factor was the lighting program where a group represented by the application of broiler chickens lighting 23L: 1D and group B of the regime 1. wk - 23L: 1D; 2. wk - 12L: 12D, 3. wk -14L: 10D; 4. wk - 16L: 8D; 5.wk -18L: 6D, 6. wk -20L: 4D. Another factor was the energy level where meals are in the "A" group were carcasses of broiler chickens fed diets with standard protein and energy in group "B" were the carcasses of chickens fed diets with high energy content to 0.40 ME MJ / kg compared the standard mixtures. Tests have shown that a lighting program and energy level as factors have no significant effect on carcass yield of broiler chickens, but significant differences (p <0.05) emerged as the interaction Axb and Bxa combinations of the parameters "ready to roast" and "ready to grill". The amount of abdominal fat was significantly higher (p <0.05) in group A and Axb combination compared to Bxa and Bxb. Share weight edible offal expressed as % of "carcass cut classic" was significantly higher (p <0.05) in group B. The combination of Axb had a significantly lower proportion of edible offal compared to the combination of Bxa.

scholarly journals The Use of Lasers in Dental Materials: A Review

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3370
Author(s):  
Emmanouil-George C. Tzanakakis ◽  
Evangelos Skoulas ◽  
Eudoxie Pepelassi ◽  
Petros Koidis ◽  
Ioannis G. Tzoutzas
Keyword(s):  
Energy Levels ◽  
Dental Materials ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Zirconia Ceramics ◽  
Material Management ◽  
Laboratory Procedures ◽  
Laser Devices ◽  
Exact Point

Lasers have been well integrated in clinical dentistry for the last two decades, providing clinical alternatives in the management of both soft and hard tissues with an expanding use in the field of dental materials. One of their main advantages is that they can deliver very low to very high concentrated power at an exact point on any substrate by all possible means. The aim of this review is to thoroughly analyze the use of lasers in the processing of dental materials and to enlighten the new trends in laser technology focused on dental material management. New approaches for the elaboration of dental materials that require high energy levels and delicate processing, such as metals, ceramics, and resins are provided, while time consuming laboratory procedures, such as cutting restorative materials, welding, and sintering are facilitated. In addition, surface characteristics of titanium alloys and high strength ceramics can be altered. Finally, the potential of lasers to increase the adhesion of zirconia ceramics to different substrates has been tested for all laser devices, including a new ultrafast generation of lasers.

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