Three-Delay Model on Maternal Mortality Cases in Tertiary Referral Hospital in Indonesia

Maternal mortality remains a worldwide concern to this day. Three main causes of maternal mortality during 2010–2013 were hemorrhage, hypertension, and infection, which all of them are the direct causes. The high MMR is also due to the presence of 3 delay which is Delay in seeking assistance (type–1), delay in identifying and accessing medical center (type–2) and delay in having prompt treatment (type–3) . Therefore, this study aims to describe maternal mortality cases in tertiary hospital which is Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (CMH) so that the root of problems in maternal deaths can be discovered and improvements can be done in the future. This was a descriptive study conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at CMH, Jakarta. Data collection was taken from 2016 – 2018 where subjects were taken from secondary data on maternal mortality. Based on the data that has been collected in CMH total live births in Emergency Department CMH during 2016-2018 which was 4.226 cases. There was 22 maternal death cases (0.52%). Most deaths were occurred in 2017 (50% of all cases). Indirect causes of maternal mortality were the leading cause in this study, including septic shock, hypovolemic shock due to Dengue Shock Syndrome, cardiogenic shock, and acute respiratory failure. Three delay models were three main factors contributing to maternal mortality interrelated and influenced by other factors with delay in looking for assistance and treatment (31,8%) was the upmost factor of maternal mortality. More than half maternal deaths in CMH during 2016 – 2018 caused by indirect causes. Among three delay models, delay in looking for assistance and treatment was the upmost factor of maternal mortality. Keywords: maternal mortality, three-delay model. Tiga Model Keterlambatan pada Kasus Kematian Ibu di Rumah Sakit Tersier di Indonesia Kematian ibu masih menjadi perhatian dunia hingga saat ini. Tiga penyebab utama angka kematian ibu (AKI) selama 2010-2013 adalah perdarahan, hipertensi, dan infeksi, yang semuanya merupakan penyebab langsung. Tingginya AKI juga disebabkan oleh adanya 3 keterlambatan yaitu keterlambatan dalam mencari pertolongan, keterlambatan dalam mengidentifikasi dan mengakses pusat kesehatan, dan keterlambatan dalam mendapatkan pengobatan yang tepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kasus kematian ibu di rumah sakit tersier yaitu Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) sehingga akar permasalahan kematian ibu dapat ditemukan dan dapat dilakukan perbaikan di masa yang akan datang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif yang dilakukan di Bagian Obstetri dan Ginekologi RSCM, Jakarta. Pengambilan data diambil dari tahun 2016 – 2018, subjek diambil dari data sekunder kematian ibu. Berdasarkan data yang terkumpul di RSCM jumlah kelahiran hidup di Instalasi Gawat Darurat RSCM selama tahun 2016-2018 sebanyak 4.226 kasus. Terdapat 22 kasus kematian ibu (0,52%). Kematian terbanyak terjadi pada tahun 2017 (50% dari seluruh kasus). Penyebab tidak langsung kematian ibu merupakan penyebab utama dalam penelitian ini, antara lain syok septik, syok hipovolemik akibat dengue shock syndrome, syok kardiogenik, dan gagal napas akut. Tiga model keterlambatan merupakan tiga faktor utama penyebab kematian ibu yang saling berkaitan dan dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain dengan keterlambatan mencari pertolongan dan pengobatan (31,8%) merupakan faktor penyebab kematian ibu yang paling tinggi. Lebih dari separuh kematian ibu di RSCM selama tahun 2016 – 2018 disebabkan oleh penyebab tidak langsung. Di antara tiga model keterlambatan, keterlambatan dalam mencari bantuan dan pengobatan merupakan faktor utama kematian ibu. Kata kunci: kematian maternal, model tiga terlambat.

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Gambaran Determinan Kematian Ibu di Kota Surabaya Tahun 2015-2017

Jurnal Biometrika dan Kependudukan ◽

10.20473/jbk.v7i2.2018.178-187 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 178

Author(s):

Hazar Rochmatin

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Maternal Mortality ◽

Health Workers ◽

Early Recognition ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Maternal Deaths ◽

Maternal Mortality Rate ◽

Second Child ◽

History Of ◽

High Level

Maternal mortality rate is one of indicator in assessing the welfare of the community in a region. The high level of Maternal Mortality Rate is a low level signals of public health. Data on maternal mortality in the city of Surabaya shows a decrease in the last 6 years from 144.66 in 2012 to 79.40 in 2017. Although it has shown a decline in progress, this figure still puts Surabaya as the second largest contributor to maternal deaths in East Java in 2017. The study aims to describe the determinants of maternal mortality in Surabaya based on contextual, intermediate and proxy determinants for 2015-2017. This research is descriptive by using secondary data in the form of recapitulation of Maternal Verbal Autopsy (OVM) data on maternal deaths at Surabaya City Health Office The results showed that based on education, the majority of mothers who died had secondary education of 52.29% (57 people). Based on work, the majority of mothers have jobs as housewives of 68.81% (75 people). Based on the age of the mother, the majority of deaths occurred in women aged 20-34 years with a percentage of 66.97% (73 people). According to parity, the majority of mothers who died occurred during pregnancy of the second child by 31.19% (34 people). Based on the period of death, the majority occurred in the puerperium with a percentage of 66.97% (70 people). According to the cause of single death, the majority of maternal deaths were caused by pre-eclampsia/eclampsia with a percentage of 26.61% (29 people). This study recommends the need for early recognition of mothers about antenatal care and danger during pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium period and increased alertness of health workers to complications of pregnancy, especially in mothers with a history of disease.

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Designed to Fail? Revisiting Uganda’s Maternal Health Policies to Understand Policy Design Issues Underpinning missed Targets for Reduction of Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR): 2000-2015

International Journal of Health Policy and Management ◽

10.34172/ijhpm.2021.127 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Moses Mukuru ◽

Jonathan Gorry ◽

Suzanne N. Kiwanuka ◽

Linda Gibson ◽

David Musoke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Maternal Health ◽

Maternal Mortality ◽

Policy Design ◽

Maternal Mortality Ratio ◽

Policy Instruments ◽

Delay Model ◽

Design Issues ◽

Maternal Deaths ◽

Mortality Ratio ◽

Three Delays

Background: Despite Uganda and other Sub-Saharan African countries missing their Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) targets for Millenium Development Goal (MDG) 5, limited attention has been paid to policy design in the literature examining the persistence of preventable maternal mortality. This study examined the specific policy interventions designed to reduce maternal deaths in Uganda and identified particular policy design issues that underpinned MDG 5 performance. We suggest a novel prescriptive and analytical (re)conceptualization of policy in terms of its fidelity to ‘3Cs’ (coherence of design, comprehensiveness of coverage and consistency in application) that could have implications for future healthcare programming. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study. Sixteen Ugandan maternal health policy documents and twenty-one national programme performance reports were examined, and six key informant interviews conducted with national stakeholders managing maternal health programmes during the reference period 2000-2015. We applied the analytical framework of the ‘three delay model’ combined with a broader literature on ‘policy mixing’. Results: Despite introducing fourteen separate policy instruments over 15 years with the goal of reducing maternal mortality. By the end of the MDG period in 2015, only 87.5% of the interventions for the three delays were covered with a notable lack of coherence and consistency evident among the instruments. The three delays persisted at the frontline with 70% of deaths by 2014 attributed to failures in referral policies while 67% of maternal deaths were due to inadequacies in healthcare facilities and trained personnel in the same period. By 2015, 37.3% of deaths were due to transportation issues. Conclusions: The piecemeal introduction of additional policy instruments frequently distorted existing synergies among policies resulting in persistence of the three delays and missed MDG 5 target. Future policy reforms should address the ‘three delays’ but also ensure fidelity of policy design to coherence, comprehensiveness and consistency.

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Perfil sociodemográfico e clínico de mortalidade materna

Revista de Enfermagem UFPE on line ◽

10.5205/1981-8963-v12i12a237316p3165-3171-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 3165

Author(s):

Michelle Christini Araújo Vieira ◽

Janaina Oliveira Gomes ◽

Claudelí Mistura ◽

Gabriela Garcia de Andrade ◽

Kalliny Mirella Araújo Vieira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Maternal Mortality ◽

Hospital Setting ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Maternal Deaths ◽

Unified Health System ◽

On Line ◽

Microsoft Office ◽

Mortalidade Materna

RESUMO Objetivo: conhecer o perfil sociodemográfico e clínico sobre a mortalidade materna. Método: trata-se de estudo quantitativo, transversal e descritivo, sendo o universo da pesquisa composto por todos os óbitos maternos ocorridos no período de 2004 a 2015 no Estado da Bahia/Brasil. Deu-se a coleta de dados por meio de dados secundários disponíveis on-line no Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade do Ministério da Saúde. Utilizaram-se para a tabulação e a análise dos dados, o programa Microsoft Office Excel, versão 2016, apresentando-se os resultados em forma de tabelas e figuras. Resultados: constatou-se que o número de mortes maternas no período analisado correspondeu a 1.907, com maior prevalência na faixa etária entre 20 e 29 anos (39,12%), em mulheres de cor parda (59,25%), solteiras (50,87%) e a ocorrência em ambiente hospitalar (88,99%). Viu-se que as causas obstétricas diretas (61,46%) ocorreram significativamente por eclâmpsia (12,89%). Conclusão: evidenciam-se nos resultados que a mortalidade materna é um grave problema de saúde pública e que o conhecimento sobre as circunstâncias e ocorrências das mortes maternas é fundamental para o planejamento de ações e estratégias de saúde. Descritores: Mortalidade Materna; Complicações na Gravidez; Monitoramento Epidemiológico; Sistema Único de Saúde; Taxa de Gravidez; Gravidez de Alto Risco.ABSTRACTObjective: to know the sociodemographic and clinical profile of maternal mortality. Method: this is a quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive study, the research universe being composed of all maternal deaths occurring in the period from 2004 to 2015 in the State of Bahia / Brazil. Data collection was done through secondary data available online in the Mortality Information System of the Ministry of Health. The data was tabulated and analyzed by the Microsoft Office Excel program, version 2016, the results in the form of tables and figures. Results: it was found that the number of maternal deaths in the analyzed period corresponded to 1,907, with a higher prevalence in the age group between 20 and 29 years (39.12%), in women of brown color (59.25%), single 50.87%) and the occurrence in a hospital setting (88.99%). Direct obstetric causes (61.46%) were found to have occurred significantly due to eclampsia (12.89%). Conclusion: the results show that maternal mortality is a serious public health problem and that knowledge about the circumstances and occurrences of maternal deaths is fundamental for the planning of health actions and strategies. Descriptors: Maternal Mortality; Pregnancy Complications; Epidemiological Monitoring; Unified Health System; Pregnancy Rate; Pregnancy, High-Risk.RESUMENObjetivo: conocer el perfil sociodemográfico y clínico sobre la mortalidad materna. Método: se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, transversal y descriptivo, siendo el universo de la investigación compuesto por todas las muertes maternas ocurridas en el período de 2004 a 2015 en el Estado de Bahía / Brasil. Se dio la recolección de datos a través de datos secundarios disponibles on line en el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad del Ministerio de Salud. Se utilizaron para la tabulación y el análisis de los datos, el programa Microsoft Office Excel, versión 2016, presentando los resultados en forma de tablas y figuras. Resultados: se constató que el número de muertes maternas en el período analizado correspondió a 1.907, con mayor prevalencia en el grupo de edad entre 20 y 29 años (39,12%), en mujeres de color parda (59,25%), solteras (50, 87%) y la ocurrencia en ambiente hospitalario (88,99%). Se vio que las causas obstétricas directas (61,46%) ocurrieron significativamente por eclampsia (12,89%). Conclusión: se evidencian en los resultados que la mortalidad materna es un grave problema de salud pública y que el conocimiento sobre las circunstancias y ocurrencias de las muertes maternas es fundamental para la planificación de acciones y estrategias de salud. Descriptores: Mortalidad Materna; Complicaciones del Embarazo; Monitoreo Epidemiológico; Sistema Único de Salud; Índice de Embarazo; Embarazo de Alto Riesgo.

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The assessment of maternal deaths between 2015 and 2020 in Elazığ, Turkey

Perinatal Journal ◽

10.2399/prn.20.0283008 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 183-189

Author(s):

İbrahim Batmaz ◽

Salih Burçin Kavak ◽

Ebru Çelik Kavak ◽

Evrim Gül ◽

Cengiz Şanlı ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Maternal Mortality ◽

Maternal Death ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Family Practitioner ◽

Delay Model ◽

Maternal Deaths ◽

Maternal Mortality Rate ◽

Live Births ◽

Death Cases

Objective: To determine the maternal deaths and the factors affecting them in our city. Methods: The maternal deaths occurred in our city between January 2015 and June 2020 were reviewed retrospectively. The review was conducted by checking “Maternal Death Registry Forms” of the Provincial Directorate of Health. In cases where additional data related with the cause of death were required, the relatives of the cases, associated family practitioner, The Council of Forensic Medicine or local authorities were contacted. The data of the cases including age, gravida, parity, abortion, delivery type, week of gestation during delivery, period of death and maternal deaths due to direct, indirect and incidental causes were recorded. Based on total live births and maternal deaths within 6.5 years, maternal mortality rate was found as the maternal death number per 100,000 live births. Descriptive statistics were used for the statistical analysis of the data. Results: A total of 46.618 live births occurred between 2015 and 2020 in Elazığ. The number of maternal deaths due to direct and indirect causes is 7, and maternal mortality rate was found 15.01/100,000. Hypertensive diseases during pregnancy (n=3, 42.8%), pulmonary embolism (n=1, 14.3%) and cerebral thrombosis (n=1, 14.3%) were among the natural causes of maternal deaths. Indirect cause for maternal death was cardiac diseases (n=2, 28.6%). When they were categorized according to the Three Delays Model, there were 3 death cases in the first delay model and 2 death cases in the third delay model, but there was no maternal death in the second delay model. Conclusion: Maternal death is an significant public health issue which develops due to the generally preventable causes and maintains its importance. The factors contributing to death should be paid attention in order to decrease maternal death rates.

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Maternal mortality in six low and lower-middle income countries from 2010 to 2018: risk factors and trends

Reproductive Health ◽

10.1186/s12978-020-00990-z ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (S3) ◽

Author(s):

Melissa Bauserman ◽

Vanessa R. Thorsten ◽

Tracy L. Nolen ◽

Jackie Patterson ◽

Adrien Lokangaka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Maternal Mortality ◽

Maternal Deaths ◽

Middle Income ◽

Maternal Risk ◽

Live Births ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Over Time

Abstract Background Maternal mortality is a public health problem that disproportionately affects low and lower-middle income countries (LMICs). Appropriate data sources are lacking to effectively track maternal mortality and monitor changes in this health indicator over time. Methods We analyzed data from women enrolled in the NICHD Global Network for Women’s and Children’s Health Research Maternal Newborn Health Registry (MNHR) from 2010 through 2018. Women delivering within research sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Guatemala, India (Nagpur and Belagavi), Kenya, Pakistan, and Zambia are included. We evaluated maternal and delivery characteristics using log-binomial models and multivariable models to obtain relative risk estimates for mortality. We used running averages to track maternal mortality ratio (MMR, maternal deaths per 100,000 live births) over time. Results We evaluated 571,321 pregnancies and 842 maternal deaths. We observed an MMR of 157 / 100,000 live births (95% CI 147, 167) across all sites, with a range of MMRs from 97 (76, 118) in the Guatemala site to 327 (293, 361) in the Pakistan site. When adjusted for maternal risk factors, risks of maternal mortality were higher with maternal age > 35 (RR 1.43 (1.06, 1.92)), no maternal education (RR 3.40 (2.08, 5.55)), lower education (RR 2.46 (1.54, 3.94)), nulliparity (RR 1.24 (1.01, 1.52)) and parity > 2 (RR 1.48 (1.15, 1.89)). Increased risk of maternal mortality was also associated with occurrence of obstructed labor (RR 1.58 (1.14, 2.19)), severe antepartum hemorrhage (RR 2.59 (1.83, 3.66)) and hypertensive disorders (RR 6.87 (5.05, 9.34)). Before and after adjusting for other characteristics, physician attendance at delivery, delivery in hospital and Caesarean delivery were associated with increased risk. We observed variable changes over time in the MMR within sites. Conclusions The MNHR is a useful tool for tracking MMRs in these LMICs. We identified maternal and delivery characteristics associated with increased risk of death, some might be confounded by indication. Despite declines in MMR in some sites, all sites had an MMR higher than the Sustainable Development Goals target of below 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030. Trial registration The MNHR is registered at NCT01073475.

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Maternal mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico: a preliminary analysis during the first year

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11325-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nina Mendez-Dominguez ◽

Karen Santos-Zaldívar ◽

Salvador Gomez-Carro ◽

Sudip Datta-Banik ◽

Genny Carrillo

Keyword(s):

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽

Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽

Maternal Mortality ◽

Respiratory Distress ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Distress Syndrome ◽

Maternal Mortality Ratio ◽

Maternal Deaths ◽

Immune Impairment ◽

Mortality Ratio

Abstract Background In Mexico, the COVID-19 pandemic led to preventative measures such as confinement and social interaction limitations that paradoxically may have aggravated healthcare access disparities for pregnant women and accentuated health system weaknesses addressing high-risk patients’ pregnancies. Our objective is to estimate the maternal mortality ratio in 1 year and analyze the clinical course of pregnant women hospitalized due to acute respiratory distress syndrome and COVID-19. Methods A retrospective surveillance study of the national maternal mortality was performed from February 2020–February 2021 in Mexico related to COVID-19 cases in pregnant women, including their outcomes. Comparisons were made between patients who died and those who survived to identify prognostic factors and underlying health conditions distribution. Results Maternal Mortality Ratio increased by 56.8% in the studied period, confirmed COVID-19 was the cause of 22.93% of cases. Additionally, unconfirmed cases represented 4.5% of all maternal deaths. Among hospitalized pregnant women with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome consistent with COVID-19, smoking and cardiovascular diseases were more common among patients who faced a fatal outcome. They were also more common in the age group of < 19 or > 38. In addition, pneumonia was associated with asthma and immune impairment, while diabetes and increased BMI increased the odds for death (Odds Ratio 2.30 and 1.70, respectively). Conclusions Maternal Mortality Ratio in Mexico increased over 60% in 1 year during the pandemic; COVID-19 was linked to 25.4% of maternal deaths in the studied period. Lethality among pregnant women with a diagnosis of COVID-19 was 2.8%, and while asthma and immune impairment increased propensity for developing pneumonia, obesity and diabetes increased the odds for in-hospital death. Measures are needed to improve access to coordinated well-organized healthcare to reduce maternal deaths related to COVID-19 and pandemic collateral effects.

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Comparative analysis of maternal mortality in the Far Eastern and Siberian Federal Districts

Voprosy ginekologii akušerstva i perinatologii ◽

10.20953/1726-1678-2020-6-117-123 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (6) ◽

pp. 117-123

Author(s):

T.E. Belokrinitskaya ◽

◽

N.V. Artymuk ◽

O.S. Filippov ◽

E.M. Shifman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Comparative Analysis ◽

Maternal Mortality ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

Federal District ◽

Siberian Federal District ◽

Obstetric Hemorrhage ◽

Maternal Deaths ◽

Federal Districts ◽

Systematic Development ◽

Far Eastern

Objective. To perform comparative analysis of parameters and structure of maternal mortality (MM) in the Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD) and Siberian Federal District (SFD) in 2014–2019. Materials and methods. The database for analysis was generated using map-based emergency notifications of maternal deaths (69 in FEFD and 180 in SFD). We used methods of descriptive statistics, Pearson's χ2-test, and calculated odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results. Between 2014 and 2018, the dynamics of MM in the FEFD and SFD had a one-way trend: it decreased in 2014–2017, but dramatically increased in 2018 primarily due to social factors. In 2019, we observed a significant growth of MM in the FEFD, while the SFD demonstrated a reduction of MM. The most common cause of maternal death in both districts was extragenital diseases. However, there were some differences in the structure of obstetric causes: in FEFD, preeclampsia and obstetric hemorrhage were the most frequent obstetric causes of death, while in SFD, women primarily developed embolism and placental abruption. Conclusion. The dynamics and structure of MM in the FEFD and SFD require management decisions aimed at improving medical care with the consideration of clinical guidelines, organization of continuous audit, systematic development of practical teamwork skills both in simulation training centers and healthcare institutions. Key words: Far Eastern Federal District, maternal mortality, Siberian Federal District

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Two year review of maternal mortality at a tertiary care hospital of GMERS, Valsad, Gujarat, India

International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20182336 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (6) ◽

pp. 2283

Author(s):

Darshna M. Patel ◽

Mahesh M. Patel ◽

Vandita K. Salat

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Maternal Mortality ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Maternal Mortality Ratio ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Maternal Deaths ◽

Maternal Mortality Rate ◽

Live Births ◽

Mortality Ratio

Background: According to the WHO, 80 of maternal deaths in developing countries are due to direct maternal causes such as haemorrhage, hypertensive disorders and sepsis. These deaths are largely preventable. Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in India is 167/100,000 live births.Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted at GMERS, Valsad. Data regarding maternal deaths from January 2016 to December 2017 were collected and analyzed with respect to epidemiological parameters. The number of live births in the same period was obtained from the labour ward ragister. Maternal mortality rate and Mean maternal mortality ratio for the study period was calculated.Results: The mean Maternal mortality rate in the study period was 413.3/100,000 births. The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in India is 167/100,000 live births. More than half of maternal deaths were reported in multiparous patients. More maternal deaths were observed in women from rural areas (67.3%), unbooked patients (73.3%) and illiterate women (65.3%). Thirty six (69.3%) maternal death occurred during postpartum period. Most common delay was first delay (60.0%) followed by second delay (40.0%). Postpartum haemorrhage (28.8%), preeclampsia (17.3%), sepsis (13.46%) were the major direct causes of maternal deaths. Indirect causes accounted for one third of maternal deaths in our study. Anemia, hepatitis and heart disease were responsible for 13.4%, 5.7%, and 1.9% of maternal deaths, respectively.Conclusions: Majority of maternal deaths are observed in patients from rural areas, unbooked, and illiterate patients. Hemorrhage, eclampsia and sepsis are leading causes of maternal deaths. Most of these maternal deaths are preventable if patients are given appropriate treatment at periphery and timely referred to higher centers.

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Contribution of social factors to maternal deaths in urban India: Use of care pathway and delay models

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0203209 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. e0203209 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Manmeet Kaur ◽

Madhu Gupta ◽

Vijin Pandara Purayil ◽

Monica Rana ◽

Venkatesan Chakrapani

Keyword(s):

Social Factors ◽

Care Pathway ◽

Maternal Deaths ◽

Urban India ◽

Delay Models

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Universal Maternal Rights: A Matter of Life and Death

10.21467/preprints.333 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alicia Ryan

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Maternal Mortality ◽

Obstetric Care ◽

Maternal Deaths ◽

Scientific Methods ◽

Life And Death ◽

The World ◽

Positive Effect ◽

Multiple Obstacles ◽

Maternal Rights

Childbirth has been a part of our lives since the beginning of time. Without the process none of us would be alive today. So why is it that maternal mortality remains one of the greatest inequities in the world? To date, approximately 500, 000 women die annually due to the lack of appropriate prenatal and obstetric care. Difficulties arising with childbirth cannot be predicted. However, the way in which we react to a situation can have a lasting, positive effect on the countries and the women who are at risk. The ways in which to help reduce the large number of maternal deaths in developing countries is not complicated and can be achieved if it is made a priority. In conclusion, there are multiple obstacles in regard to succeeding the highest achievable standard of health globally. With the education of evolving scientific methods, and the collaboration of humanitarian views, the welfare and health of women and their children, can be internationally restored. With the education of evolving scientific methods, and the collaboration of humanitarian views, the welfare and health of women and their children, can be internationally restored.

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