scholarly journals Innovative Use of Administrative Data in Legal Research and Practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew A Jay ◽  
Natalie Byrom ◽  
Matthew A Jay ◽  
Suzie Forell
Keyword(s):  
Administrative Data ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
Data Generation ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionThere is widespread recognition of the need to use administrative data from justice, crime, prisons and legal services to improve the evidence base on determinants and outcomes of involvement with justice systems and to improve services. There is great opportunity to use data from justice to improve health and other outcomes for clients and service users but this is a relatively unexplored area and these datasets have been neglected partly due to access concerns. This 90 minute symposium presents research and learning from data initiatives in justice settings and will explore challenges from the perspectives of researchers and the legal profession. Objectives and ApproachTalks will cover: Development of legal epidemiology and use of administrative data in this nascent field (Matthew A Jay). Examples from the presenter’s family justice research using linked data will also be presented. The UK Ministry of Justice’s (MoJ’s) Data First programme (Prof Betsy Stanko). Data First aims to unlock the potential of data already created by MoJ, by linking datasets from the justice system and beyond, and enabling accredited researchers to access the data ethically and responsibly. UK court reform and data collection: using data to monitor equality and access to justice in the move to on-line dispute resolution (Dr Natalie Byrom). Health Justice Partnerships (HJPs) in Australia (Prof Suzie Forell). HJPs bring legal help into health settings to address social issues affecting the health of patients. This will be a discussion of HJPs as an opportunity to explore the impact of legal assistance on health and the challenges and opportunities of relevant data generation. Conclusion / ImplicationsBetter use of data in justice spheres will be a difficult process requiring cross-disciplinary collaboration. But it is one that promises to bring the study and practice of law into the 21 st Century.

scholarly journals Validation of the BATT score for prehospital risk stratification of traumatic haemorrhagic death: usefulness for tranexamic acid treatment criteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francois-Xavier Ageron ◽  
Timothy J. Coats ◽  
Vincent Darioli ◽  
Ian Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Tranexamic Acid ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Research Network ◽  
Brier Score ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Tranexamic acid reduces surgical blood loss and reduces deaths from bleeding in trauma patients. Tranexamic acid must be given urgently, preferably by paramedics at the scene of the injury or in the ambulance. We developed a simple score (Bleeding Audit Triage Trauma score) to predict death from bleeding. Methods We conducted an external validation of the BATT score using data from the UK Trauma Audit Research Network (TARN) from 1st January 2017 to 31st December 2018. We evaluated the impact of tranexamic acid treatment thresholds in trauma patients. Results We included 104,862 trauma patients with an injury severity score of 9 or above. Tranexamic acid was administered to 9915 (9%) patients. Of these 5185 (52%) received prehospital tranexamic acid. The BATT score had good accuracy (Brier score = 6%) and good discrimination (C-statistic 0.90; 95% CI 0.89–0.91). Calibration in the large showed no substantial difference between predicted and observed death due to bleeding (1.15% versus 1.16%, P = 0.81). Pre-hospital tranexamic acid treatment of trauma patients with a BATT score of 2 or more would avoid 210 bleeding deaths by treating 61,598 patients instead of avoiding 55 deaths by treating 9915 as currently. Conclusion The BATT score identifies trauma patient at risk of significant haemorrhage. A score of 2 or more would be an appropriate threshold for pre-hospital tranexamic acid treatment.

Funding Local Political Parties in England and Wales: Donations and Constituency Campaigns

2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Johnston ◽  
Charles Pattie
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Liberal Democrats ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

The funding of political parties is an issue of considerable contemporary concern in the UK. Although most attention has been paid to the situation regarding national parties, the new funding regime introduced in 2001 also applies to constituency parties, and some concerns have been raised regarding the limits on spending and expenditure there. Using data released by the Electoral Commission on all donations above a specified minimum to constituency parties, this article looks at the pattern of donations over the period 2001–05. It then analyses the impact of spending on the 2005 constituency campaigns, showing that for the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats substantial donations enhanced their vote-winning performances in seats where their candidates were challengers whereas for Labour substantial donations aided its performance in marginal seats that it was defending.

scholarly journals The perception of biopsychosocial impacts of COVID-19 during lockdown restrictions over time in the UK – a mixed methods study

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (Special2) ◽  
pp. 402-414
Author(s):  
Samuel Grimwood ◽  
Kaz Stuart ◽  
Ruth Browning ◽  
Elaine Bidmead ◽  
Thea Winn-Reed
Keyword(s):  
Social Issues ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Biological Domain ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Integrated Recovery ◽  
Biopsychosocial Health ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted the health of individuals physically, mentally, and socially. This study aims to gain a deeper understanding of this impact across the pandemic from a biopsychosocial stance. Methods: A survey created by the research team was employed between November 2020 and February 2021 across social media, relevant organizations, and networks. The survey incorporated 5-time points across the different stages of the pandemic, covering biological, psychological, and social. There were 5 items for each survey (Very Positive affect to Very Negative affect), and analysis was undertaken using SPSS version 16. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric Friedman and Wilcoxon Tests, as well as correlations between the three domains, were implemented. Results: This study included 164 participants (77.0% female and 35.0% male) across 24 out of 38 counties in the UK. The impact of COVID-19 on biological domain was significant across the five data points χ2(4) = 63.99, p < 0.001, psychological χ2(4) = 118.939, p <0.001 and socially χ2(4) = 186.43, p <0.001. Between the 5 data points, 4 out of 5 had a negative impact, however between the first stage of lockdown and the easing of restrictions, findings for biological (Z=-2.35, p <0.05), psychological (Z=-6.61, p < 0.001), and socially (Z = -8.61, p <0.001) were positive. Negative correlations between the three domains across the pandemic are apparent, but in later stages, the biological domain had a positive correlation r = 0.52, p < 0.001. Conclusion: The data shows a negative impact from the self-reported perception of wellbeing from a biopsychosocial stance over time, as well as perceiving the three domains to interact negatively. To address these biopsychosocial issues, the research implies a place-based integrated recovery effort is needed, addressing biological, psychological, and social issues simultaneously. Further research should investigate biopsychosocial health among a more generalizable population.

scholarly journals Differential research impact in cancer practice guidelines’ evidence base: lessons from ESMO, NICE and SIGN

ESMO Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. e000258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Pallari ◽  
Anthony W Fox ◽  
Grant Lewison
Keyword(s):  
Practice Guidelines ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Research Impact ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Effective Decision Making ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundThis is an appraisal of the impact of cited research evidence underpinning the development of cancer clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) by the professional bodies of the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN).MethodsA total of 101 CPGs were identified from ESMO, NICE and SIGN websites across 13 cancer sites. Their 9486 cited references were downloaded from the Web of Science Clarivate Group database, analysed on Excel (2016) using Visual Basic Application macros and imported onto SPSS (V.24.0) for statistical tests.ResultsESMO CPGs mostly cited research from Western Europe, while the NICE and SIGN ones from the UK, Canada, Australia and Scandinavian countries. The ESMO CPGs cited more recent and basic research (eg, drugs treatment), in comparison with NICE and SIGN CPGs where older and more clinical research (eg, surgery) papers were referenced. This chronological difference in the evidence base is also in line with that ESMO has a shorter gap between the publication of the research and its citation on the CPGs. It was demonstrated that ESMO CPGs report more chemotherapy research, while the NICE and SIGN CPGs report more surgery, with the results being statistically significant.ConclusionsWe showed that ESMO, NICE and SIGN differ in their evidence base of CPGs. Healthcare professionals should be aware of this heterogeneity in effective decision-making of tailored treatments to patients, irrespective of geographic location across Europe.

scholarly journals Re-calculating the cost of coccidiosis in chickens

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Damer P. Blake ◽  
Jolene Knox ◽  
Ben Dehaeck ◽  
Ben Huntington ◽  
Thilak Rathinam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Chicken Population ◽  
Global Cost ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Significant Disease

Abstract Coccidiosis, caused by Eimeria species parasites, has long been recognised as an economically significant disease of chickens. As the global chicken population continues to grow, and its contribution to food security intensifies, it is increasingly important to assess the impact of diseases that compromise chicken productivity and welfare. In 1999, Williams published one of the most comprehensive estimates for the cost of coccidiosis in chickens, featuring a compartmentalised model for the costs of prophylaxis, treatment and losses, indicating a total cost in excess of £38 million in the United Kingdom (UK) in 1995. In the 25 years since this analysis the global chicken population has doubled and systems of chicken meat and egg production have advanced through improved nutrition, husbandry and selective breeding of chickens, and wider use of anticoccidial vaccines. Using data from industry representatives including veterinarians, farmers, production and health experts, we have updated the Williams model and estimate that coccidiosis in chickens cost the UK £99.2 million in 2016 (range £73.0–£125.5 million). Applying the model to data from Brazil, Egypt, Guatemala, India, New Zealand, Nigeria and the United States resulted in estimates that, when extrapolated by geographical region, indicate a global cost of ~ £10.4 billion at 2016 prices (£7.7–£13.0 billion), equivalent to £0.16/chicken produced. Understanding the economic costs of livestock diseases can be advantageous, providing baselines to evaluate the impact of different husbandry systems and interventions. The updated cost of coccidiosis in chickens will inform debates on the value of chemoprophylaxis and development of novel anticoccidial vaccines.

scholarly journals Safeguarding adults practice and remote working in the COVID-19 era: challenges and opportunities

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 415-427
Author(s):  
Ann Anka ◽  
Helen Thacker ◽  
Bridget Penhale
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
The Body ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Abuse And Neglect ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Policy Guidance ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This exploratory paper aims to examine the literature on the impact of COVID-19 on safeguarding adults practice. Design/methodology/approach A literature search was carried out in recently published articles to locate literature relating to COVID-19 and safeguarding adults in the UK and internationally. This included policy guidance and law, to describe the existing knowledge base, gaps in practice and areas that may require further research. Findings The findings suggest that measures to curb the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic gave rise to remote working and virtual safeguarding practice. The findings highlight the need for empirical research into the impact of virtual safeguarding adults assessments and effective ways to support the needs and outcomes of those who may be at risk of or experiencing abuse and neglect while shielding, socially isolating or when working in an environment where social distancing is required. Research limitations/implications The paper is based on a review and analysis of published documents and not on other types of research. Originality/value Little is known about effective safeguarding adults practice in the era of shielding, self-isolation, social distancing and remote working. The paper adds to the body of knowledge in the field.

The Electricity Supply Industry: A Study of an Industry in Transition

2001 ◽  
Vol 177 ◽  
pp. 85-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary O'Mahony ◽  
Michela Vecchi
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Electricity Supply ◽  
Electricity Supply Industry ◽  
Consumer Prices ◽  
Supply Industry ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Industry Structures ◽  
The Impact

In 1989 the UK began a process of transferring an almost wholly state-owned electricity supply industry (ESI) into a collection of privately-owned generation, transmission and distribution utilities. Using data from 1960–97, this paper aims to evaluate how the performance of the UK ESI has changed over time and to compare the UK performance with France, Germany and the United States in order to assess the impact of the liberalisation process. The study takes a whole-industry approach, combining the four aspects of electricity production — generation, transmission, distribution and supply. The computation of labour and total factor productivity and the impact on consumer prices are used to shed light on how successful the various industry structures have been in raising performance.

scholarly journals Genomic health data generation in the UK: a 360 view

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Ormondroyd ◽  
Peter Border ◽  
Judith Hayward ◽  
Andrew Papanikitas
Keyword(s):  
Health Service ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Genomic Medicine ◽  
Health Data ◽  
Clinical Indication ◽  
Data Generation ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Genomic Test ◽  
The Uk

AbstractIn the UK, genomic health data is being generated in three major contexts: the healthcare system (based on clinical indication), in large scale research programmes, and for purchasers of direct-to-consumer genetic tests. The recently delivered hybrid clinical/research programme, 100,000 Genomes Project set the scene for a new Genomic Medicine Service, through which the National Health Service aims to deliver consistent and equitable care informed by genomics, while providing data to inform academic and industry research and development. In parallel, a large scale research study, Our Future Health, has UK Government and Industry investment and aims to recruit 5 million volunteers to support research intended to improve early detection, risk stratification, and early intervention for chronic diseases. To explore how current models of genomic health data generation intersect, and to understand clinical, ethical, legal, policy and social issues arising from this intersection, we conducted a series of five multidisciplinary panel discussions attended by 28 invited stakeholders. Meetings were recorded and transcribed. We present a summary of issues identified: genomic test attributes; reasons for generating genomic health data; individuals’ motivation to seek genomic data; health service impacts; role of genetic counseling; equity; data uses and security; consent; governance and regulation. We conclude with some suggestions for policy consideration.

scholarly journals Integration of rare large-effect expression variants improves polygenic risk prediction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Smail ◽  
Nicole M. Ferraro ◽  
Matthew G. Durrant ◽  
Abhiram S. Rao ◽  
Matthew Aguirre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Rare Variants ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Multiple Traits ◽  
Polygenic Risk ◽  
Common Genetic Variants ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

SummaryPolygenic risk scores (PRS) aim to quantify the contribution of multiple genetic loci to an individual’s likelihood of a complex trait or disease. However, existing PRS estimate genetic liability using common genetic variants, excluding the impact of rare variants. We identified rare, large-effect variants in individuals with outlier gene expression from the GTEx project and then assessed their impact on PRS predictions in the UK Biobank (UKB). We observed large deviations from the PRS-predicted phenotypes for carriers of multiple outlier rare variants; for example, individuals classified as “low-risk” but in the top 1% of outlier rare variant burden had a 6-fold higher rate of severe obesity. We replicated these findings using data from the NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) biobank and the Million Veteran Program, and demonstrated that PRS across multiple traits will significantly benefit from the inclusion of rare genetic variants.

Revised standards of proficiencies for midwives: an opportunity to influence childhood health?

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 150-154
Author(s):  
Samantha Meegan
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Child Development ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Early Child Development ◽  
Childhood Health ◽  
Early Child ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

The first 1 000 days of life are critical during early child development, yet the significance of this time and the impact on childhood health have only recently been recognised within the UK. In early 2020, the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) released revised standards of proficiency for midwives. These draw on the evidence-base generated by recent research developments within public health, providing the first update of midwifery standards for a decade. This article critically explores the main aspects within the NMC's future midwife proficiencies that relate to the public health component of the midwifery role, and will examine how these factors can equip midwives of the future to support women, their babies and families within the fundamental early days of life.

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