Who Left the South and How Did They Fare?

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Platt Boustan
Keyword(s):  
Family Background ◽  
The South ◽  
Earnings Growth ◽  
Occupational Distribution ◽  
The North ◽  
The Family ◽  
Black Migrants ◽  
Southern Migrants ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Do So

This chapter shows that, for the southern blacks, migration is a route to economic advancement. To do so, the chapter first investigates the family background of black migrants leaving the South, revealing that young migrants living in the North in 1940 were drawn from households at both the top and the bottom of the occupational distribution. After arriving at their destinations, black migrants did not suffer an earnings penalty in the northern economy, but neither did they out-earn northern-born blacks as some have suggested. Rather, southern migrants earned just as much as northern-born blacks upon arrival in the North and experienced a similar pace of earnings growth over time.

scholarly journals NUEVOS HALLAZGOS Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DE ALGUNAS ESPECIES DE AGUAS PROFUNDAS DEL PACÍFICO DE COLOMBIA II. CALLIONYMIDAE (TELEOSTEI)

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Susana Beltrán León ◽  
Raúl Ríos Herrera ◽  
Efraín Rubio Rincón
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
New Records ◽  
Distribution Range ◽  
Adult Fish ◽  
The South ◽  
Fishing Fleet ◽  
The North ◽  
The Family ◽  
Colombian Pacific

We present new records of larvae and adult fish from the family Callionymidae in the Colombian Pacific coast. Larvae and juvenile of Synchiropus atrilabiatus (Garman 1899), expands its distribution range within this coast (between Tumaco in the South to the border with Panama in the North), presenting low to medium abundances in September-October 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 and February-March 2006, 2014. Larvae were always collected at stations 54 km away from the coast. Adults of S. atrilabiatus were collected as bycatch from the deep-sea shrimp fishing fleet between 67-700 m depth at Bahía Cupica in 1995 and Arusí in 2005.

scholarly journals New records of megachilid bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) from the North Caucasus and the south of European Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-331
Author(s):  
A.V. Fateryga ◽  
◽  
M.Yu. Proshchalykin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Records ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
European Part ◽  
European Russia ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
The Family ◽  
European Part Of Russia ◽  
South Of European Russia

New data on 22 species of bees of the family Megachilidae from the North Caucasus and the south of European Russia are reported. Six species are new to Russia: Hoplitis curvipes (Morawitz, 1871), Osmia cinerea Warncke, 1988, O. ligurica Morawitz, 1868, O. cyanoxantha Pérez, 1879, Protosmia glutinosa (Giraud, 1871), and Coelioxys mielbergi Morawitz, 1880. Hoplitis turcestanica (Dalla Torre, 1896), sp. resurr. is treated as a distinct species, not a junior synonym of H. caularis (Morawitz, 1875). Megachile albocristata Smith, 1853 and M. alborufa Friese, 1911 are listed instead of previously recorded M. lefebvrei (Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1841) and M. pyrenaica (Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1841), respectively. Fourteen new regional records are reported: seven species are new to the North Caucasus, five ones are new to the south of European Russia, and two species are new to the European part of Russia as a whole. The numbers of megachilid bee species currently known in Russia, the North Caucasus, and the south of European Russia are 217, 130, and 71, respectively. The lectotype of Osmia proxima Morawitz, 1875 is designated.

Inverse regional responses to climate change and fishing intensity by the recreational rockfish (Sebastes spp.) fishery in California

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 2499-2510 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A Bennett ◽  
Kimy Roinestad ◽  
Laura Rogers-Bennett ◽  
Les Kaufman ◽  
Deb Wilson-Vandenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Catch Per Unit Effort ◽  
The South ◽  
Annual Fish ◽  
Ocean Climate ◽  
The North ◽  
Regional Responses ◽  
Over Time

The interactive effects of ocean climate and fishing pressure on nearshore rockfishes (Sebastes spp.) were examined using historical commercial passenger fishing vessel catch records from California. Principal component analysis was used to characterize the dominant patterns in catch per unit effort (CPUE) over time (1957–1999) and space (10′ latitude × 10′ longitude blocks). Ocean climate explained 60% of the variation in CPUE and revealed opposite responses in northern and southern California. In warm El Niño years, CPUE was 4.2 times higher in the north and 1.8 times lower in the south. CPUE responded similarly to low-frequency climate shifts by increasing in the north and decreasing in the south after 1976–1977. Four geographic regions responded as discrete units to environmental forcing and fishing intensity: North, Central, South, and Channel Islands. Over time, annual fish landings declined sharply in the South, with fishing effort remaining stationary and high relative to that in the other regions. In the North, landings and fishing effort remained tightly coupled, with effort an order of magnitude lower than in the South. These findings support a management strategy for nearshore rockfishes in California based on regional responses to ocean climate and fishing intensity.

scholarly journals Competition in the Promised Land: Black Migration and Racial Wage Convergence in the North, 1940–1970

2009 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Platt Boustan
Keyword(s):  
Wage Growth ◽  
Elasticity Of Substitution ◽  
The South ◽  
Black Migration ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
Promised Land ◽  
The North ◽  
Black Economic ◽  
Skill Groups ◽  
Over Time

Four million blacks left the South from 1940 to 1970, doubling the northern black workforce. I exploit variation in migrant flows within skill groups over time to estimate the elasticity of substitution by race. I then use this estimate to calculate counterfactual rates of wage growth. I find that black wages in the North would have been around 7 percent higher in 1970 if not for the migrant influx, while white wages would have remained unchanged. On net, migration was an avenue for black economic advancement, but the migration created both winners and losers.

Littoral Harpacticoida (Crustacea: Copepoda) of Madeira and Porto Santo (Portugal)

2016 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Packmor ◽  
Kai Horst George
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Heterogeneity ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Species Level ◽  
South Coast ◽  
Species Assemblages ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
The Family

The aim of the present investigation is a thorough inventory of the Harpacticoida (Copepoda) of the Portuguese islands Madeira and Porto Santo to provide a basis for comparisons of the harpacticoid faunas of successive elevations of the so called ‘Madeira Hot Spot Track’. Quantitative samples from 10 sampling locations at the coastlines of both islands were analysed (eight from Madeira and two from Porto Santo) and revealed a total of 27 families of Harpacticoida. Nine of the families were determined on species level comprising 43 species of which 31 were new to science. Comparisons of the family and species assemblages at the different Madeiran sampling locations indicate strong habitat heterogeneity as well as differences of the southern from all remaining locations. The sampling locations at the north and east coast are predominately characterized by interstitial taxa, those of the south coast by more robust burrowing or epibenthic taxa. Furthermore the two easternmost sampling locations of Madeira show clear similarity in terms of their harpacticoid assemblages with the sampling locations of Porto Santo. Eighty-eight per cent of the determined species of Porto Santo occur at the coast of Madeira as well (predominately at the easternmost sampling locations) indicating dispersal of Harpacticoida between both islands.

scholarly journals First occurrence of the family Paralacydoniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) in the South Atlantic Ocean

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Elaine Rizzo ◽  
Antonia Cecília Zacagnini Amaral
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Continental Slope ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
The Family ◽  
First Occurrence ◽  
The North Atlantic

Paralacydoniid polychaetes belonging to the genus Paralacydonia Fauvel 1913 were collected during the REVIZEE Program/South Score/Benthos ("Avaliação do Potencial Sustentável dos Recursos Vivos na Zona Econômica Exclusiva") on the outer shelf and continental slope off the south-southeastern coast of Brazil between 156 and 400 m depth. This new report extends the known geographic distribution of the family, which had previously been recorded in the North Atlantic as far as the Gulf of Mexico. Paralacydonia is here treated as monotypic; P. mortenseni Augener 1924 and P. weberi Horst 1923 are considered synonyms of Paralacydonia paradoxa Fauvel 1913.

Differential attainment at school

2018 ◽  
pp. 65-80
Author(s):  
Stephen Gorard
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
School System ◽  
Moral Panics ◽  
The South ◽  
School Meals ◽  
Sensitive Measure ◽  
Free School ◽  
The North ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Over Time

This chapter looks in more detail at some of the patterns of attainment in Chapter 3, such as by sex and area of residence. While these patterns change over time, all of them give further clues as to why the patterns themselves exist. As such, this chapter looks at some of the evidence on what were ‘moral panics’ at the time, such as the failure of pupils in Wales and the increasing under-achievement of boys and of parts of the United Kingdom. It also suggests that using the more sensitive measure of the duration of poverty (years with free school meals, or FSM) has much to recommend it. Using the number of years a student has been eligible for FSM, and how segregated a school system is by poverty and other indicators of disadvantage, it is possible to explain substantive differences such as the apparently superior attainment of schools in the South of England compared to the North.

scholarly journals A társadalmi struktúra és az oktatás összefüggései a sportiskolák rendszerében

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Eszter Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Family Background ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Great Plain ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Competency Assessment ◽  
The North ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Family ◽  
Background Index

A társadalmi helyzet jelentős szerepet játszik életünkben, így a sportiskolai rendszerben is, különös tekintettel a vizsgálat fókuszában álló köznevelési típusú sportiskolákra. Ezen intézmények célja a sportkarrier támogatása mellett a tanulmányi eredményesség növelése is. Célunk a hazai köznevelési típusú sportiskolákban tanuló diákok szocio-ökonómiai státuszának felmérése. Ehhez a 2016-os Országos Kompetenciamérés 10. évfolyamos tanuló adatbázisát alkalmazva néztük meg a tanulók családi háttérindexét, majd összevetettük az egyéb típusú, nem sportiskolás diákok helyzetével. Eredményeink alapján a sportiskolákban/sporttagozattal rendelkező iskolákban és egyéb iskolákban tanuló diákok családi háttérindexének tekintetében jelentős különbség mutatható ki (p<0,001), habár hasonlóságok is mutatkoztak. Régiós szinten a sportiskolák tekintetében az észak-alföldi és közép-magyarországi régiókban voltak a legalacsonyabb, míg a közép-dunántúli régióban a legmagasabb a családi háttérindex átlaga. A nem sportiskolák esetében az észak-alföldi régióban voltak tapasztalhatóak a legalacsonyabb, míg Budapesten a legmagasabbak a családi háttérindex értékek.The role of social status is significant in our life, including the sports school system, with particular emphasis on educational sports schools which are in the focus of the study. The aim of these institutions is not only to support sports careers but also to improve academic achievement. Our aim is to investigate the socio-economic status of students learning in educational sports schools. For this reason, the National Competency Assessment of 2016 was applied, including the data of the 10th-grade students to investigate their family background index. Then, we compared these data to the characteristics of students learning in other types of schools. Based on our results, there is a significant difference in the family background index of students studying in sports schools and non-sports schools, although similarities have also been found. At the regional level, the average family background index was the lowest in the North Great Plain and Central Hungary, while it was the highest in Central-Transdanubia. In the case of non-sports schools, the family background index values were the lowest in the North Great Plain, while it was the highest in Budapest.

Competition in Northern Labor Markets

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Platt Boustan
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Black Men ◽  
School Quality ◽  
Black Workers ◽  
Earnings Growth ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The North ◽  
White Workers ◽  
Southern Migrants

This chapter shows that northern employers used black migrants more interchangeably with other black workers than with similarly skilled white workers in the North. The lack of substitutability between black and white workers was due both to actual differences in productivity—owing to, for example, racial disparities in school quality—and to discrimination in job assignments. In addition, the competition with southern blacks generated larger wage losses for black men in the North than for similarly skilled whites. This chapter argues that the migration produced clear economic winners and losers. The southern migrants themselves benefited from the move from the low-wage South, while existing black workers in the North lost ground. In part because of competition from southern in-migrants, black workers experienced little earnings growth in the North relative to whites before 1965.

Postcolonial challenges to migration control: French–Moroccan cooperation practices on forced returns

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora El Qadim
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Statistical Evaluation ◽  
Security Studies ◽  
Good Strategy ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Migration Control ◽  
State Actors ◽  
Do So

Analyses that develop a postcolonial critique of international relations and security studies have outlined the project of ‘decolonizing’ these disciplines and have underlined the importance of taking into account actors from the South. I seek to do so here through the study of migration policies, in particular by looking for the agency of state actors in so-called countries of origin. This article shows that the study of practices of cooperation is a good strategy for decolonizing the study of international relations. Based upon the example of mid-level cooperation on deportation between France and Morocco, this article focuses on two devices and the practices used for international cooperation on migration controls: the posting of immigration liaison officers and the statistical evaluation of cooperation. This case study shows that such practices open brokering spaces in the transnational security field and allow state actors from the South to challenge the dominance of the North.

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