The concept of state

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odo Diekmann ◽  
Hans Heesterbeek ◽  
Tom Britton
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Spatial Position ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Final Size ◽  
Environmental Input ◽  
Current Value

This chapter considers the case of individuals who differ from each other with respect to traits that are relevant for the transmission of an infectious agent. How do we describe the spread of the agent? How do we quantify the infectivity? What happens in the initial phase? Can we characterize the final size? Examples of the “traits” we have in mind are age, sex, sexual activity level, sexual disposition, and spatial position. So a trait may be static or dynamic, it may be discrete or continuous. Traits are considered as i-states, where “i” means “individual” and where “state” signifies that the current value together with the environmental input in the intervening period completely determines future behavior. The heterogeneity of individuals is classified in terms of a component, h-state, of their i-state, while the other component, d-state, summarizes all relevant information about output of infectious material.

scholarly journals A Local Oscillator Phase Compensation Technique for Ultra-Wideband Stepped-Frequency Continuous Wave Radar Based on a Low-Cost Software-Defined Radio

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 780
Author(s):  
Kazunori Takahashi ◽  
Takashi Miwa
Keyword(s):  
Software Defined Radio ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Local Oscillator ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ultra Wideband ◽  
Single Frequency ◽  
Wave Radar ◽  
Stepped Frequency

The paper discusses a way to configure a stepped-frequency continuous wave (SFCW) radar using a low-cost software-defined radio (SDR). The most of high-end SDRs offer multiple transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) channels, one of which can be used as the reference channel for compensating the initial phases of TX and RX local oscillator (LO) signals. It is same as how commercial vector network analyzers (VNAs) compensate for the LO initial phase. These SDRs can thus acquire phase-coherent in-phase and quadrature (I/Q) data without additional components and an SFCW radar can be easily configured. On the other hand, low-cost SDRs typically have only one transmitter and receiver. Therefore, the LO initial phase has to be compensated and the phases of the received I/Q signals have to be retrieved, preferably without employing an additional receiver and components to retain the system low-cost and simple. The present paper illustrates that the difference between the phases of TX and RX LO signals varies when the LO frequency is changed because of the timing of the commencement of the mixing. The paper then proposes a technique to compensate for the LO initial phases using the internal RF loopback of the transceiver chip and to reconstruct a pulse, which requires two streaming: one for the device under test (DUT) channel and the other for the internal RF loopback channel. The effect of the LO initial phase and the proposed method for the compensation are demonstrated by experiments at a single frequency and sweeping frequency, respectively. The results show that the proposed method can compensate for the LO initial phases and ultra-wideband (UWB) pulses can be reconstructed correctly from the data sampled by a low-cost SDR.

Sexual Aggressivity and Androgens

1987 ◽  
Vol 151 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Raboch ◽  
H. Černá ◽  
P. Zemek
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Klinefelter’S Syndrome ◽  
Klinefelter's Syndrome ◽  
Sexually Aggressive ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Low Levels

Male sex hormones are ascribed a great importance in the literature from the point of view of sexual activity and aggressive behaviour. Two cases of sexually motivated murder are described, committed by delinquents with low levels of testosterone in plasma: one a patient with Klinefelter's syndrome; the other a man after castration. Even a decreased level of androgens, either primary or secondary, is not an absolute prevention of sexually aggressive behaviour.

scholarly journals An Approach for Big Data to Evolve the Auspicious Information from Cross-Domains

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Preeti Arora ◽  
Deepali Virmani ◽  
P.S. Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Sentiment Analysis ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Domain Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Classification Approach ◽  
Cross Domain ◽  
The Cross

Sentiment analysis is the pre-eminent technology to extract the relevant information from the data domain. In this paper cross domain sentimental classification approach Cross_BOMEST is proposed. Proposed approach will extract <strong>†</strong>ve words using existing BOMEST technique, with the help of Ms Word Introp, Cross_BOMEST determines <strong>†</strong>ve words and replaces all its synonyms to escalate the polarity and blends two different domains and detects all the self-sufficient words. Proposed Algorithm is executed on Amazon datasets where two different domains are trained to analyze sentiments of the reviews of the other remaining domain. Proposed approach contributes propitious results in the cross domain analysis and accuracy of 92 % is obtained. Precision and Recall of BOMEST is improved by 16% and 7% respectively by the Cross_BOMEST.

scholarly journals Risk of Lyme disease development after a tick bite

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 369-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovan Mladenovic ◽  
Radovan Cekanac ◽  
Novica Stajkovic ◽  
Milena Krstic
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Absolute Risk ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Tick Bite ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Tick Attachment ◽  
The Way

Background/Aim. Despite numerous research of Lyme disease (LD), there are still many concerns about environmental of infectious agent of LD, as well as its prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment. The aim of this work was to determine the risk of LD in relation to the way of removing ticks and duration of tick attachment. Methods. In the period from 2000 to 2007 a prospective study was conducted including persons with tick bite referred to the Institute of Epidemiology, Military Medical Academy, and followed for the occurrence of early Lyme disease up to six months after a tick bite. Epidemiological questionnaire was used to collect relevant information about the place and time of tick bites, the way of a removing tick, duration of tick attachment, remnants of a tick left in the skin (parts of the mouth device) and the signs of clinical manifestations of LD. Duration of tick attachment was determined on the basis of size of engorged tick and epidemiological data. Removed ticks were determined by the key of Pomerancev. Professional removing of attached tick was considered to be removing of tick with mechanical means by healthcare personnel. Fisher's exact test, Chi squares test and calculation of the relative risk (RR) were used for data analysis. Results. Of 3 126 patients with tick bite, clinical manifestations of LD were demonstrated in 19 (0.61%). In the group of subjects (n = 829) in which a tick was not removed professionally there were 17 (2.05%) cases with LD, while in the group of respondents (n=2 297) in who a tick was removed professionally there were 2 (0.09%) cases with LD after tick bite (RR, 23.55; p < 0.0001). The disease was most frequent in the group of respondents with incompletely and unprofessionally removed ticks (2.46%). In the groups of patients with unprofessionally but completely removed ticks LD occurred in 0.89%, while in the group of subjects with a tick removed by an expert, but incompletely in 0.78% cases. The disease occurred rarely in the group with a tick removed completely and professionally (0.05%). There was no case of LD in the group of patients with a tick removed within 24 hours. The longer time of exposure after 24 hours, the higher absolute risk of disease was reported. Conclusion. In prevention of Lyme disease it is important to urgent remove a tick, to use a correct procedure of removing and to remove the whole tick without any remnants.

scholarly journals Clinical Recommendations of the Russian Gastroenterological Association on Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Esophagitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 63-83
Author(s):  
V. T. Ivashkin ◽  
N. D. Yuschuk ◽  
I. V. Maev ◽  
A. S. Trukhmanov ◽  
O. A. Storonova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Care Quality ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Ulcer Bleeding ◽  
Esophageal Disease ◽  
Outpatient Basis ◽  
Family Doctors ◽  
Clinical Recommendations

Aim. Current clinical recommendations aim to provide gastroenterologists, general practitioners (family doctors), endoscopists and infectionists with modern methods for diagnosis and treatment of infectious esophagitis.Key points. Infectious esophagitis is an esophageal disease of fungal, viral, bacterial or parasitic origin. Esophagus may be affected per se or conjointly in a common gastrointestinal infection. All patients suspected for infectious esophagitis, unless contraindicated, are advised an esophagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsy to confirm diagnosis. Selected incidents of infectious esophagitis require a histological, immunohistochemical examination or polymerase chain reaction-based diagnosis to verify the infectious agent. Uncomplicated infectious esophagitis requires a conservative therapy, mostly on an outpatient basis. However, cases of severe odynophagia, dysphagia, severe pain syndrome, high complication risks (e.g., esophageal ulcer bleeding in thrombocytopenia), severe immunodeficiency, generalised forms of disease and severe concomitant disorders are considered for hospital care. The clinical recommendations outline criteria for the medical care quality assessment and provide relevant information to the patient.Conclusion. Diagnosis of infectious esophagitis capitalises on the clinical picture (odynophagia, dysphagia), presence of immunosuppression, endoscopic and histological evidence. All patients with infectious esophagitis of verified origin are recommended a suitable etiotropic therapy.

scholarly journals Rate and timing of cortical responses driven by separate sensory channels

eLife ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannes P Saal ◽  
Michael A Harvey ◽  
Sliman J Bensmaia
Keyword(s):  
Computational Model ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Cortical Responses ◽  
Behaving Monkeys ◽  
Sense Of Touch

The sense of touch comprises multiple sensory channels that each conveys characteristic signals during interactions with objects. These neural signals must then be integrated in such a way that behaviorally relevant information about the objects is preserved. To understand the process of integration, we implement a simple computational model that describes how the responses of neurons in somatosensory cortex—recorded from awake, behaving monkeys—are shaped by the peripheral input, reconstructed using simulations of neuronal populations that reproduce natural spiking responses in the nerve with millisecond precision. First, we find that the strength of cortical responses is driven by one population of nerve fibers (rapidly adapting) whereas the timing of cortical responses is shaped by the other (Pacinian). Second, we show that input from these sensory channels is integrated in an optimal fashion that exploits the disparate response behaviors of different fiber types.

scholarly journals Effect of Previous Flood Exposure on Flood Tolerance and Growth of Three Landscape Shrub Taxa Subjected to Repeated Short-term Flooding

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie L. Dylewski ◽  
Amy N. Wright ◽  
Kenneth M. Tilt ◽  
Charlene LeBleu
Keyword(s):  
Relative Size ◽  
Visual Quality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Flood Tolerance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Final Size ◽  
Clear Effect ◽  
Flood Exposure ◽  
Size Index ◽  
Flooding Period

Ilex glabra ‘Shamrock’ (‘Shamrock’ inkberry holly), Itea virginica ‘Henry's Garnet’ (‘Henry's Garnet’ sweetspire), and Viburnum nudum ‘Winterthur’ (‘Winterthur’ possumhaw) were flooded for 0 (non-flooded), 3, or 6 d, first in a greenhouse and then outdoors. Flooding treatments were in a factorial combination of greenhouse flooding treatment × outdoor flooding treatment. Following each flooding period, plants were allowed to drain for 6 d and received no irrigation. Plants in the 3 and 6 d flood treatments experienced a total of 7 and 5 flood cycles, respectively both in the greenhouse and outdoors. All taxa maintained 100% survival during greenhouse and outdoor flooding. Following greenhouse flooding, final size index (SI) of I. virginica ‘Henry's Garnet’ and I. glabra ‘Shamrock’ decreased with increasing flood length; V. nudum ‘Winterthur’ had no differences in SI among treatments. Following outdoor flooding, there were no differences in flooding treatment for relative size index (RSI) of I. glabra ‘Shamrock’, no clear effect of flooding treatment on RSI for V. nudum ‘Winterthur’, and RSI of I. virginica ‘Henry's Garnet’ was lowest in plants that were not flooded in the greenhouse. RDW and SDW of I. virginica ‘Henry's Garnet’ and I. glabra ‘Shamrock’ tended to be lowest in plants that were initially flooded in the greenhouse for 6 d, while there was no clear effect of either greenhouse or outdoor flooding on RDW and SDW of V. nudum ‘Winterthur’. When exposed to flooding in the greenhouse I. virginica ‘Henry's Garnet’ seemed to better tolerate outdoor flooding, while the other two taxa did not appear to gain any benefit from previous flood exposure. All three taxa sustained growth throughout all phases of the experiment and maintained good visual quality indicating that all three would be tolerant of repeated, short-term flooding.

scholarly journals METHOD OF CONTROLLING PRESENCE OF FOREIGN SUBSTANCES AND OBJECTS IN THE BORE OF THE BARREL USING MONOCHROME LIGHT

2021 ◽  
pp. 53-57
Author(s):  
V. Kozachuk ◽  
M. Sliusarenko
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Products ◽  
The Other ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Current Value ◽  
Precision And Accuracy ◽  
Shell Particles ◽  
The Military ◽  
Parameter Values ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Powder Combustion

In the article, the authors propose a method for controlling the presence of foreign substances and objects inside the barrel. The problem of surface cleanliness control remains relevant in many areas, ranging from sanitary cleaning to nanoelectronics. In the military sphere, this becomes particularly important during the cleaning of cannon barrels. Both powder combustion products and cartridge cap and bullet shell particles are deposited in the barrel during firing from guns. Under the impact of high temperatures, the bullet particles are partially oxidized and cover the barrel channel with a thin layer of deposit of oxides, which are difficult to dissolve. As a result, the density of the bullet abuting the walls changes. This affects the characteristics of its motion inside the barrel. The accuracy of the shot is reduced, and subsequently the precision and accuracy of shooting in general decreases. The essence of the proposed method consists in the fact that a light source is placed in the bore of the barrel on one side, and an optical device is placed on the other side, with the help of which the presence of foreign substances and objects is monitored. Unlike the known methods, this method is characterized in that several monochrome light sources in addition are placed in turn in the bore of the barrel from the breech part, and in the bore of the barrel from the muzzle part there is equipment for receiving (detecting) monochrome light. Then, obtained monochrome light is analyzed, current value of its defined parameters is determined. At the next stage, parameter values of monochrome light fixed during control are compared with parameter values of reference signatures, which had been obtained before the barrel was put in service. These values are stored in equipment memory. If the values of at least one of the parameters from at least one of the monochrome light sources are found to be inconsistent with the parameters of the reference signatures, the equipment for receiving and analyzing monochrome light gives a signal about the presence of foreign substances and objects in the bore of the barrel.

Information Extraction during Instrument Flight: An Evaluation of the Validity of the Eye-Mind Hypothesis

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julianne Fox ◽  
David Merwin ◽  
Roger Marsh ◽  
George McConkie ◽  
Arthur Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Information Extraction ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Flight Simulator ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Student Pilots ◽  
Attentional Strategies

A study was performed to determine the extent to which flight-relevant information on instruments peripheral to fixation is extracted and used during fixed-wing instrument flight. Twenty student and twenty instructor pilots flew a series of missions in a fixed-wing flight simulator which was interfaced with an eye-tracker. In one mission flight-relevant information was removed from instruments peripheral to fixation while in the other mission peripheral information was intact. Pilots' performance was degraded and eye scan strategies were modified when peripheral information was removed. Furthermore, in several situations instructor pilots' performance was more adversely influenced by the removal of peripheral information than was student pilots' performance. The data are discussed in terms of attentional strategies during flight.

scholarly journals Studies Examining the Efficacy of Ankle Foot Orthoses should Report Activity Level and Mechanical Evidence

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaap Harlaar ◽  
Merel Brehm ◽  
Jules G. Becher ◽  
Daan J. J. Bregman ◽  
Jaap Buurke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Algorithm ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Walking Ability ◽  
Foot Orthoses ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Levels Of Evidence ◽  
Ankle Foot Orthoses

Ankle Foot Orthoses (AFOs) to promote walking ability are a common treatment in patients with neurological or muscular diseases. However, guidelines on the prescription of AFOs are currently based on a low level of evidence regarding their efficacy. Recent studies aiming to demonstrate the efficacy of wearing an AFO in respect to walking ability are not always conclusive. In this paper it is argued to recognize two levels of evidence related to the ICF levels. Activity level evidence expresses the gain in walking ability for the patient, while mechanical evidence expresses the correct functioning of the AFO. Used in combination for the purpose of evaluating the efficacy of orthotic treatment, a conjunct improvement at both levels reinforces the treatment algorithm that is used. Conversely, conflicting outcomes will challenge current treatment algorithms and the supposed working mechanism of the AFO. A treatment algorithm must use relevant information as an input, derived from measurements with a high precision. Its result will be a specific AFO that matches the patient's needs, specified by the mechanical characterization of the AFO footwear combination. It is concluded that research on the efficacy of AFOs should use parameters from two levels of evidence, to prove the efficacy of a treatment algorithm, i.e., how to prescribe a well-matched AFO.

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