scholarly journals ACADEMIC RECEPTION OF THE NOVEL «HERO OF OUR TIME» BY M. Y. LERMONTOV IN THE USA: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Author(s):  
Наталья Евгеньевна Купцова

Введение. Представлена совершенно неисследованная тема в отечественном лермонтоведении – академическая рецепция романа М. Ю. Лермонтова «Герой нашего времени» в США. Автор статьи собрала наиболее представительные на сегодняшний день публикации, вышедшие в США за всю историю американского лермонтоведения и посвященные этому роману. Цель – провести исследование академической рецепции романа М. Ю. Лермонтова «Герой нашего времени» в США. Материал и методы. Поиск публикаций, посвященных роману М. Ю. Лермонтова «Герой нашего времени», вышедших в США, и их анализ по предложенной автором периодизации. Результаты и обсуждение. Предложена периодизация по трем периодам: публикации 1900–1960-х гг., публикации 1970–1980-х гг. и публикации 1900-х гг. по настоящее время. Особенностями публикаций 1900–1960-х гг. является прежде всего осмысление того, как М. Ю. Лермонтов изобразил русское общество 1830-х гг. и главного героя своего произведения, акцент на психологичности романа, а также сравнение с героями А. С. Пушкина. Среди исследователей нет согласия относительно жанра романа – так, Мерсеро относит его к жанру психологического реализма, а в предисловии к первому англоязычному изданию в США отмечен байронический характер Печорина. Для публикаций 1970–1980-х гг. наблюдаются совершенно другие акценты у американских исследователей. На первое место выходит интерес к внутреннему устройству романа: его фабуле, сюжету, структуре. Несмотря на то, что по-прежнему нет полного согласия относительно жанровой принадлежности романа, большинство исследователей считают, что именно в роман «Герой нашего времени» покончил с романтизмом в русской прозе, в чем и заключается его главное новаторство. Изменился и взгляд на главного героя романа – в Печорине видят уже не байронические, а демонические черты. На современном этапе изучения романа «Герой нашего времени» у американских исследователей появляются новые темы в изучении романа. Так, например, красной нитью проходит тема отражения в романе взаимоотношений между русскими и кавказскими народами. Кроме того, если раньше в центре внимания исследователей был только Печорин, то теперь изучаются и другие герои и героини романа. Интересно и то, что Печорина теперь считают постромантическим героем и сам роман большинство исследователей считают постромантическим. Заключение. Проведенный анализ и предложенная периодизация наглядно иллюстрируют эволюцию интереса исследователей из США к различным аспектам романа и его героев. Библиографический список статьи внушителен и сам по себе представляет значительный интерес и вклад в лермонтоведение. Авторы публикаций, вошедших в обзор, – филологи, публицисты, политологи и антропологи. Introduction. The article is devoted to the completely unexplored subject in Russian Lermontov studies – the academic reception of the novel “Hero of our time” by the scholars from the USA. In the article the most reputable and representative works published in the USA about this novel are outlined and analyzed in accordance with the following periodization: publications of 1900-1960s, publications of 1970-80s and the modern publications of 1900s until now. The goal. Research of the academic reception of the novel of M. Lermontov «Hero of our time” in the USA. Materials and methods. Search and analysis of the publications, devoted to the novel “Hero of our time” by M. Lermontov issued in the USA in accordance with the periodization proposed by the author. Results and discussion. The focus of publications 1900–1960s is primarily the understanding of how M.Yu. Lermontov portrayed the Russian society of the 1830s and the main character of his work, an emphasis on the psychological nature of the novel, as well as a comparison with A.S. Pushkin. Among the researchers there is no agreement on the genre of the novel - for example, Mercereau classifies it as a genre of psychological realism, and in the preface to the first Russian-language edition in the United States, the Byronic character of Pechorin is noted. In publications from the 1970s to 1980s, there is a completely different emphasis. First of all, the internal structure of the novel is in the focus. Despite the fact that there is still no full agreement on the genre of the novel, most researchers believe that the novel «A Hero of Our Time» that he put an end to romanticism in Russian prose, which is the main innovation of Lermontov. The view on the main character of the novel has also changed - in Pechorin they see not Byronic, but demonic features. At the present stage, American researchers have new topics in the study of the novel «Hero of our time”. For example, the topic of the relationship between the Russian and Caucasian peoples attracts a lot of attention. In addition, if earlier only Pechorin was in the center of attention of researchers, now other heroes and heroines of the novel are also being studied. It is also interesting that Pechorin is now considered a post-romantic hero, and most researchers classify the novel as post-romantic. Conclusion. The conducted analysis and the proposed periodization demonstrably illustrates the evolution of approaches and interest to the various aspects of the novel and its heroes. The bibliography of the article is impressive itself and makes a significant contribution to the Lermontov studies. The authors of the publications included in the review are philologists, publicists, political scientists, anthropologists.

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-293
Author(s):  
Svetlana Timofeevna Arekeeva ◽  
Victor Leonidovich Shibanov

The article considers the novels "Vuryso Bum" ("Scarface", 1933) and "Gayan" ("Gayan", 1936) by Udmurt writer Mikhail Konovalov in terms of principles used by the author to create artistic reality. From the point of view of social realism, Mikhail Konovalov is free to experiment; he introduces constructivism, romanticism, naïvism using an arsenal of realistic devices; folklore and mythological origins are realised through a subconscious appeal to the Perm animal style ("Vuryso Bum") and a fairy tale model ("Gayan"). The prose writer reveals a regional spirit (animus loci); in his texts Ural is presented both as a spatial continuum and a living organism that determines characters’ personalities. For example, the novel "Gayan" depicts Izhevsk mining metallurgical settlement in the 1770s, the novel "Vuryso Bum" shows the working routine of Izhstal Plant rolling shop: one of the characters is dreaming about a factory of the future - a glass building immersed in trees, and people flying freely to colonised Mars. In the novel "Vuryso Bum", the main character is the collective "we" which combines many different personalities. The character of Gondyr, a trickster, existing between two worlds and trying to get used to an industrial city, can be considered the writer's artistic success. The "creator vs. destroyer" conflict, traditional for the 1930s, is embodied in the characters of a rational Dubov and a hidden enemy Nushin. An invariant of Beauty and the Beast's plot can be found in the relationship between Nushin and young Lina. The main principle of the novel "Gayan" is the combination of historical-ethnographic elements and elements of adventure. Varieties of fortunes of Gayan, a beautiful Luisa, and an ugly Balyan develop around a historical background of Pugachev's Rebellion; Emelyan Pugachev, Salavat Yulaev, Alymov, the head of Izhevsk Factory, and others play a certain role in their relationship. M. Konovalov creates a vivid and unique picture of ethnic reality in both novels.


2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 145-166
Author(s):  
Jelena Klopčič ◽  
Maja Klun

Vertical equity states that taxpayers whose positions are not the same should be treated differently while taking into consideration all the relevant characteristics. The main purpose of using the vertical equity principle is to require the redistribution of income in a way that reduces the income inequality of the society. The presented research aims to check the opinion of Slovenian tax system professionals on the principle of vertical equity. Slovenian results have been compared to a similar analysis carried out in Croatia, and partly with survey results from Bosnia and Herzegovina and the United States of America. The results show that the professional public agrees with the principle of vertical equity in the implementation of tax systems. All of the compared countries are similarly favourable towards vertical equity. However, this is also affected by the current tax arrangements of the individual countries.


FRANCISOLA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Tania INTAN

RÉSUMÉ. Cette étude vise donc à prouver surtout la relation entre le ballet, l'anorexie, et l'image de soi chez le personnage principal du roman Robert des Noms Propres, écrit en 2013 par Amélie Nothomb, une auteure francophone de Belgique. Cette recherche utilise la méthode d'analyse descriptive, pour obtenir une vue holistique des problèmes dans l'œuvre littéraire, qui ont été étudié en utilisant l'approche psychologique. Cette écriture est préparée en utilisant un large éventail de documents liés au thème du ballet, l'anorexie, et l'image de soi chez les filles. Le résultat de la recherche montre qu'il existe une relation causale entre ces trois elements cités. Le trouble de l'alimentation s’est montré depuis l’enfance du personnage principal qui devient anorexique en raison d'un traumatisme, les influences de l'environnement, ainsi que les exigences de sa profession en tant que danseuse de ballet. Cette recherche apporte également l’information que l’image de soi chez l’adolescente s’est formé dans les aspects cognitifs, affectifs, et psychomotoriques. Mots-clés : ballet, anorexie, image de soi, adolescente ABSTRACT. This study aims to prove above all the relationship between ballet, anorexia, and self-image in the main character of the novel Robert des Noms Propres, written in 2013 by Amélie Nothomb, a French-speaking author from Belgium. This research uses the method of descriptive analysis, to obtain a holistic view of the problems in the literary work, which were studied using the psychological approach. This writing is prepared using a wide range of documents related to the theme of ballet, anorexia, and self-image in girls. The result of the research shows that there is a causal relationship between these three elements. The eating disorder has been shown since the childhood of the main character who becomes anorexic due to trauma, environmental influences, as well as the demands of her profession as a ballet dancer. This research also brings the information that the adolescent's self-image has formed in the cognitive, affective, and psychomotoric aspects. Keywords: ballet, anorexia, self-image, adolescent girls


Author(s):  
M. Chekunova

The presented article tests the application of the method of quantitative content analysis to identify the spread of confrontational tendencies in the public consciousness. It proves the broad possibilities of monitoring and forecasting conflicts in society on the basis of it. The source base of the study was the archives of the New York Times newspaper for the period from 1851 to 2019. The author calculated the number of used indicative conflict-containing lexemes, the integrated dynamics of which expresses the coefficient of confrontation. The coefficient of confrontation correlates with the dynamics of conflicts in the history of the United States and the world, explanations of the increase and decrease of the corresponding indicators are given. The maximum phases of the confrontation coefficient fall on the period of the Second World War and the modern period. Modern maximization is viewed as a significant threat to the security of Russian society.


2020 ◽  
pp. 137-179
Author(s):  
Iain Crawford

Building on the case made in chapter 3, chapter 4 tunes to consider Martin Chuzzlewit and examines the ways in which the novel addresses the relationship between literacy, print media, and the experience of modern urbanism. Together eith its predecessor, the chapter argues that for Dickens America was far more than what has been generally perceived as an increasingly negative experience that chastened his understanding of the press and of mass culture. Rather, and notwithstanding all his complaints about Americans, tobacco, and spit, the encounter with America in fact provided him with a new sense, at once disturbing and alluring, of the potential power of a cheap mass-market press led by entrepreneurial editors operating in a print environment unconstrained by state controls. Moreover, in writing about America, and above all in writing about its newspapers in both American Notes and Martin Chuzzlewit, Dickens for the first time discovered a methodology for fusing fiction and the press in ways that would be foundational his most significant contribution to Victorian journalism, Household Words and its successor, All the Year Round.


2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nura El-Haj ◽  
Carolyn Hoppe

Sickle cell disease (SCD) encompasses a group of inherited red cell disorders characterized by an abnormal hemoglobin, Hb S. The most common forms of SCD in the United States and Canada are identified through universal newborn screening (NBS) programs. Now carried out in all fifty U.S. states and 8 Canadian provinces, NBS for SCD represents one of the major public health advances in North America. The current status of NBS programs for hemoglobinopathies and the screening techniques employed in many regions worldwide reflect in large part the U.S. and Canadian experiences. Although the structure, screening algorithms and laboratory procedures, as well as reporting and follow up, vary between NBS programs, the overall workflow is similar. The current review summarized the historical background, current approaches, and methods used to screen newborns for SCD in the United States and Canada.


Author(s):  
Clara Martinez-Perez ◽  
Cristina Alvarez-Peregrina ◽  
Cesar Villa-Collar ◽  
Miguel Ángel Sánchez-Tena

Background: The first outbreaks of the new coronavirus disease, named COVID-19, occurred at the end of December 2019. This disease spread quickly around the world, with the United States, Brazil and Mexico being the countries the most severely affected. This study aims to analyze the relationship between different publications and their authors through citation networks, as well as to identify the research areas and determine which publication has been the most cited. Methods: The search for publications was carried out through the Web of Science database using terms such as “COVID-19” and “SARS-CoV-2” for the period between January and July 2020. The Citation Network Explorer software was used for publication analysis. Results: A total of 14,335 publications were found with 42,374 citations generated in the network, with June being the month with the largest number of publications. The most cited publication was “Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China” by Guan et al., published in April 2020. Nine groups comprising different research areas in this field, including clinical course, psychology, treatment and epidemiology, were found using the clustering functionality. Conclusions: The citation network offers an objective and comprehensive analysis of the main papers on COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2.


Author(s):  
Eka Margianti Sagimin ◽  
Linda Nurarsita Damayanti

This study aims to find the personality development of the main character in the Wonder novel, August Pullman. The objective of this study is to show how August’s interpersonal relationship depicted in the novel and influenced his personality development. The theory of Interpersonal Relationship from Harry S. Sullivan is used to analyze how August’s social interaction with others affect his personality development. This study found that someone’s personality development can be seen through the relationship between individual and others. In addition, to find out the factors of personality development, this study uses Elizabeth B. Hurlock’s theory of Personality Development. Some factors which are responsible for someone’s change are changes in environment, changes in social pressure and changes in self-concept. Based on the analysis, August’s personality in Wonder novel is described as an unconfident, weak, and has limit social interaction developed into confident, brave, and independent kid


2020 ◽  
pp. 153-173
Author(s):  
V. Yu. Lebedeva

The results of the analysis of suicidal issues in the stories of V. Nabokov “Blow of a Wing”, “Fairy Tale”, “Accident”, “Lycus”, “Notification”, “Letter to Russia”, “Vasily Shishkov” are presented in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that it makes it possible to clarify the writer’s ideas about being and the otherworldly, as well as to contribute to the development of such an interdisciplinary branch of scientific knowledge as thanatology. It is argued that the suicidal situations in the stories are similar: the characters take this step in a state of acute crisis as a result of long-term indulgence of weaknesses and passions (including addictions). The problem of the environment is also noted — despite the fact that the heroes are surrounded by people, they are in an atmosphere of misunderstanding and loneliness. Attention is also paid to the relationship of a number of characters with God and infernal forces (in particular, an intertextual parallel with the novel “Demons” is drawn). It is proved that suicide in the overwhelming majority of texts is a consequence of the metaphysical disintegration of heroes prone to irresponsibility, consumerism, escapism, and in some cases to the fight against God. It is concluded that the phenomenon of suicide in Russian-language Nabokov’s stories is devoid of a romantic and / or heroic halo — the writer comprehends it within the framework of European-Christian culture.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Culver Smith ◽  
Leandra Merz ◽  
Jesse B. Borden ◽  
Chris Gulick ◽  
Akhil Ravindra Kshirsagar ◽  
...  

Many OA journals require authors pay an article processing charge (APC), which researchers in the Global South often cite as an insurmountable financial barrier. This has led to speculation that there will be lower representation of these authors in OA journals charging APCs. We used “mirror journals” – APC-charging OA versions of paywalled (PW) titles with whom they share editorial boards and standards for acceptance – to investigate the relationship between APCs and the geographic diversity of authors. Most of the >41,000 articles we reviewed were published in PW journals. Although lead authors were based in >140 countries, ~45% were based in either the United States of America (USA) or China. After correcting for differences in sample size, we found no difference between OA and PW journals in the number of countries in which lead authors were based. After correcting for the dominance of China and the USA, we found that author diversity in OA journals was significantly lower than in PW journals. Most OA articles were written by authors in high-income countries; no articles in OA journals had first authors from low-income countries. Our results suggest APCs are a barrier to OA publication for scientists from the Global South.


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