scholarly journals THE CUZCO SCHOOL PAINTING AS A WORLDVIEW MODEL

Author(s):  
Елена Владимировна Новосёлова

В статье рассматривается феномен кусканской школы живописи (одного из наиболее самобытных явлений культурной жизни не только стран Андского региона, но и всей Латинской Америки в колониальный период) как отражение мировоззрения индейцев колониального периода. Важность этих визуальных источников обусловлена тем, что они создавались самими индейцами, хотя и под контролем испанского клира с целью христианизации местного населения. Несмотря на значимость тематики и немалое количество посвященных ей исследований, многие аспекты проблемы еще не нашли исчерпывающего истолкования. Во многом это касается как раз идеологических и мировоззренческих аспектов. В связи с этим перед автором стояла задача рассмотреть полотна не с сугубо искусствоведческих, а с семиотических позиций: какие аспекты мировоззрения стоят за тем или иным символом и мотивом. Для решения этой задачи автор анализирует ряд живописных полотен школы Куско (наиболее перспективных с точки зрения целей исследования) с целью выявить содержащиеся в них мировоззренческие элементы, которые нашли отражение в образах, мотивах, цветопередаче. Проведение такого анализа невозможно без привлечения сравнительных данных из других источников по особенностям индейского мировоззрения, прежде всего письменных. Единовременность создания обеих групп источников позволяет проводить релевантные параллели относительно одних и тех же объектов исследования. В первую очередь для удобства и наглядности анализа автор проводит типологизацию мировоззренческих элементов по принципу происхождения. Традиционно их можно поделить на индейские, испано-христианские и смешанные. Автор также дает краткий обзор основных художественных традиций, оказавших влияние на становление школы (испанское барокко, индейские верования и элементы искусства и пр.). Анализ художественных и стилистических особенностей произведений с точки зрения их идеологического содержания позволяет сделать следующие выводы. Во-первых, многие символы и мотивы школы Куско прямо восходят к индейским верованиям доиспанской эпохи. Во-вторых, многие эти символы и мотивы не являются эксплицитными, а считываются без особых затруднений. В-третьих, испано-христианские элементы носят во многом внешний, декларативный характер с рядом уступок по отношению к языческим мотивам. Все это говорит о том, что мировоззрение индейцев колониального периода было сложным и многогранным по своему составу. При этом важно отметить, что ни одна из мировоззренческих систем не предстает в своем исходном виде, что было вызвано драматическим процессом столкновения двух этих систем и созданием на их базе новой. Тем не менее, исходя из анализа полотен школы Куско, есть основания считать, что в этой мозаичной системе индейского мировоззрения доиспанские элементы могут считаться преобладающими. Все это свидетельствует о подлинном синтезе мировоззрений и о метисном характере самой школы Куско как культурного и социального явления. The article considers the phenomenon of the Cuzco School of painting (one of the most original phenomena of cultural life not only in the Andean region, but also in Latin America in general during the colonial period) as a reflection of the worldview of the Indians of the colonial period. Indians themselves created paintings, although under the control of the Spanish clergy, in order to Christianize the local population, which makes these visual sources important. Despite the significance of the topic and the number of studies devoted to it, many aspects of the problem have not yet been fully interpreted. In many ways, this applies to ideological and worldview aspects. In this regard, the author analyses Cuzco paintings in semiotic, rather than purely artistic, terms: what aspects of the worldview are behind a particular symbol and motif. To solve this problem, the author analyzes a number of paintings of the Cuzco School (the most promising for the research) in order to identify the worldview elements – reflected in the images, motifs, and colors – the paintings contain. It is impossible to conduct such an analysis without using comparative data from other sources on the peculiarities of the Indian worldview, especially written ones. The simultaneous creation of both groups of sources allows drawing relevant parallels with respect to the same research objects. For the convenience and clarity of the analysis, the author typologizes worldview elements based on the principle of origin. Traditionally, they can be divided into Indian, Spanish-Christian, and mixed. The author also gives a brief overview of the main artistic traditions that influenced the formation of the school (Spanish Baroque, Indian beliefs and elements of art, etc.). The analysis of the artistic and stylistic features of the works from the point of view of their ideological content allows drawing the following conclusions. Firstly, many of the symbols and motifs of the Cuzco School go directly back to pre-Hispanic Indian beliefs. Secondly, many of these symbols and motifs are not explicit yet can be read without much effort. Thirdly, the Spanish-Christian elements are largely external, declarative in nature, with a number of concessions to pagan motives. All this suggests that the worldview of the Indians of the colonial period was complex and multi-faceted in its composition. At the same time, it is important to note that none of the worldview systems appears in its original form because of the dramatic process of the collision of these two systems and the creation of a new one on their basis. Nevertheless, based on the analysis of the paintings of the Cuzco School, there is reason to believe that in this mosaic system of the Indian worldview, pre-Hispanic elements can be considered pre-existing. All this testifies to a genuine synthesis of worldviews and to the mestizo character of the Cusco School as a cultural and social phenomenon.

Panggung ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yesriva Nursyam ◽  
Supriando Supriando

AbstractIlau dance is one type of dance in Minangkabau which is performed in traditional customs in Nagari Sumani. The tradition of the Nagari Sumani community in the wedding ceremony has its own uniqueness that is interesting to study. As a cultural product, ilau dance has meanings and symbols, which is manifested in a visual form that gives a certain meaningful content but is communicative for its people. This study aims to find the symbolic meanings of Ilau dance. This study uses a descriptive method with data collection through observation and interviews to get an overview of the subjects and research objects of the ilau dance. The results of the study show that the symbolic meaning of the Ilau dance can be interpreted from the people’s point of view and their understanding of cultural life, both textually and contextually.Keywords: Ilau dance, marriage custom, symbol, Nagari Sumani.AbstrakTari Ilau merupakan salah satu jenis tarian di Minangkabau yang dipertunjukkan dalam adat perkawinan di Nagari Sumani. Tradisi masyarakat Nagari Sumani dalam upacara perkawinan memiliki keunikan tersendiri yang menarik untuk dikaji. Sebagai sebuah produk budaya, tari ilau memiliki makna dan simbol, yang diwujudkan dalam bentuk visual yang memberi muatan makna tertentu, tetapi bersifat komunikatif bagi masyarakatnya.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab makna simbolik yang terdapat pada tari Ilau. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan perolehan data melalui observasi dan wawancara untuk mendapatkan gambaran terhadap subyek dan obyek penelitian tari ilau. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa makna simbolis tari Ilau dapat diinterpretasi dari sudut pandang dan pemahaman berkaitan dengan kehidupan masyarakat pemilik kebudayaan, baik secara tekstual maupun kontekstual. Kata kunci: Tari ilau, adat perkawinan, simbol, Nagari Sumani.


1993 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 300-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Reger

Earlier work has tended to view Delos as an entrepôt for the larger Hellenistic grain trade, but during the years of independence (314-167 B.C.) the island relied on the import of grain to satisfy local demand, and this was certainly the more important aspect of the trade in grain, at least from the Delians' point of view. This study explores several issues connected with the local supply of grain. From prices for grain reported in inscriptions and estimates of the local population, the aggregate annual demand for grain is estimated, and the price structure of grain derived; the ratio of wheat and barley prices on Delos is found to differ considerably from that known from Athens and Roman Egypt. The shortage of 282 B.C., assumed by earlier scholars from prices recorded for that year, is shown instead to be a period of atypically low prices. The impact of the sailing season on shipments of grain is explored, and an annual rhythm in grain prices and availability linked to the closure of the sea and the agricultural year is revealed. The Delians tried to reduce the impact of these fluctuations by the public purchase of grain on an irregular basis in the late fourth and third century, as attested through public loans; by the last quarter of the third century they had established a regular sitōnia fund to buy grain for resale at reduced prices. Comparison of funds available, grain prices, and the estimated aggregate demand suggest that the Delian sitōnia was able to cover a significant fraction of local demand; this contrasts with evidence from other cities. Some of the implications of these results for our understanding of the Hellenistic economy are briefly explored.


Author(s):  
Ronald Kroeze ◽  
Pol Dalmau ◽  
Frédéric Monier

AbstractScandal, corruption, exploitation and abuse of power have been linked to the history of modern empire-building. Colonial territories often became promised lands where individuals sought to make quick fortunes, sometimes in collaboration with the local population but more often at the expense of them. On some occasions, these shady dealings resulted in scandals that reached back to the metropolis, questioning civilising discourses in parliaments and the press, and leading to reforms in colonial administrations. This book is a first attempt to discuss the topic of corruption, empire and colonialism in a systematic manner and from a global comparative perspective. It does so through a set of original studies that examines the multi-layered nature of corruption in four different empires (Great Britain, Spain, the Netherlands and France) and their possessions in Asia, the Caribbean, Latin America and Africa.


GeoTextos ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendel Henrique Baumgartner

As universidades apresentam um importante papel social na promoção do desenvolvimento social, cultural e econômico. Em diversos países sua instalação está ligada também ao desenvolvimento urbano e regional, especialmente de cidades médias e pequenas, promovendo, com relativo sucesso, a modernização da estrutura urbana e econômica dessas cidades. A base empírica desse estudo são as cidades sede dos campi da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia (instalados em 2006) e Passau (Baviera/Alemanha), sede da Universidade de Passau, desde 1978. Nosso objetivo é propor uma abordagem metodológica que dê suporte para pesquisas focadas na integração, na fragmentação e nos conflitos entre a cidade da população local e aquela das universidades. Nossas conclusões principais indicam uma grande dinamização do mercado imobiliário, diversificação das atividades comerciais e de serviços, ampliação do papel regional, mas também, do ponto de vista social, conexões fracas e pontuais com a cidade, gerando conflitos entre estudantes/professores e a população local. Abstract PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES AS AGENTS IN URBAN AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF MEDIUM AND SMALL-SIZED CITIES: A THEORETICAL, METHODOLOGICAL AND EMPIRICAL APPROACH The universities have an important role in our society to promote social, cultural and economical development. In many countries universities has been installed in small and medium-sized cities since the 70’s to promote the development and ‘modernization’. Some of them are very successful and the economical development is visible and unquestionable. Our empirical study focuses the cities of the Federal University of Reconcavo da Bahia (installed in 2006) and Passau/Bavaria/Germany (University of Passau, installed in 1978). Our goal is to propose methodological approach to support a research based on the integration, fragmentation and conflicts between the city of the local population and city of the Universities. Our major conclusions are connected with the increase of the real estate market, diversification of commercial and service activities, intensification of regional role. From the social point of view, however, there are weak and punctual connections with the cities, promoting spatial and cultural conflicts between the students/professor and the local population.


Author(s):  
Agrafena Innokentyevna Makarova

Based on archival documents and previously pub-lished materials, an attempt is made to show the role of the pre-revolutionary education system in the socio-cultural development of the Yakut region. Si-beria was a place of exile for a long time and the state was in no hurry to develop education here. But the liberal reforms of 1860–1870 created the prereq-uisites for the development of the education system. The paper shows the formation and development of educational institutions in the region, provides in-formation on the number of schools and the number of students. The role of political exiles in raising the general cultural level of the local population is also revealed. The author comes to the conclusion that in the Yakut region, thanks to the state educational policy on education of foreign suburbs and public initiative, primary and then secondary educational institutions begin to open, which have had a signifi-cant impact on the socio-cultural life of the region.


2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-155
Author(s):  
Eduardo Biacchi Gomes ◽  
Ane Elise Brandalise Gonçalves

O presente artigo tem por fim analisar, sob a ótica do descolonialismo, os avanços da legislação brasileira em relação aos critérios para concessão do asilo. Para tanto, parte-se do próprio conceito de descolonialismo e a sua aplicabilidade dentro do contexto atual para construção dos Direitos Humanos na América Latina, de forma a cotejar com a nova legislação brasileira em relação aos critérios para fins de concessão de asilo e de refúgio. Por fim, de forma a demonstrar a importância do tema frente ao Sistema Interamericano de Proteção aos Direitos Humanos, questionar-se-á quanto a possibilidade de referidos temas serem analisados por parte da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos (Corte IDH). Abstract: The purpose of this article is to analyze, from the point of view of decolonialism, the advances of Brazilian legislation in relation to the criteria for granting asylum. In order to do so, it is based on the very concept of decolonialism and its applicability within the current context for the construction of Human Rights in Latin America, in order to compare with the new Brazilian legislation in relation to the criteria for granting asylum and refuge. Finally, in order to demonstrate the importance of the issue in the Inter-American System for the Protection of Human Rights, it will be questioned whether the above-mentioned issues can be analyzed by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.


F1000Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Proaño ◽  
Eloy F Ruiz ◽  
Ruben Porudominsky ◽  
Jose Carlos Tapia

In 2004, an influential report in The Lancet suggested that open health information for all could be achieved by 2015. Unfortunately, this goal has not yet been accomplished. Despite progress in obtaining quality scientific articles in Latin America, it remains difficult to reliably access new and cutting-edge research. As graduating Peruvian medical students, we have confronted many obstacles in obtaining access to quality and up-to-date information and a constant tension between accessing "what is available" rather than "what we need". As we have learned, these limitations affect not only our own education but also the choices we make in the management of our patients. In the following article, we state our point of view regarding limitations in access to scientific articles in Peru and Latin America.


2018 ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
Boyko Ranguelov ◽  
Fathimath Shadiya

A new idea about the fractal nature of Maldives archipelago is under investigation. The origin of this famous Maldivian islands’ country is still questionable from geodynamic point of view. The present study is focused to the assessment of the fractal properties and the coefficients of the nonlinearity (fractal dimensions) of the areal spatial distribution of the major atolls of the Maldives. This is the most vulnerable area in the world from point of view of the global warming and the possible negative consequences to the country and population from the ocean level increase. From another side the natural hazards (tsunamis, storms, etc.) are common negative phenomena attacking the country. The strongly developed tourism – more than 30% of the GDP and the increased urbanization is another factor creating ecological problems to the local population. The relationships between the fractal nature and the possible ways to avoid the pollution are also in the focus of this research.


Author(s):  
Lia Milanesio

This article aims at analysing René Maran’s five animal novels. In these texts, Maran criticizes the colonial system not only for its cruelty to the native population, but also for its ecological violence against the bush and its non-human inhabitants. In particular, this research will be focusing on the author’s ability to abandon a human (and colonial) point of view in order to adopt an animal one. On the one hand, this new subjectivity – as well as Maran’s comprehension of indigenous naturalist society – allows the writer to condemn the colonial period from an ecocritical perspective. On the other hand, it provides evidence of the existence of culture among the beasts of his novels. Finally, this article will also prove that it is thanks to their culture that Maran’s animals will try to resist the colonial-centred environment and ideology.


EL LE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Astori

If much attention has been gained in recent times by sign languages (in particular in the comparison on their nature and on their main peculiar properties also towards a recognition as proper languages, as well as on the challenges they pose to some traditional notions which have been employed so far to describe linguistic phenomena), their possible value from the perspective of inclusiveness deserves at least a brief reflection: the debate on this topic could be moved, from a theoretical point of view, within the search for vehicular languages that conformed humanity’s whole cultural life (in different ways and times), to discuss the possibility that a sign language could also propose itself, among others, in the future, as auxiliary.


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