scholarly journals Funeral embalming

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-30
Author(s):  
Pascale Trompette ◽  
Mélanie Lemonnier
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Know How ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Commercial Networks ◽  
Professional Body ◽  
History Of ◽  
Technical Innovations ◽  
Death Care

This paper studies the trajectory of modern embalming, considered as a technical innovation in the treatment of dead bodies, across time and societies. Tracing the history of technical innovations, it examines the evolution of embalming from the fi eld of medical science to its re-appropriation by a secular sphere (funeral sector). The central role of material culture in the spread of innovative embalming techniques is underlined, and notably the leading role of commercial networks and industrial actors as they support the growth of embalmers while products, equipment and technical know-how are normalized. On the basis of the contemporary funeral organization, the analysis explores how embalming has become part of the cooperative chain surrounding death. It describes how embalming innovation entails a set of ‘alignments’ (Strauss, 1988) in the management of corpse care, supporting various standardization processes, which are both practical and symbolic. Finally, the establishment of a professional body of embalmers points to a new inter-professional interpretation of the corpse and of death care, radically changing the interface between the medical world and the funeral world.

The Role of the Constitutional Court in the Development of the Rule of Law in Kosovo

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-313
Author(s):  
Enver Hasani
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Constitutional History ◽  
Constitutional Courts ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Communist Countries

Kosovo’s Constitutional Court has played a role of paramount importance in the country’s recent history. The author uses a comparative analysis to discuss the role of the Court in light of the work and history of other European constitutional courts. This approach sheds light on the Court’s current role by analyzing Kosovo’s constitutional history, which shows that there has been a radical break with the past. This approach reveals the fact that Kosovo’s current Constitution does not reflect the material culture of the society of Kosovo. This radical break with the past is a result of the country’s tragic history, in which case the fight for constitutionalism means a fight for human dignity. In this battle for constitutionalism, the Court has been given very broad jurisdiction and a role to play in paving the way for Kosovo to move toward Euro-Atlantic integration in all spheres of life. Before reaching this conclusion, the author discusses the specificities of Kosovo’s transition, comparing it with other former communist countries. Among the specific features of constitutionalism in Kosovo are the role and position of the international community in the process of constitution-making and the overall design of constitutional justice in Kosovo. Throughout the article, a conclusion emerges that puts Kosovo’s Constitutional Court at the forefront of the fight for the rule of law and constitutionalism of liberal Western provenance.

Stone Tools

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
History Of Archaeology ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Old World ◽  
Material Culture Studies ◽  
History Of

The focus of this article is stone tools. The history of stone tool research is linked integrally to the history of archaeology and the study of the human past, and many of the early developments in archaeology were connected with the study of stone artefacts. The identification of stone tools as objects of prehistoric human manufacture was central to the development of nineteenth-century models of prehistoric change, and especially the Three Age system for Old World prehistory. This article draws on concepts derived from interdisciplinary material culture studies to consider the role of the artefact after being discarded. It suggests that it is impossible to understand the meaning or efficacy of stone tools without understanding their ‘afterlives’ following abandonment. This article aims to complement contemporary metrical studies of the identification of stone tools and the description of their production. A brief history of the stone tools is explained and this concludes the article.

scholarly journals Andrewes's christmas fairy tale: atypical thinking about cancer aetiology in 1935

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neeraja Sankaran ◽  
Ton van Helvoort
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Fairy Tale ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Research Community ◽  
History Of Ideas ◽  
International Medical Research ◽  
Viral Aetiology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fairy Story

This paper uses a short ‘Christmas fairy-story for oncologists’ sent by Christopher Andrewes with a 1935 letter to Peyton Rous as the centrepiece of a reflection on the state of knowledge and speculation about the viral aetiology of cancer in the 1930s. Although explicitly not intended for public circulation at the time, the fairy-story merits publication for its significance in the history of ideas about viruses, which are taken for granted today. Andrewes and Rous were prominent members of the international medical research community and yet faced strong resistance to their theory that viruses could cause such tumours as chicken sarcomas and rabbit papillomas. By looking at exchanges between these men among themselves and other proponents of their theories and with their oncologist detractors, we highlight an episode in the behind-the-scenes workings of medical science and show how informal correspondence helped keep alive a vital but then heterodox idea about the role of viruses in causing cancer.

Rock art as a source of the history of prehistory (An account to promote the understanding of prehistoric rock art)

Abgadiyat ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-35
Author(s):  
Hamdi Abbas Ahmed Abd-EI-Moniem
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Remote Past

Abstract Some may believe that the history of mankind begins with the appearance of writing only a few several thousands of years ago (cf. 4000-3000 BCE). Our history, however, extends beyond that date millions of years. The history of mankind, indeed, is deeply rooted in the remote past which is called 'prehistory'. With the lacking of any form of writing, this 'prehistoric' period can be examined directly solely by recourse to the study of archaeological remains. The purpose of this account is to introduce rock art to the readers and show the significant role of this sort of archaeological material in studying the history of mankind before the appearance of written records. The current work, therefore, is divided into three main sections: the first deals with definition of rock art and its nature; the second section is devoted to showing the significance of this aspect of material culture in exploring a long and mysterious period of the early history of man characterized by the complete absence of written records or historical documents; the third and last section, which is a vital and integral part of this work, comprises an explanatory pictorial record to promote the understanding of prehistoric rock art as a source of information needed for writing the history of prehistory.

CHRONICLE OF A COUP FORETOLD: VALENTINE MUSAKANYA AND THE 1980 COUP ATTEMPT IN ZAMBIA

2010 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-409
Author(s):  
MILES LARMER
Keyword(s):  
Civil Service ◽  
Political Prisoner ◽  
Business Elite ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Ruling Party ◽  
Coup Attempt

ABSTRACTZambia's unsuccessful coup attempt in 1980 was initiated by members of the country's intellectual and business elite, who had played a leading role in the postcolonial civil service and state bureaucracy, but who became disillusioned with the takeover of the state by the ruling party before and after the declaration of the one-party state in 1972. Among their number was Valentine Musakanya, one of those convicted for the coup attempt. Using Musakanya's biographical and other writings, this article explores his intellectual trajectory from head of the civil service to political prisoner. In so doing, it investigates the role of life writing in aiding understanding of the postcolonial political history of Africa.

scholarly journals ORGANIZATION EXPERIENCE OF SOCIAL AND PEDAGOGICAL CONSULTING AS A TECHNOLOGY FOR FORMING TOLERANCE AND ETHNOCULTURAL COMPETENCE OF PERSONALITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 60-66
Author(s):  
Sh. Demissenova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Ethnic Relations ◽  
Interethnic Relations ◽  
Consultation Process ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theoretical Overview ◽  
Practical Recommendations

The article considers the issues related to the role, features of social and pedagogical consulting in the field of ethnic relations and the requirements for the consultant himself. The history of counseling on the problems of interethnic relations, ethical and emic approaches to counseling are briefly described. The features of the consultation process in consulting on the problems of ethnic relations. The interrelation of positive ethnic identity and tolerance, ethnocultural competence of a person is revealed. The leading role of positive ethnic identity of the client's personality in overcoming ethnic problems has been determined. The role of the consultant is revealed. The requirements for a consultant, for his training and experience are analyzed. The factors that determine the effectiveness of consulting are considered. The actual problems of consulting on the problems of ethnic relations are analyzed. Practical recommendations for consultants based on a theoretical overview, are listed. The experience of social and pedagogical consultations initiated and organized by the Council of Mothers to the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan Kostanay’s region has been summarized. The most typical requests for consulting are analyzed. The problems and prospects of implementation such a practice are described.

scholarly journals To model of participation of interested parties in governance of the Internet on the international level

2020 ◽  
pp. 90-109
Author(s):  
Nikita Istomin
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Internet Governance ◽  
International Level ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Transnational Organizations ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
History Of

This article analyzes the model of participation of many interested parties in governance of the Internet, as well as its definition on the international level and within the doctrine. The goal consists in determining the importance and the role of participation of multiple interested parties in the context of Internet governance, and its correlation to the transnational approach in international law. The model of participation of multiple interested parties is predominantly examined as participation in Internet governance of the actors of international law and private entities. The subject of this research is the provisions of summary documents, summits on the highest level regarding the questions of information community, resolution of the UN General Assembly and other branches of the UN system, provisions of acts of other transnational organizations that are dedicated to development of state policy in the area of Internet governance, as well as doctrinal sources covering history of the question. The scientific novelty lies in determination of correlation of the participation of interested parties in Internet governance. It is noted that in the practice of Internet governance there are two clear approaches for implementation of this model: ran by states and international organizations, or one that is ran by private entities. The international legal acts reflect the former approach towards implementation of this model. In accordance with this approach, the work on Internet governance in consultation of state with private entities, allowing private entities as observers, or creation of public-private partnerships aimed at solution of global issues. The leading role of the private sector is advanced by the United States and several other Western nations as an alternative to translational multilateral approach, which contradicts the international legal acts, since the role ICANN as a leader is delegated to private entities, rather than states.

The Professions and Professional Education

2019 ◽  
pp. 315-332
Author(s):  
Richard K. Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Professional Education ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Law School ◽  
Medical Doctors ◽  
Professional Schools ◽  
Professional Career ◽  
Teaching Knowledge ◽  
Know How ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pure Knowledge

Education for a professional career differs fundamentally from other forms of education. A physician, for example, must know more than medical science. To be competent, medical doctors must know how to practice medicine, which Donald Schön called knowing-in-action. At times, professional schools have been stepchildren in universities because they taught skills as well as pure knowledge. In other eras, a medical school or a law school might be one of a university’s crown jewels. Differing degrees of acceptance in universities seem correlated to a profession’s prestige and to a professional school’s ability to generate research and publications. The tensions between trying to satisfy those criteria while simultaneously teaching knowledge-in-action with pure knowledge are essential to the history of professional education. The professions differ from one another in how they have navigated through these tensions, but the differences are variations on more or less the same theme.

Muck, Mummies and Medicine: Disgust in Early Modern Science

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-65
Author(s):  
Sarah-Maria Schober
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Early Modern Science ◽  
History Of Emotions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Changing Role ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This essay shows that early modern practices that used human bodily matter cannot be – as hitherto – explained by the absence of the emotion of disgust nor as being conducted in spite of disgust. Instead, it proposes to read those practices’ changing history as part of the history of the ‘paradox of disgust’. Four case studies (on anatomy, excrement, mummies and skulls) demonstrate that disgust was highly productive: it attracted fascination, allowed physicians to fashion themselves, and was even believed capable of healing. Over time and for complex reasons, however, the productive side of disgust declined. Combining current approaches in the history of emotions and material culture studies, this essay sets out not only to propose a new narrative for the changing role of disgust in early modern science and societies, but also to explore how variations in settings and human intervention changed the way emotions were used and perceived.

ETHNOGENESIS AND ETHNOGRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE UZBEK PEOPLE

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
Nurullo Tursunov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Cultural Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ethnographic History ◽  
The Impact

The article aims to study the ethnographic status of the studied region, the impact of historical events on ethno-cultural processes, the role of socio-political processes in the material culture of the region's population based on historical and ethnographic materials

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