scholarly journals Source Area Weathering, Paleo-Environment and Paleo-Climatic Conditions of Soils from Bitumen Rich Ode Irele Area of Ondo State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
Romanus Ayoola Obasi ◽  
Henry Y. Madukwe ◽  
Temitope Olaosun
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Anoxic Environments ◽  
Chemical Index ◽  
Ondo State

The study is aimed at determining the source-weathering, paleo-redox and paleoclimatic conditions of soil from Ode Irele area of Ondo State, Nigeria. X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and the Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry ICP-MS) analyses wereusd to determine the major, trace and rare earth element compositios used for the study. The Chemical index of alteration (CIA), Chemical index of weathering (CIW), Plagioclase index of alteration (PIA), Mineralogical index of alteration (MIA), Th/U nd a plot of CIA against Al2O3 as well as the A-CN-K Ternary diagram suggest a high degree of weathering of the source rocks. The positive correlation between Al2O3 with TiO2, K2O, Fe2O3 and MgO implies that they occur in clay minerals formed from weathering. The average K2O/Al2O3 ratios of the investigated samples is ≈0.006, which suggests prevalence of clay minerals relative to other minerals. Low U/Th ratio ranging between 0.14 and 0.50 (average 0.18) relative to PAAS (0.21) and UCC (0.26) suggests deposition under oxic conditions. V/Vi + Ni ratios indicate suboxic to anoxic environment of deposition. However, plots of V/V+ Ni vs Ni/Co and V/Cr vs Ni/Co indicate oxic, dysoxic and suboxic to anoxic environments all suggesting deposition under oxic and suboxic conditions. The Ode Irele sediments was deposited in low saline water with a strong continental rather than marine influence in an arid and semi-arid climatic condition; the low average ratio of P2O5/Al2O3 (0.014) is in unison with freshwater environments.

Petrography and geochemistry of the siliciclastic Araba Formation (Cambrian), east Sinai, Egypt: implications for provenance, tectonic setting and source weathering

2015 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
HOSSAM A. TAWFIK ◽  
IBRAHIM M. GHANDOUR ◽  
WATARU MAEJIMA ◽  
JOHN S. ARMSTRONG-ALTRIN ◽  
ABDEL-MONEM T. ABDEL-HAMEED
Keyword(s):  
Tectonic Setting ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Northern Margin ◽  
Rock Fragments ◽  
Geochemical Parameters ◽  
Clastic Sediments ◽  
Chemical Index

AbstractCombined petrographic and geochemical methods are utilized to investigate the provenance, tectonic setting, palaeo-weathering and climatic conditions of the Cambrian Araba clastic sediments of NE Egypt. The ~ 60 m thick Araba Formation consists predominantly of sandstone and mudstone interbedded with conglomerate. Petrographically the Araba sandstones are mostly sub-mature and classified as subarkoses with an average framework composition of Q80F14L6. The framework components are dominated by monocrystalline quartz with subordinate K-feldspar, together with volcanic and granitic rock fragments. XRD analysis demonstrated that clay minerals comprise mixed-layer illite/smectite (I/S), illite and smectite, with minor kaolinite. Diagenetic features of the sandstone include mechanical infiltration of clay, mechanical and chemical compaction, cementation, dissolution and replacement of feldspars by carbonate cements and clays. The modal composition and geochemical parameters (e.g. Cr/V, Y/Ni, Th/Co and Cr/Th ratios) of the sandstones and mudstones indicate that they were derived from felsic source rocks, probably from the crystalline basement of the northern fringe of the Arabian–Nubian Shield. The study reveals a collisional tectonic setting for the sediments of the Araba Formation. Palaeo-weathering indices such as the chemical index of alteration (CIA), chemical index of weathering (CIW) and plagioclase index of alteration (PIA) of the clastic sediments suggest that the source area was moderately chemically weathered. On the northern margin of Gondwana, early Palaeozoic weathering occurred under fluctuating climatic conditions.

scholarly journals Petrographic and geochemical interpretations of source provenance and tectonic setting of the Lokoja Sandstone, Bida Basin, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
G. U. Ozulu ◽  
A. U. Okoro ◽  
V. O. Ndubueze
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Tectonic Setting ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Heavy Minerals ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
X Ray

The petrography and geochemistry of major and trace elements distribution pattern for the Lokoja Sandstones, Southern Bida Basin, Nigeria; were used to interpret their provenance, weathering conditions and paleotectonic setting. A total of seven (7) representative sandstone samples were selected for petrographic, heavy minerals and inorganic geochemical analyses; that is X- ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Results of the petrographic analysis showed 52.14 % quartz, 39.29 % feldspar, 2.00 % rock fragments, 5.14 % matrix and cement fraction as well as 1.43 % unfilled voids. Results of major elements and oxides suggests intermediate to felsic source rocks while the dominance of Na-rich feldspar to the k-feldspar and high value of Fe2O3+MgO shows contribution from ferromagnesian minerals of mafic igneous source provenance and oceanic island arc region. Average concentrations of designated trace elements in the studied sandstones are low in concentrations. The lower concentrations of Cr, Co, and Ni and higher concentrations of Zr, Ba, and Sr suggest a felsic progenitor rock. But significantly high values of Ni (7.02 ppm), La/Co (7.99), and Ni/Co (3.28) as well as the low concentration value of Y, (3.23 ppm) suggests contributions from mafic source rocks. Low average ratios for La/Co, Th/Co, Th/Sc, Ni/Co, Cr/Ni, Cr/Sc, Cr/Th, Ni/Co, Cr/Ni, Cr/Th, Cr/Sc, Th/Sc, La/Co and Th/Co also suggest a felsic source provenance. An average CIA value of 78.04% is indicative of an intense recycling in the source area while an average MIA value of 56.13% suggests a moderate degree of weathering. The high clay matrix and feldspar content have been used to classify the sandstones as feldspathic greywackes deposited in dry arid climatic conditions under a basement uplifted tectonic setting.   

Trace Element Geochemistry and Mineral Inclusions Constraints on the Petrogenesis of a Marble–Hosted Ruby Deposit in Yunnan Province, China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenqing Huang ◽  
Pei Ni ◽  
Ting Shui ◽  
Junyi Pan ◽  
Mingsen Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Element ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Trace Element Geochemistry ◽  
Mineral Inclusion ◽  
Element Geochemistry ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Mineral Inclusions

Abstract Primary rubies in the Ailao Shan of Yunnan Province, China, are found in three layers of marble. However, the origin and source rocks of placer rubies in the Yuanjiang area remains unclear. Trace element geochemistry and inclusion mineralogy within these materials can provide information on their petrogenesis and original source. Zircon, rutile, mica group minerals, titanite, and apatite group minerals were the main solid inclusions identified within the placer Yuanjiang rubies, along with other mineral inclusions such as pyrite, pyrrhotite, plagioclase group minerals, and scapolite group minerals. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) measurements showed that the placer rubies are characterized by average values of Mg (31 ppmw), Ti (97 ppmw), V (77 ppmw), Cr (3326 ppmw), Fe (71 ppmw), and Ga (66ppmw). A trace-element oxide diagram, Fe values (<350 ppmw), and the mineral inclusion assemblage suggest marble sources for the placer ruby. Therefore, the Yuanjiang rubies (both primary and placer) are metamorphic, and this fits well with the observations that skarn and related minerals are mostly absent in this deposit. Yuanjiang rubies can be readily separated from the high-iron rubies of different geological types by their Fe content (<1000 ppmw). The discriminators Mg, Ga, Cr, V, Fe, and Ti have potential in separating Yuanjiang rubies from some other marble-hosted deposits, such as Snezhnoe. Nevertheless, geographic origin determination remains a challenge when considering the similarities in compositional features between the Yuanjiang rubies and rubies from some other marble-hosted deposits worldwide (e.g., Luc Yen). The presence of kaolinite group minerals and clusters of euhedral, prismatic zircon crystals in ruby suggest a Yuanjiang origin.

Sedimentological and Geochemical Charectesization of Manaveli and Cuddalore Formations, Puducherry Basin, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-130
Author(s):  
Shyam Narayan Mude ◽  
Shyam Yawale ◽  
Vishal Choudhari
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Sieve Analysis ◽  
Element Geochemistry ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Chemical Index

Sedimentological and Geochemical Charectesization  of Manaveli and Cuddalore Formations, Puducherry Basin, India   Shyam N. Mude, Shyam Yawale and Vishal Choudhari   Department of Geology, Fergusson College (Autonomous), Pune- 411004, India Email: [email protected]; [email protected]   Abstract: The lithostratigraphically rocks of Puducherry basin (Sub-basin of Cauvery Basin) have been classified as Valudavur, Mettuveli, Karasur, Manaveli, Cuddalore formations in ascending order of deposition. The sedimentological and geochemical studies of sediments from Manavali (Paleocene) and Cuddalore (Mio-Pliocene) formations were carried out to understand grain size variation and distribution of major oxides and trace elements.  The sieve analysis was used to study grain size variation and on the basis of grain sizes various geo-statistical parameters were calculated to understand depositional environment. The discriminant function analysis of the sediments from the Cuddalore Formation infers that mostly the sedimentation was occurred in fluvio-deltaic environment with incursions of shallow marine environment whereas bivariate plots suggests that the deposition was occurred in riverine to deltaic environment. The major element geochemistry of the Manaveli and Cuddalore formations have been carried out to understand the provenance, paleoclimate and source area weathering conditions. The values of CIA (Chemical Index of Alteration), CIW (Chemical Index of Weathering), ICV (Index of Compositional Variability) and PIA (Plagioclase Index of Alteration) of the sediments infer high weathering was occurred in source area of sediments for Manaveli and Cuddalore formations.  The ratio (Al2O3+K2O+Na2O)/SiO2 indicate semi-humid climatic conditions during deposition of Cuddalore Formation whereas Manaveli Formation was deposited in semi-arid climatic conditions. The discriminant function diagram (A-CN-K Plot), suggest Quartzose sedimentary provenance for Cuddalore and Mafic igneous provenance for Manaveli Formation.     Keywords:  Grain Size, Geochemistry, Manaveli, Cuddalore, Puducherry Basin

scholarly journals Anti-Microbial, Anti-Oxidant, and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Traditionally-Used Medicinal Herbs: A Comparative Analyses of Pharmacology, and Phytoconstituents of Regional Halophytic Plants’ Diaspora

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (22) ◽  
pp. 5457
Author(s):  
Mohsen Al-Omar ◽  
Hamdoon Mohammed ◽  
Salman Mohammed ◽  
Essam Abd-Elmoniem ◽  
Yasser Kandil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Iron And Zinc ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Halophytic Plants

Halophytes are the category of plants growing under harsh conditions of super-salinity, and are wide-spread in the coastal Mediterranean climatic conditions and desert oasis. They are adept at surviving through maintaining excessive production of enzymatic, and non-enzymatic secondary metabolites, especially phenolics and flavonoids that primarily work as anti-oxidants and phytoalexins. Five major halophyte species growing in the kingdom’s Qassim’s high-salted desert regions were investigated for confirming their traditionally used biological activity of sugar-control and anti-infectious properties. In this context, the comparative presence of phenolics, and flavonoids together with anti-microbial, anti-oxidants, and the anti-diabetic potentials of the plants’ extracts were investigated through the α-amylase inhibition method. The highest concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids were detected in Salsola imbricata (360 mg/g of the extract as Gallic-Acid-Equivalents/GAE, and 70.5 mg/g of the extract as Rutin-Equivalents/RE). In contrast, the lowest concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids were detected in Salsola cyclophylla (126.6 mg/g GAE, and 20.5 mg/g RE). The halophytes were found rich in trace elements, a factor for water-retention in high-salinity plants, wherein iron and zinc elements were found comparatively in higher concentrations in Aeluropus lagopoides (4113 µg/kg, and 40.1 µg/kg, respectively), while the copper was detected in higher concentration (11.1 µg/kg) in S. imbricata, analyzed through Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometric (ICP-OES) analysis. The anti-oxidant potentials and α-amylase enzyme inhibition-based anti-diabetic activity of S. imbricata was significantly higher than the other halophytes under study, wherein S. cyclophylla exhibited the lowest level of α-amylase inhibition. The maximum DPPH radicals’ (52.47 mg/mL), and α-amylase inhibitions (IC50 22.98 µg/mL) were detected in A.lagopoides. The anti-microbial activity against the Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus was strongly exhibited by Zygophyllum simplex (33 mm Inhibition Zone-Diameter, 50 µg/mL Minimum-Inhibitory-Concentration), while Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans growths were moderately inhibited by Tamarix aphylla. The current findings exhibited significant differences among the locally distributed halophytic plants species with regards to their bioactivity levels, anti-oxidant potentials, and the presence of trace elements. The ongoing data corroborated the plants’ traditional uses in infections and diabetic conditions. The enhanced local distribution of the plants’ diaspora and higher density of occurrence of these plants species in this region, in comparison to their normal climatic condition’s counterparts, seemed to be affected by humans’ use of the species as part of the traditional and alternative medicine over a period of long time.

Arsenic, antimony and chromium speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS in selected river ecosystems of Upper Silesia, Poland – a preliminary study and validation of methodology

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 354-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Jabłońska-Czapla ◽  
Sebastian Szopa
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Certified Reference Materials ◽  
Upper Silesia ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Full Separation

Upper Silesia is the most transformed by humans of the Polish territories. As a result of mining, urbanization and other industrial activities, irreversible changes have taken place in the environment. In this paper, the method of collecting, preserving, storing and preparing samples from four Silesian rivers was optimized. Silesian sediment and river water samples are a challenge for the analyst, because they have complex matrices and high content of chlorides coming from the discharges of saline water. This study concerned determination of Sb(III), Sb(V), As(III), As(V), MMA, DMA, AB, Cr(III) and Cr(VI) with high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS). The following columns were used: Dionex Ion Pack AG7 to determine chromium forms, Hamilton PRP-X100 to separate antimony species and Dionex Ion Pack AS7 to determine five chemical arsenic forms. The methodology used allowed for elimination of interferences during analysis of highly saline and complex samples and ions separation directly without adding any complexing compounds. Depending on the analytes, full separation was obtained within 3–9.5 min. The sediment sample extraction and determination were validated (recovery, limit of detection, repeatability and uncertainty) with the certified reference materials (CRMs). The optimized methodology allowed for study of mobility and seasonality changes of As, Sb and Cr species in the river environment.

Acidizing Sandstone Reservoirs With Aluminum-Based Retarded Mud Acid

SPE Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 1050-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin Ji ◽  
Lijun Zhou ◽  
Hisham Nasr-El-Din
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
19F Nmr ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Permeability Enhancement ◽  
Reservoir Permeability ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Sandstone Reservoirs

Summary Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) has been used as a retarding agent for mud acid for a long time; its applications are studied in the laboratory and tested in the field. The theory and mechanism of AlCl3 retardation were investigated in many works involving mud acidizing and reservoir-permeability enhancement. This paper furthers this investigation with solubility tests, coreflood tests, and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to better understand the mechanism of AlCl3 working as a retarding agent in mud acid. The reactivity of Al-based retarded mud acid (15 wt% HCl, 1.5 wt% HF, and 5 wt% AlCl3·6H2O) with clay minerals and sandstones at different conditions has not been examined fully. To enhance the acid performance and to minimize formation damage, a systematic investigation of the interactions between the Al-based retarded mud acid and clay minerals in sandstone reservoirs is provided in this study. Furthermore, for the first time, 19F NMR spectroscopy was used to follow the reactions of Al-based retarded mud acid with clay minerals. Solubility tests were performed to evaluate the retardation of the Al-based retarded mud acid when reacted with kaolinite, bentonite, and illite. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and 19F NMR were used to analyze the concentrations of key cations and components in the supernatant, whereas the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) techniques were used to identify the reaction products and to explore the possibility of the presence of any precipitation. Coreflood tests of sandstone cores were also conducted. This study shows that AlCl3 can retard the reaction of hydrofluoric acid (HF) with kaolinite, bentonite, or illite at 75 and 200 °F in Al-based retarded mud acid. Even with 5 wt% AlCl3·6H2O added in the acid system, no AlF3 precipitate was observed in any of the solubility tests. 19F NMR results showed that AlF4− and AlF3 were the only Al-F species existing in the spent Al-based retarded mud acid. H2SiF6 and HSiF5 were also identified. Coreflood tests showed significant permeability improvement to Berea sandstone when Al-based retarded mud acid was used, and the enhancement diminished when the temperature increased to 300 °F. Computed-tomography (CT) scan showed deeper penetration of Al-based retarded mud acid than mud acid at 75 °F, and the penetration reduced when temperature increased to 200 °F. On the basis of these results, new mechanisms were developed to better understand the reaction of Al-based retarded mud acid and clay minerals.

Geochemical Characteristics of the Campano-Maastrictian Sediments of the Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria - Implication For Provenance, Paleodepositional Environment, Maturity and Tectonic Setting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Edirin Okiotor ◽  
EDeh Desiree Ogueh
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Tectonic Setting ◽  
Passive Margin ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Sediment Provenance ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Anambra Basin ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chemical Index Of Alteration

Abstract The present study investigates the Anambra Basin shales to determine the provenance and maturity of the sediments using standard geochemical techniques. Twelve (12) representative samples recovered from shale sequences of The Mamu Formation and Nkporo Group of The Anambra Basin were studied to determine the sediment provenance, paleoenvironment, diagenetic conditions, maturity as well as the tectonic setting. To consider in detail and establish the inherent constituents of the Major minerals, Trace and Rare Earth elements, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) analyses techniques was employed. The detrital minerals determined are Al2O3 (18.27% and 21.16%), TiO2 (1.73% and 1.63%) and Fe2O3 (2.78% \ and 2.85%), for Nkporo Group and Mamu Formation respectively. The enrichment of SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2 (1.14, 1.94, 3.67 respectively) supported by Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) of 93.54 & 39.55 and Rb/Sr ratio of 0.57 & 0.40, indicate that the Anambra Basin sediments are matured. TiO2/AL2O3 binary plots, Th/Co Vs La/Sc crossplots, Th-Sc-Zr triplots and Cr, Ni concentration suggest mixed provenance of felsic to mafic source rocks for these sediments. From the log (K2O/Na2O) Vs SiO2 crossplots, a passive margin tectonic setting was determined for these sediments.

Highly mature sediments in the tropical monsoonal environment of southwestern India: an appraisal based on weathering indices

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linu Babu ◽  
S. Vishnu Mohan ◽  
Mahesh Mohan ◽  
A.P. Pradeepkumar
Keyword(s):  
Major Element ◽  
Practical Implication ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Element Geochemistry ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Electron Probe Micro Analyzer ◽  
Chemical Index ◽  
Provenance Areas

Purpose This paper aims to examine the geochemical change experienced by laterites in Kerala, India, subjected to tropical monsoonal climate. These sediments are underlain by hard rock. The source rock characteristics have a major stake on the ultimate composition of sediments, as also the climatic conditions which an area experience. Design/methodology/approach Core samples have been obtained from several locations in a lateritic plateau. The upper portions of the borehole cores are composed of the lateritic hard cap, followed by lateritic soils. The soil samples were subjected to sediment texture analysis and XRF analysis (Bruker S4 Pioneer Sequential Wavelength-Dispersive XRF) for the determination of major elements ((in oxide form). Findings Major element geochemistry has revealed the following order of relative proportions of elements (in oxide form) SiO2 > Al2O3 > Fe2O3 > TiO2 >> Na2O > P2O5 > CaO > K2O > MgO > MnO. Even though the concentrations of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 contribute 90% of major element chemistry, there is no significant correlation found for these elements within themselves or with others. Research limitations/implications Microscale movement of elements could not be characterised in this study. This requires access to an electron probe micro analyzer. Practical implications The practical implication of tropical weathering is that enhanced chemical leaching leads to movement of most elements out of the system, except for Al, leading to the possible formation of bauxite, or aluminous laterite. Social implications The weathered products in this study provide livelihood sustenance for many of the local households, through manual production of laterite bricks, which are used in construction. Originality/value The indices of the intensity of chemical alteration/weathering like chemical index of alteration (CIA), chemical index of weathering (CIW) and weathering index of parker (WIP) reveal that the sediments indicate intense weathering of the source area prior to being deposited in the present location. This indicates enhanced monsoonal activity in the provenance areas, than that obtained today.

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