scholarly journals New Paradigm of COVID-19 with Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Brief Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
. Selvina
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
World Population ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Double Burden

The global threat of respiratory infectious diseases is constantly evolving among the world population. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is a novel member of the respiratory virus causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an emerging disease characterized with pneumonia-like symptoms. Since it has been established as a worldwide pandemic, the cases of coronavirus infection are still growing and remain a global health concern. Meanwhile, tuberculosis also remains a great contributor to chronic respiratory communicable disease with cases still developing relentlessly. In a person manifested with chronic tuberculosis, co-infection of COVID-19 may occur and causes more severe clinical manifestations than tuberculosis single infection. On the other hand, it is also possible for people who have COVID-19 to be infected with new tuberculosis infection, especially if the individual lives in a developing country that tends to be tuberculosis endemic. Therefore, these two respiratory infections have become a worldwide double burden. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the new paradigm regarding these two worldwide emerging infectious diseases to provide a good understanding of their clinical aspects and to achieve the best possible future outcomes.

scholarly journals The Changing Pattern of Certain Pediatric Infectious Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 119-25
Author(s):  
M. Faried Kaspan
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Research Education ◽  
Laboratory Facilities ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Disease Pattern ◽  
Practical Experiences ◽  
The University

In Indonesia results of efforts to attain a better quality of life in general, and the health development sector in particular are encouraging. Reduction of the number of cases admitted has been observed, and disease pattern seems to he changing. This article reviews the changing pattern of some infectious diseases in the Communicable Disease Ward, Department of Child Health dr Soetomo Hospital Surabaya. Further on it deals with the application of observations in respect of the Tridarma of the University e. i. Research, Education and Public/Medical seroice. Medical students, nowadays, have less practical experiences especially of the immunizable diseases. In the aspect of patient management, laboratory facilities seem to become more important, as the clinical manifestations of the diseases are less characteristic. Studies on the establisment of standard procedures for diseases that potentially become public health problems are needed.

scholarly journals First snap-shot meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of serum antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in humans

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Rostami ◽  
Mahdi Sepidarkish ◽  
Mariska Leeflang ◽  
Seyed Mohammad Riahi ◽  
Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
World Population ◽  
Serum Antibodies ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors

Background: COVID-19 is arguably the number-one public health concern worldwide, and efforts are now escalating to control its spread. Objective: In this study, we undertake a meta-analysis to estimate the global and regional anti-SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence rates in humans and assess whether seroprevalence associates with geographical, climatic and socio-demographic factors. Data sources: We systematically reviewed PubMed, Scopus, Embase, medRxiv and bioRxiv for peer-reviewed articles or preprints (up to 14 August 2020). Study eligibility criteria: Population-based studies describing prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 serum antibodies in general people. Participants: general people who were tested for prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 serum antibodies. Interventions: There were no interventions. Methods: We used random-effects model to estimate pooled seroprevalence, and then extrapolated these findings to the global population (for 2020). Sub-group and meta-regression analyses explored potential sources of heterogeneity in the data and relationships between seroprevalence and socio-demographic, geographical and climatic factors. Results: In total, 47 serological studies involving 399,265 people from 23 countries met the inclusion criteria. The pooled seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in general people was estimated at 3.38% (95% CI, 3.05%-3.72%; 15,879/399,265). On a regional basis, we determined seroprevalence estimates of 5.27% (3.97-6.57%) in Northern Europe; 4.41% (2.20-6.61%) in Southern Europe; 4.41% (3.03-5.79%) in North America; 3.17% (1.96-4.38%) in Western Europe; 2.02% (1.56-2.49%) in the Eastern Asia; and 1.45% (0.95-1.94%) in South America. Extrapolating to the 2020 world population, we estimated that 263,565,606 individuals had been exposed or infected with SARS-CoV-2 at the first wave of the pandemic. A significantly higher seroprevalence was related to higher income levels and human development indices, higher geographical latitudes and lower mean environmental temperatures. Interpretation This study reinforces that SARS-CoV-2 infection is a very rapidly-spreading communicable disease and calls for routine surveys to constantly monitor temporal changes in seroprevalence around the globe.

scholarly journals Molecular genetic and clinical aspects of socially relevant viruses underlying congenital diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 635-648
Author(s):  
V. V. Vasilev ◽  
N. V. Rogozina ◽  
A. A. Grineva
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus Type ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Simplex Virus

Congenital viral infectious diseases are characterized by polyetiologic pathology holding an important place in the structure of perinatal losses. Due to the wide distribution and lack of specific prophylaxis, the problem of herpesvirus infections is of greatest interest, namely of herpes infection caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, human herpes simplex virus type 6 and cytomegalovirus infection, as well as parvovirus infection B19. The opportunities to investigate a relation between manifestations of the infectious process and host molecular genetic characteristics have been expanded after developing full genome sequencing methods and creating genetic data international banks. It has been proven that herpes virus genetic variations can account for related neurovirulence, showing that diverse cytomegalovirus genotypes are associated with hepatosplenomegaly, hearing impairment and the symptoms of the central nervous system diseases. Nevertheless, the data on correlation between genotypes and clinical manifestations are still scarce and contradictory, whereas high level of variability becomes extremely evident while comparing genomic sequences of viral strains. The herpesvirus type 6 has been proven to integrate into germ cells with potential for subsequent vertical transmission of chromosomally integrated virus to the offspring and its further intergeneration inheritance. А direct relationship between B19V genospecies and disease manifestations including congenital infections has not yet been identified. Taking into account possible differences in the geographical distribution of such viruses on the territory of the Russian Federation, ethnic populational characteristics, and high frequency of related congenital infectious diseases with a wide range of clinical manifestations, it seems promising to expand scientific research on the genotyping of herpes simplex viruses, cytomegalovirus, herpes viruses type 6 and parvovirus B19V in Russia. The results of such studies will be demanded by practical healthcare in order to develop and use more effective etiotropic drugs and specific prophylaxis in the light of trends to develop personalized and preventive medicine.

Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection–the Challenge in the Prevention, Detection and Treatment of Tuberculosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiyi Wang ◽  
Qi Wu ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Ning Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Clinical Feature ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Tb Control ◽  
Hiv Coinfection ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
Insight Into

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major public health concern world-wide. The increasing global burden of TB is linked to HIV infection. HIV-TB coinfection has also conditioned clinical aspects of the TB. Since the HIV is beginning in the 1980s, the HIV infection poses a significant challenge in global TB control. Objective: In this review we focused on the challenges of epidemiological and clinical feature of tuberculosis presented by the HIV coinfection. Method: The article consists of a summary of the most important effects presented by the HIV coinfection on epidemiological and clinical feature of tuberculosis. The article analyzes and summary the causes for these challenges. Results: The major challenges to strategy of TB control and clinical feature of TB-HIV coinfection are presented in this paper. Conclusion: HIV/TB co-infection is synergic, interactive and reciprocal with significant impact. The infection of HIV and Mtb affect each other and the breakdown the immune function in TB/HIV coinfected individual. HIV infection has changed the strategy of TB control, however HIV increases global burden of TB, the reduction in the TB incidence rate is far from sufficient. Atypically clinical manifestations in TB/HIV co-infected patients and increased MDR-TB and XDR-TB contribute to the challenges in the diagnosis and treatment. Increased complexity of managing patients requires expertise in the clinical m knowledge. The focused efforts to control HIV-related TB are of great urgency. These findings will provide insight into the prevention, detection and treatment of tuberculosis and will guide advances towards tuberculosis control.

Polymyalgia Rheumatica - a Disease of the Elderly

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-154
Author(s):  
Vasilica Cristescu ◽  
Aurelia Romila ◽  
Luana Andreea Macovei
Keyword(s):  
Giant Cell Arteritis ◽  
Giant Cell ◽  
Polymyalgia Rheumatica ◽  
Temporal Arteritis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Immune Disorder ◽  
Markers Of Inflammation

Polymyalgia rheumatica is a disease that occurs mostly in the elderly and is rarely seen in patients less than 50 years of age. Polymyalgia rheumatica is a vasculitis, which manifests itself as an inflammatory disease of the vascular wall that can affect any type of blood vessel, regardless of its size. It has been considered a form of giant cell arteritis, involving primarily large and medium arteries and to a lesser extent the arterioles. Clinical manifestations are caused by the generic pathogenic process and depend on the characteristics of the damaged organ. PMR is a senescence-related immune disorder. It has been defined as a stand-alone condition and a syndrome referred to as rheumatic polyarteritis with manifestations of giant cell arteritis (especially in cases of Horton�s disease and temporal arteritis) which are commonly associated with polymyalgia. The clinical presentation is clearly dominated by the painful girdle syndrome, with a feeling of general discomfort. Polymyalgia and temporal arteritis may coexist or be consecutive to each other in the same patient, as in most of our patients. The present study describes 3 cases of polymyalgia rheumatica, admitted to the Clinic of Rheumatology of Sf. Apostol Andrei Hospital, Galati. The cases were compared with the literature. Two clinical aspects (polymyalgia rheumatica and/or Horton�s disease) and the relationship between them were also considered. Polymyalgia rheumatica is currently thought to have a multifactorial etiology, in which the following factors play a role: genetic factors or hereditary predisposition (some individuals are more prone to this disease), immune factors and viral infections (triggers of the disease). Other risk factors of polymyalgia rheumatica include age over 50 years and the association with giant cell arteritis. The characteristic feature of the disease is girdle pain, with intense stiffness of at least one hour�s duration. Markers of inflammation, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein are almost always increased at the onset of the disease. Diseases that can mimic the clinical picture of polymyalgia rheumatica are neoplasia, infections, metabolic disorders of the bone and endocrine diseases.

scholarly journals Depression following traumatic brain injury: a comprehensive overview

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Fakhoury ◽  
Zaynab Shakkour ◽  
Firas Kobeissy ◽  
Nada Lawand
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
First Year ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Current State ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Brain Changes

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a major health concern affecting the neuropsychological health; TBI is accompanied by drastic long-term adverse complications that can influence many aspects of the life of affected individuals. A substantial number of studies have shown that mood disorders, particularly depression, are the most frequent complications encountered in individuals with TBI. Post-traumatic depression (P-TD) is present in approximately 30% of individuals with TBI, with the majority of individuals experiencing symptoms of depression during the first year following head injury. To date, the mechanisms of P-TD are far from being fully understood, and effective treatments that completely halt this condition are still lacking. The aim of this review is to outline the current state of knowledge on the prevalence and risk factors of P-TD, to discuss the accompanying brain changes at the anatomical, molecular and functional levels, and to discuss current approaches used for the treatment of P-TD.

scholarly journals Systematic review on wearable lower-limb exoskeletons for gait training in neuromuscular impairments

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Rodríguez-Fernández ◽  
Joan Lobo-Prat ◽  
Josep M. Font-Llagunes
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Gait Training ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Gait Rehabilitation ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Walking Aids

AbstractGait disorders can reduce the quality of life for people with neuromuscular impairments. Therefore, walking recovery is one of the main priorities for counteracting sedentary lifestyle, reducing secondary health conditions and restoring legged mobility. At present, wearable powered lower-limb exoskeletons are emerging as a revolutionary technology for robotic gait rehabilitation. This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview on wearable lower-limb exoskeletons for people with neuromuscular impairments, addressing the following three questions: (1) what is the current technological status of wearable lower-limb exoskeletons for gait rehabilitation?, (2) what is the methodology used in the clinical validations of wearable lower-limb exoskeletons?, and (3) what are the benefits and current evidence on clinical efficacy of wearable lower-limb exoskeletons? We analyzed 87 clinical studies focusing on both device technology (e.g., actuators, sensors, structure) and clinical aspects (e.g., training protocol, outcome measures, patient impairments), and make available the database with all the compiled information. The results of the literature survey reveal that wearable exoskeletons have potential for a number of applications including early rehabilitation, promoting physical exercise, and carrying out daily living activities both at home and the community. Likewise, wearable exoskeletons may improve mobility and independence in non-ambulatory people, and may reduce secondary health conditions related to sedentariness, with all the advantages that this entails. However, the use of this technology is still limited by heavy and bulky devices, which require supervision and the use of walking aids. In addition, evidence supporting their benefits is still limited to short-intervention trials with few participants and diversity among their clinical protocols. Wearable lower-limb exoskeletons for gait rehabilitation are still in their early stages of development and randomized control trials are needed to demonstrate their clinical efficacy.

scholarly journals Anemia as a risk factor for tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yemataw Gelaw ◽  
Zegeye Getaneh ◽  
Mulugeta Melku
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Mesh Terms

Abstract Background Tuberculosis is a major public health problem caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, occurring predominantly in population with low socioeconomic status. It is the second most common cause of death from infectious diseases. Tuberculosis becomes a double burden among anemic patients. Anemia increases an individual’s susceptibility to infectious diseases including tuberculosis by reducing the immunity level. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether anemia is a risk factor for tuberculosis. Method Relevant published articles were searched in electronic databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library using the following MeSH terms: risk factor, predictors, tuberculosis, TB, Anaemia, Anemia, hemoglobin, Hgb, and Hb. Articles written in the English, observational studies conducted on the incidence/prevalence of tuberculosis among anemic patients, or papers examined anemia as risk factors for tuberculosis were included. From those studies meeting eligibility criteria, the first author’s name, publication year, study area, sample size and age of participants, study design, and effect measure of anemia for tuberculosis were extracted. The data were entered using Microsoft Excel and exported to Stata version 11 for analysis. The random-effects model was applied to estimate the pooled OR and HR, and 95% CI. The sources of heterogeneity were tested by Cochrane I-squared statistics. The publication bias was assessed using Egger’s test statistics. Results A total of 17 articles with a 215,294 study participants were included in the analysis. The odd of tuberculosis among anemic patients was 3.56 (95% CI 2.53–5.01) times higher than non-anemic patients. The cohort studies showed that the HR of tuberculosis was 2.01 (95% CI 1.70–2.37) times higher among anemic patients than non-anemic patients. The hazard of tuberculosis also increased with anemia severity (HR 1.37 (95% CI 0.92–2.05), 2.08 (95% CI 1.14–3.79), and 2.66 (95% CI 1.71–4.13) for mild, moderate, and severe anemia, respectively). Conclusion According to the current systematic review and meta-analysis, we can conclude that anemia was a risk factor for tuberculosis. Therefore, anemia screening, early diagnose, and treatment should be provoked in the community to reduce the burden of tuberculosis.

In vitro evaluation of the anti-mycobacterial properties of the extracts of Momordica Charantia

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Paul Giftson ◽  
Jerrine Joseph ◽  
Revathy Kalyanasundaram ◽  
V. Ramesh Kumar ◽  
Wilson Aruni
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Antimycobacterial Activity ◽  
Bitter Gourd ◽  
World Population ◽  
Methanol Extracts ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
The World

Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable disease and remains one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. One fourth of the world population is infected with TB at a risk of developing disease. The increase in the incidence of drug resistant TB around the world urges the need to develop a new candidate to fight against the disease. Plants were considered as the rich source of bioactive components to be used as potential drugs. Medicinal plants are used in pure as well as crude materials for their medicinal properties. Our research aims in identifying the phyto-molecules which have anti- tuberculosis property. Four medicinal plants namely, Acalyphaciliata (Kuppaimeni), Solanumtrilobatum (Thuthuvalai), Momordicacharantia (Bitter Gourd) and Sennaauriculata (Avaram) were chosen to evaluate their antimicrobial activity focusing on anti-tubercular activity. The methanol extracts of the medicinal plants showed significant inhibitory activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Sennaauriculata methanol extracts showed activity against S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. In the screening of antimycobacterial activity done by LRP assay, among the plant extracts tested, the hexane crude extracts of Momordicacharantia (Bitter Gourd) showed 82.2% and 81.03% of inhibition against M. tuberculosis H37Rv at 500µg/ml and 250µg/ml concentration respectively. Similarly, the methanol crude extracts of Momordicacharantia showed 87.14% and 63.55% of inhibition at 500µg/ml and 250µg/ml concentration respectively.

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