scholarly journals 技術生命的“道”“用”之思

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-32
Author(s):  
Jianguang WANG
Keyword(s):  
Common Good ◽  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Human Flourishing ◽  
Engineering Technology ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Digital Commons ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
China Today

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.隨著現代科學技術的發展，生命技術已經將人與技術的傳統物化關係和對象化的二元關係變成了一種“技術人”的關係。這種技術人一方面豐富了傳統的“人”的生物學屬性，另一方面也挑戰著人的社會角色和道德的主體屬性。生命的傳統價值內涵及其歷史主體性地位也因之受到弱化、虛化或被改寫。這不僅影響到人的生存方式，而且道德行為的虛幻化也侵蝕了人的責任和義務的道德基石，模糊了人的法律責任和道德自律性。在此基礎上，使人應當承擔的道義責任變成了一種可以進行技術性解讀的智識化命題。這種因技術而改寫的生命形象也挑戰著傳統的應用倫理原則。中國生命倫理學的建設，不應脫離中國歷史文化的語境和社會現實，並在此基礎上對現代生命技術和技術生命的倫理內涵進行創造性的解讀。它要反映中國文化在新的技術作用下對“人”的內涵進行的一種倫理模式的檢討。這種解讀也應當重視那種從當下的“百姓日用”的角度進行的道用之思。這種道用之思不僅要堅持道用一致、體用相即的原則，更是要植根於中國文化的人生觀、價值觀中，以體現出對現代技術與人的關係的倫理把握。在某種意義上，人類社會倫理的發展史就是不斷地否定和放棄一些舊道德而接受和適應新道德及其標準的過程。因此，中國生命倫理學的建構也就必須重視生命倫理內涵和標準的發展性。Biotechnology is a field of applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in areas such as engineering, technology, and medicine. This paper discusses the relationship between the Dao (i.e., the essence) of biotechnology and the function of biotechnology. In describing the situation in China today with regard to the exploration and development of biotechnology, this paper explicates the necessity of paying attention to the ethical implications and moral principles of science and technology. It is the author’s contention that we must put “humanity” and “human flourishing” (i.e., the common good of the Dao) first before we talk about the utility of science and technology. As China tries to catch up with the world in biotechnological technology such as stem cell research, xenotransplantation, regenerative medicine, and the use of genetically modified organisms, we need to be careful not to overstep our ethical boundaries.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 49 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

scholarly journals 道、技與自然——現代生物科技的莊子式批判

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-77
Author(s):  
Hongwen LI
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Flourishing ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Engineering Technology ◽  
The Social ◽  
Digital Commons ◽  
Modern Biotechnology ◽  
Living Organisms

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.現代生物科技的廣泛應用引發了一系列社會、法律和倫理問題，它帶來的負面效應正如它的正面效果一樣多。現代生物科技的基本邏輯體現在：它採取還原論的思維模式，秉承改善生命的宗旨，以及持有技術樂觀主義的態度。作者運用莊子的哲學思想對現代生物科技展開一般性批評。作者指出，現代生物科技首先表現出強烈的反自然性，它向自然提出過分要求，干擾、阻止事物順其自然、按其本性來展示自己。現代生物科技還表現出異化特徵，主要體現在物質化和資本化兩個方面。物質化將人的活動限制在物的層面，片面追求物的有用性；資本化則導致生物資本主義的發展。用莊子道家的語言，技術的非自然性和異化的直接原因是“道”“技”分離。因此，為了走出現代生物技術的陷阱，應該採取莊子“道技合一”的方式，實現“技不離道”、“以道馭技”、“道法自然”之完美結合。Biotechnology is a field of applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses such as engineering, technology, and medical research. This paper highlights the social, legal, and moral issues brought about by modern biotechnology. It is particularly concerned with materialism, capitalism, and commercialism where biotechnological means are explored and exploited without ethical boundaries. The result of biotechnological abuse is that we human beings will become increasingly alienated from our authentic nature and being.Daoism was one of the major philosophical traditions of ancient China, based on the teaching of Laozi and Zhuangzi. This paper focuses on the Daoist view of human life and its relation to the natural world from Zhuangzi’s perspective. It will be contended that we must put “human flourishing” – the Dao – first, before we care about the utility of science and technology – the Ji. According to Daoism, true human self-realization depends on the unity between the Dao and the Ji.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 138 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

scholarly journals 醫學的工具理性與儒家的中庸之道

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-74
Author(s):  
Linjuan ZHENG
Keyword(s):  
Science And Technology ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Human Flourishing ◽  
Scientific Medicine ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Material Wealth ◽  
Middle Way ◽  
Intrinsic Values ◽  
Digital Commons ◽  
Practice Of Medicine

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.中國現代社會醫學領域中出現的種種怪異現象，不幸印證了這樣一個事實：現代醫學的發展與人類發展醫學之真實目的顯現出背道而馳的趨向。本文以上海某醫院一系列引人深思的事件解析其中的原因，規範醫院的行為確實離不開外在的監督，但筆者認為更深層次的原因是科學主義所導致的現代科學迷信和個別醫務工作者的私慾膨脹，最終歸結為工具理性膨脹對上海某醫院一系列引人深思的事件難辭其咎。針對以上弊端，我們可以從中國儒家思想中尋找到應對的思想資源：首先闡明儒家對科學技術的態度；其次闡明儒家的義利觀；最後闡明儒家的科技態度和義利觀得以實現的路徑——中庸之道。通過對儒家思想的現代轉化，可以用於超越和克服現代醫學領域中的工具理性弊病。Recent years have witnessed various unusual events in the medical field in China. This essay explores one particular event that has attracted intense attention and generated broad discussion: the use of a new but unapproved and unaccredited medical technique in a large Shanghai hospital that caused the death of a patient. Also examined are the series of incidents that led up to this tragic occurrence. Such events and incidents indicate that modern scientific medicine in China has taken a direction that may not be consistent with medicine as health care. Specifically, recent medical developments show an instrumentalist rationality – medicine as a tool for scientific development rather than the treatment of illness and disease.This essay argues that the trend in China towards scientism and instrumentalism in medicine must be overcome by drawing on the moral and intellectual resources of Confucianism. It contends that the Confucian middle way is exactly what is needed to change the current direction in Chinese medical development. First, Confucianism sees science and technology as tools for human flourishing. The current focus on scientism – which seems to hold that science and technology have intrinsic values – is mistaken and should be corrected. Chinese medical technological innovation and application must be directed and mediated by the Confucian moral values of human flourishing and happiness. Second, Confucianism does not reject the gaining of material wealth or medical profit through the practice of medicine, but does require that medical activities be constrained by Confucian virtues, including humanity and righteousness, to ensure that unrighteous profit is not made. The essay concludes by contending that the practice of medicine should be based on embracing the so-called middle way, namely, Confucian virtues and moral concerns, rather than pursuing advanced scientific and technological development.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 134 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

What Theology Should and Should Not Learn from the Social Sciences About the Common Good

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary L. Hirschfeld
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Social Thought ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Human Flourishing ◽  
Catholic Social Thought ◽  
The Common Good ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Common

There are two ways to answer the question, What can Catholic social thought learn from the social sciences about the common good? A more modern form of Catholic social thought, which primarily thinks of the common good in terms of the equitable distribution of goods like health, education, and opportunity, could benefit from the extensive literature in public policy, economics, and political science, which study the role of institutions and policies in generating desirable social outcomes. A second approach, rooted in pre-Machiavellian Catholic thought, would expand on this modern notion to include concerns about the way the culture shapes our understanding of what genuine human flourishing entails. On that account, the social sciences offer a valuable description of human life; but because they underestimate how human behavior is shaped by institutions, policies, and the discourse of social science itself, their insights need to be treated with caution.

EXAMINING EFFECT OF ANIMATION APPLICATIONS ON STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COURSE

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sedat Yüksel ◽  
◽  
Mestan Boyaci ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Student Achievement ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Constructivist Approach ◽  
8Th Grade ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Technology Course

The aim of this study was to determine whether or not animation applications affect student achievement in science and technology course. For this purpose, effect of constructive approach supported by animations in the instruction of the unit “Living Organisms and Energy” to the 8th grade students on their academic achievement was investigated. This unit was taught to the experimental group using a constructivist approach supported by animations and to the control group using a constructivist approach without animations. For data collection, an achievement was developed and administered to experimental and control groups as pre-tests and post-tests. Collected data was analyzed using t-test and MANOVA. As a result of the research, it was revealed that supporting the constructivist approach with animations was more effective in increasing academic achievement. Key wordThe aim of this study was to determine whether or not animation applications affect student achievement in science and technology course. For this purpose, effect of constructive approach supported by animations in the instruction of the unit “Living Organisms and Energy” to the 8th grade students on their academic achievement was investigated. This unit was taught to the experimental group using a constructivist approach supported by animations and to the control group using a constructivist approach without animations. For data collection, an achievement was developed and administered to experimental and control groups as pre-tests and post-tests. Collected data was analyzed using t-test and MANOVA. As a result of the research, it was revealed that supporting the constructivist approach with animations was more effective in increasing academic achievement. Key words: animation, constructivist science education, teaching supported by computer. s: animation, constructivist science education, teaching supported by computer.

當代生命倫理學危機的根源及解決方案——David Solomon文章評析

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-130
Author(s):  
Ruipeng LEI
Keyword(s):  
Reflective Equilibrium ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Normative Ethics ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Foundational Principle ◽  
Digital Commons

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.David Solomon proposes in his article that deep divisions in our culture, which are reflected in the variety and opposition of foundational normative theories, are key to understanding the contemporary crisis in bioethics. Solomon examines two recent attempts to respond to this crisis of authority in bioethics and suggest that both proposals make the situation worse. However, his criticism of principlism, which has been dominant in bioethics since the 1980s, seems implausible. As observed by Aristotle, the rationale of a principle-based approach lies in the tensions between generality, considered judgment and ethical deliberation. The principle-based approach to meta-ethics is characterized as a dialectic between moral principles and considered judgment, which is analogous to Rawls’s concept of reflective equilibrium. The four principles formulated by Beauchamp and Childress are prima-facie binding, but subject to specification and balancing. It is possible for us to overcome these deep foundational disagreements in normative ethics by emphasizing the foundational principle held by the ancient Greeks; that is, our natural desire to live a good life.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 41 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

Values, Ethics, and Justice

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Kobayashi ◽  
James Proctor
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Focus Attention ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Personal Lives ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Societal Issues ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
American Geography

Questions of ethics, values, justice, and the moral principles according to which we engage in geographical scholarship, have always been a part of geography, but for the past two decades—and perhaps even more significantly, since the events of September 11, 2001—they have become a central part of the lexicon of American and international geographical scholarship. The Values, Justice and Ethics Specialty Group (VJESG) was formed in 1997 to respond to a felt need for geographers to focus on both the ethical issues that inform our academic work, and the ways in which that work is connected to larger societal issues. The concerns of the group have been less with a particular range of topics or approaches than with the ethical questions that cut across the entire discipline, on the assumption that such questions are bounded neither by subject matter nor by theoretical constraints. The group was formed at a time when questions of whether geographers should be concerned about the moral, ethical implications of their work had long since been replaced with questions of how geographers could focus attention on these issues. Concern is with the very difficult questions that link personal commitment, or reflexivity, with larger questions of research and pedagogy. One of the best sources of evidence of the importance of such questions, and of the intellectual sophistication with which they are being asked, is the journal Ethics, Place and Environment, inaugurated in 1998. This group felt a need, therefore, for a geographical forum in which to explore the relationship between American geography and the world in which it operates. While a relatively small number of geographers works in a more narrowly defined field that might be called moral philosophy (Sack 1997; Smith 1997,1998a, 2000), for the vast majority, ethical questions connect the academic and the personal lives of geographical practitioners, in ways that influence directly the questions they ask, the methodological and theoretical choices they make, and, perhaps most importantly, their personal relations with their research subjects and their own communities. As I. Hay (1998: 73) suggests, “the place to start that process is on our [geographers’] own professional bodies.”

scholarly journals Philanthropy and Human Flourishing in Patristic Theology

Religions ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 362
Author(s):  
Helen Rhee
Keyword(s):  
Common Good ◽  
Christian Identity ◽  
Human Flourishing ◽  
Unique Challenge ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Material Goods ◽  
Institutional Aspect ◽  
The Common ◽  
Spiritual State

This article grounds early Christian theologies and practices of philanthropy in their varied complexities in a larger patristic vision of human flourishing. For patristic authors (second to fifth centuries), human flourishing is grounded in God’s creative intent for material creation, including nature and material goods, that are to be shared for common use and common good, and also to be a means of distributive justice. Based on God’s own philanthropia (“love of humanity”, compassionate generosity), when Christians practice it mainly through almsgiving to the poor and sharing, they mirror the original image (eikon) of God, undo their crime of inhumanity, retain a Christian identity and virtue, and thus restore a semblance of God’s creative intent for the common good. This fundamental social virtue, philanthropia, is, in fact, an attendant virtue of salvation (the goal of creation, including humanity), in reversing the effects of the fall and restoring human flourishing. I then examine patristic authors’ presentations of how wealth presents Christians in concrete situations with a unique challenge and opportunity to demonstrate their spiritual state and persevere in their salvation by eliminating vices (e.g., greed) and cultivating virtues (e.g., detachment), and thereby to affirm and confirm their Christian identities. Finally, I explore the institutional aspect of philanthropy in the (post-) Constantinian era as the Christian church took on the task of caring for the poor of the whole Roman society as a result.

scholarly journals Does Controversial Science Call For Public Participation? The Case Of Gmo Skepticism

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-50
Author(s):  
Andreas Christiansen ◽  
Karin Jonch-Clausen ◽  
Klemens Kappel
Keyword(s):  
Public Participation ◽  
Science Policy ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Science Communication ◽  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Democratic Legitimacy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Scientific Experts ◽  
Policy Making Process

Many instances of new and emerging science and technology are controversial. Although a number of people, including scientific experts, welcome these developments, a considerable skepticism exists among members of the public. The use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is a case in point. In science policy and in science communication, it is widely assumed that such controversial science and technology require public participation in the policy-making process. We examine this view, which we call the Public Participation Paradigm, using the case of GMOs as an example. We suggest that a prominent reason behind the call for public participation is the belief that such participation is required for democratic legitimacy. We then show that the most prominent accounts of democratic legitimacy do not, in fact, entail that public participation is required in cases of controversial science in general, or in the case of GMOs in particular.

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