scholarly journals Coach Effectiveness and Transformational Leadership in Sport: The Effects of Gender and Athlete Experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-161
Author(s):  
Ahmad Fikri Mohd Kassim ◽  
Siti Hasmah Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Transformational Leadership ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Coaching Efficacy ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Individual Sports ◽  
Sport Coaches ◽  
Coaching Effectiveness ◽  
Opposite Gender

Research has demonstrated the potential importance of transformational leadership and perceived effectiveness of sport coaches for athlete development. Further, coach/athlete gender and athlete sport experience may influence athletes’ perceptions of their coach’s effectiveness. Researchers to date have not investigated the potential impact of coach/athlete gender and athlete sport experience on athletes’ perceptions of their coach’s transformational leadership, or replicated the findings of Kavussanu et. al. (2008). Thus, this research explored the coaching efficacy model and transformational leadership theory as were the guiding frameworks. Male (n = 150) and female (n = 147) athletes from team (football [n = 49], hockey [n = 53], rugby [n = 51]) and individual (badminton [n = 50], swimming [n = 45], gymnastics [n = 49]) sports completed the coaching effectiveness scale and the differentiated transformational leadership inventory. Multiple regression analyses revealed (a) athlete sport experience did not predict athletes’ perceptions of coach effectiveness or transformational leadership, (b) female athletes perceived their coaches to be more effective on all dimensions of coach effectiveness and higher on all dimensions of transformational leadership than male athletes, and (c) coaches were perceived more effective in motivation effectiveness and higher on all dimensions of transformational leadership when they were of the opposite gender to athletes than when gender matched between coach and athlete. In conclusion, coach and athlete gender may have important implications for athletes’ perceptions of transformational leadership and coach effectiveness in team and individual sports.

scholarly journals Athletes’ Perceptions of Coaching Effectiveness and Athlete-Related Outcomes in Rugby Union: An Investigation Based on the Coaching Efficacy Model

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian D. Boardley ◽  
Maria Kavussanu ◽  
Christopher Ring
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Coaching Efficacy ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Coaching Effectiveness

This study examined the relationships between athletes’ perceptions of coaching effectiveness, based on the coaching efficacy model, and their effort, commitment, enjoyment, self-efficacy, and prosocial and antisocial behavior in rugby union. Participants were 166 adult male rugby-union players (M age = 26.5, SD = 8.5 years), who completed questionnaires measuring their perceptions of four dimensions of coaching effectiveness as well as their effort, commitment, enjoyment, self-efficacy, and prosocial and antisocial behavior. Regression analyses, controlling for rugby experience, revealed that athletes’ perceptions of motivation effectiveness predicted effort, commitment, and enjoyment. Further, perceptions of technique effectiveness predicted self-efficacy, while perceptions of characterbuilding effectiveness predicted prosocial behavior. None of the perceived coaching effectiveness dimensions were related to antisocial behavior. In conclusion, athletes’ evaluations of their coach’s ability to motivate, provide instruction, and instill an attitude of fair play in his athletes have important implications for the variables measured in this study.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF COMPETITION ANXIETY ON ATHLETES SPORTS PERFORMANCE: IMPLICATION FOR COACH

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1460-1464
Author(s):  
Noor Muhammad Marwat ◽  
Syed Zia ul Islam ◽  
Muhammad Safdar Luqman ◽  
Mehwish Manzoor ◽  
Irfanullah
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
Sports Performance ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Psychology Programs ◽  
Competitive Anxiety ◽  
Anxiety Test ◽  
History Of ◽  
Individual Sports ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of competition anxiety upon sports performance of elite athletes who took part in the “31st National Games held in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s (KP), Pakistan. Methodology: One hundred and twenty-eight (N=128) males= 88, females= 40; Age 21.9 +/-1.5 years; Sports Experience, 8.9 +/-1.7 years) provided the required information on 15-items Sports Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT). The history of sports performance of athletes was obtained during breaks within competitive fixtures. Main Findings: The analyzed data revealed that competitive anxiety is responsible for 38% change in sports performance. Furthermore, the relationship is moderate negative identifying that an increase in competitive anxiety decreases the sports performance of athletes (r=-0.386, P=.002). Additionally, comparative analyses indicated that female athletes and athletes from individual sports showed higher levels of Competition Anxiety, while male athletes and athletes with team sport reported lower levels of Competition Anxiety (P <.005). Implications of the study: This gender impact is critical and significant showing decisive implications for the coaches and trainers. These findings were explored in light of the theoretical and practical implications of these findings for designing sport psychology programs in Pakistan for athletes from various contexts. Novelty: The findings indicate that competitive trait anxiety can harm the success, and indicate that certain PL athletes can benefit from therapies that seek to decrease anxiety before and during competition.

scholarly journals Athlete Perceptions of Coaching Effectiveness and Athlete-Level Outcomes in Team and Individual Sports: A Cross-Cultural Investigation

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad F. Mohd Kassim ◽  
Ian D. Boardley
Keyword(s):  
Moral Identity ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Table Tennis ◽  
Coaching Efficacy ◽  
Effective Coaching ◽  
Sport Type ◽  
Character Building ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Individual Sports ◽  
Coaching Effectiveness

This research aimed to investigate whether athletes’ perceptions of their coach’s effectiveness on dimensions of coaching efficacy (i.e., motivation, technique, character building) predicted indicators of their competence, confidence, connection, and character in athletes from the UK and Malaysia. Athletes from team (volleyball, UK n = 46, Malaysia n = 49; hockey, UK n = 34, Malaysia n = 47; and basketball, UK n = 50, Malaysia n = 50) and individual (squash, UK n = 47, Malaysia n = 44; table tennis, UK n = 48, Malaysia n = 47; and golf, UK n = 44, Malaysia n = 47) sports completed questionnaires assessing the study variables. Multiple-regression analyses controlling for athletes’ sex, sport experience, and sport type showed in both samples that perceived motivation effectiveness positively predicted athletes’ connection and sport confidence, perceived technique effectiveness positively predicted their sport competence, and perceived character-building effectiveness positively predicted their moral identity. Thus, athletes’ perceptions of their coach may have important implications for athletes’ sport experiences in team and individual sports even in divergent cultures. Results are discussed in terms of their relevance for the coaching efficacy model and the athlete-level outcomes resulting from effective coaching.

Verbal and physical violence against athletes: gender differences and differences according to the type of sport

Post Scriptum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 173-196
Author(s):  
Irena Cajner Mraović ◽  
Lucija Tomić ◽  
Matea Korad
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Verbal Violence ◽  
Individual Sports ◽  
The City ◽  
Research Show

In addition to various benefits for the physical, mental, and social development of a person, sport can also be an environment in which verbal and physical violence against athletes occurs. The aim of this study is to determine the extent to which athletes of the City of Zagreb are exposed to verbal and physical violence by coaches, other players, parents, sponsors, and spectators and whether there are differences in exposure to such violence depending on gender and type of sport. A total of 135 athletes from the City of Zagreb participated in the research, who, by using a questionnaire, evaluated the frequency of verbal and physical violence by coaches, other players, parents, sponsors, and spectators. The results of the research show that athletes from the City of Zagreb are exposed to verbal and physical violence by all surveyed actors. In addition, male athletes are more exposed to verbal violence by coaches, other players, parents and spectators, and to physical violence by coaches and other athletes than female athletes. When it comes to the type of sport, no statistically significant differences in exposure to verbal and physical violence were found in athletes who engage in individual sports and those who engage in team sports. The obtained results indicate the importance of changing the focus in sports from the results to the personal development of the athletes themselves.

scholarly journals Athletes’ Perception of Coaches’ Behavior and Skills About Their Sport

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Hanifi Üzüm
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Individual Sports

This study examined the perception of athletes’ about their coaches’ behavior and skills in terms of knowledge and skills, fairness and coaches’ characteristic features. The research was conducted by using relational survey method. The subjects of the study were 95 females and 180 males from diffrent sports. Both team sports athletes such as football, volleyball, basketball, handball and individual sports such as karate, taekwondo, wrestling, kickboxing voluntarily involved ın the study.Perceived Coach Attitudes and Behaviours Scale (PCABS) which was developed by Uzum et al. (2018) was used to asses percevied coaches’ knowledge and skills, fairness and characteristic features by athletes. The scale was composed of 24 items and 3 sub-dimensions (Characteristic Features, Skills and Knowledge, Fairness). Uzum et al. (2018) reported the internal consistency for subscales of PCABS ranging from .56 and .88. For the purpose of this study the reliability of two sub-scales of the PCABS was examined using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (α=.83 for knowledge and skills; α=.81for characteristic features of coaches. The data was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey’s Post-Hoc Analysis and Pearson Correlation analysis. The level of significance for the study was set at p<.05.The results of the study showed that the sub-dimension of characteristic features of coaches had the highest mean avarage. There were statistically significant differences between male athletes and female athletes in both dimensions of characteristic features of coaches and knowledge and skills (p<.05). Further analysis indicated that females scored higher than males in both dimensions. With regard to the level of coaching either professional or amateur, perception of characteristic features of coaches had higer scores in professional level than amateur (p<.05). Moreover, correlational analysis revealed that there was negatively significant correlation between age of the coaches and knowledge and skills dimension (r= -0.13). On the other hand, the variables such as age of athletes, year of sports performance, level of education, type of sports and the coachs’ gender, marital status, education level of coaches, amount of time spent with the athlete did not show any significant relationship (p>.05).

Exploring the Potential Impact of Sentence-Level Comprehension and Sentence-Level Fluency on Deaf Students' Passage Comprehension

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 2281-2292
Author(s):  
Ying Zhao ◽  
Xinchun Wu ◽  
Hongjun Chen ◽  
Peng Sun ◽  
Ruibo Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Independent Predictor ◽  
Vocabulary Knowledge ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Deaf Students ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Mediating Mechanisms ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose This exploratory study aimed to investigate the potential impact of sentence-level comprehension and sentence-level fluency on passage comprehension of deaf students in elementary school. Method A total of 159 deaf students, 65 students ( M age = 13.46 years) in Grades 3 and 4 and 94 students ( M age = 14.95 years) in Grades 5 and 6, were assessed for nonverbal intelligence, vocabulary knowledge, sentence-level comprehension, sentence-level fluency, and passage comprehension. Group differences were examined using t tests, whereas the predictive and mediating mechanisms were examined using regression modeling. Results The regression analyses showed that the effect of sentence-level comprehension on passage comprehension was not significant, whereas sentence-level fluency was an independent predictor in Grades 3–4. Sentence-level comprehension and fluency contributed significant variance to passage comprehension in Grades 5–6. Sentence-level fluency fully mediated the influence of sentence-level comprehension on passage comprehension in Grades 3–4, playing a partial mediating role in Grades 5–6. Conclusions The relative contributions of sentence-level comprehension and fluency to deaf students' passage comprehension varied, and sentence-level fluency mediated the relationship between sentence-level comprehension and passage comprehension.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Kinematic Analysis of the Lower Limbs during the Chasse Step in Table Tennis Athletes

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 703
Author(s):  
Xiaoyi Yang ◽  
Yuqi He ◽  
Shirui Shao ◽  
Julien S. Baker ◽  
Bíró István ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Rotational Velocity ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Table Tennis ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Hip Flexion ◽  
Hip Internal Rotation

The chasse step is one of the most important footwork maneuvers used in table tennis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the lower limb kinematic differences of table tennis athletes of different genders when using the chasse step. The 3D VICON motion analysis system was used to capture related kinematics data. The main finding of this study was that the step times for male athletes (MA) were shorter in the backward phase (BP) and significantly longer in the forward phase (FP) than for female athletes (FA) during the chasse step. Compared with FA, knee external rotation for MA was larger during the BP. MA showed a smaller knee flexion range of motion (ROM) in the BP and larger knee extension ROM in the FP. Moreover, hip flexion and adduction for MA were significantly greater than for FA. In the FP, the internal rotational velocity of the hip joint was significantly greater. MA showed larger hip internal rotation ROM in the FP but smaller hip external rotation ROM in the BP. The differences between genders can help coaches personalize their training programs and improve the performance of both male and female table tennis athletes.

scholarly journals Mortality of Japanese Olympic athletes in 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. e000896
Author(s):  
Taro Takeuchi ◽  
Yuri Kitamura ◽  
Soya Ishizuka ◽  
Sachiko Yamada ◽  
Hiroshi Aono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Women Athletes ◽  
Japanese Population ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Male Athletes

ObjectivesTo compare the mortality of Japanese athletes in the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games with that of the Japanese population, and to elucidate factors associated with their mortality.MethodsWe obtained from the Japan Sport Association study subjects’ biographical information, information on lifestyles and medical data. Missing data were obtained from online databases. Standardised mortality ratio (SMR) was calculated to compare athletes’ mortality with the Japanese population. Cox proportional hazards model was applied to estimate the HR for each category of body mass index (BMI), smoking history and handgrip strength. This analysis was limited to male athletes due to the small number of female athletes.ResultsAmong 342 (283 men, 59 women) athletes, deaths were confirmed for 70 (64 men, 6 women) athletes between September 1964 and December 2017. Total person years was 15 974.8, and the SMR was 0.64 (95% CI 0.50 to 0.81). Multivariate analysis performed on 181 male athletes. Mortality was significantly higher for BMI≥25 kg/m2 than for 21–23 kg/m2 (HR: 3.03, 95% CI 1.01 to 9.07). We found no statistically significant associations between smoking history and mortality; the HR (95% CI) for occasional and daily smokers were 0.82 (0.26 to 2.57) and 1.30 (0.55 to 3.03) compared with never smokers. We also found no statistically significant associations between handgrip strength and mortality (P for trend: 0.51).ConclusionJapanese athletes in the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games lived longer than the Japanese population. BMI≥25 kg/m2 was associated with higher mortality, but smoking history and handgrip strength were not associated with mortality.

scholarly journals Coaches’ implementation strategies in providing social support to Singaporean university athletes: A case study

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 681-693
Author(s):  
Koon Teck Koh ◽  
Marja Kokkonen ◽  
Heng Rang Bryan Law
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Implementation Framework ◽  
Support Strategies ◽  
Individual Sports ◽  
Sport Coaches ◽  
University Athletes

Coaches are effective providers of social support to their athletes. Although sport-specific measures of social support have been developed to better understand athletes’ perceptions of available support, limited amount of research has addressed how sport coaches implement specific social support strategies. The purpose of this study was to examine university coaches’ implementation strategies in providing various forms of social support to their athletes. A total of eight sport coaches from team and individual sports (four from each sport) were purposefully selected for this study. Coaches were individually interviewed. The interview transcripts were analysed using a thematic analysis. The results revealed that coaches from different sports shared similar strategies across emotional, esteem, informational and tangible dimensions, but with some distinguishable differences in the way these strategies were implemented. In documenting the lived experiences of sport coaches, key strategies valued highly among these coaches were highlighted, providing important implications for coaches to know how to incorporate these strategies into their coaching practice to better support athletes’ well-being and improve the quality of coaching. The findings also provide an implementation framework of social support that emphasizes key strategies for coaches to focus on in their coaching approaches.

“I Was Able to Still Do My Job on the Field and Keep Playing”: An Investigation of Female and Male Athletes’ Experiences With (Not) Reporting Concussions

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimmy Sanderson ◽  
Melinda Weathers ◽  
Katherine Snedaker ◽  
Kelly Gramlich
Keyword(s):  
Group Theory ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Hegemonic Masculinity ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Athletic Competition ◽  
Concussion Management

This research applied muted group theory to investigate female and male athletes’ experiences with not reporting concussions sustained during athletic competition. Using snowball-sampling techniques, a total of 365 women and 247 men completed an online open-ended questionnaire about their reasons for not reporting a concussion. Results indicated that male athletes were more likely to continue to play through and not report a concussion than female athletes. Participants also indicated that they did not report concussions due to (a) perceived lack of resources, (b) perceived lack of severity, (c) conformance to sport cultural norms, which was comprised of two subthemes: adherence to the pain principle and team allegiance. The results suggest that efforts to address concussion management in sport need to focus on the communicative and structural elements that privilege hegemonic masculinity and playing through pain, as they contribute to muting athletes in advocating for their health.

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