Steady Comparisons with References of starik, starichok ‘Old Man,’ starukha, starushka ‘Old Woman’ in Russian Language Picture of the World (on Background of Chinese Language)

2017 ◽  
pp. 183-192
Author(s):  
Licheng Zhang ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 148-158
Author(s):  
Zhang Hong ◽  

The article is devoted to the analysis of parametric adjectives of the evaluation of the human figure in the Russian language through the prism of the Chinese language. The author reveals the ethnospecific features of Russian parametric adjectives, the presence of which causes certain difficulties for native speakers of the Chinese language picture of the world. The comparative analysis of these lexical units in the two languages reveals the national-cultural features of the perception of the human image and the features of the fragments of the national linguistic picture of the world in intercultural communication.


Author(s):  
Хуа Ван ◽  
Иннеса Игоревна Бабенко

Введение. Номинации сторон света являются важными элементами категории пространства национальной языковой картины мира. Лингвисты давно изучают локативные лексические единицы, рассматривая их этимологию, семантику, прагматику и идиоматику, метафорические трансформации и лингвокультурологическую специфику в диахронном и синхронном аспектах. Однако номинации сторон света редко оказываются в фокусе внимания. Цель – изучение и описание лингвокультурологической специфики лексем восток, запад, север, юг в китайском и русском языках. Материал и методы. Комплексная методика исследования обусловлена его лингвокультурологическим характером и предполагает использование методов наблюдения, лексикографического, контекстуального и сравнительно-сопоставительного анализа эмпирического материала, включающего данные отечественных и китайских лексикографических и литературных источников. Результаты и обсуждение. В лингвокультурологическом аспекте рассмотрены семантика, прагматика, идиоматика и особенности метафоризации номинаций сторон света. Установлено, что номинации направления имеют в русском и китайском языках как универсальные архетипические, так и вариативные этнокультурные особенности. Сопоставительный анализ этимологии и сочетаемости данных единиц показал, что они образуют пятикомпонентную смысловую структуру, включающую, помимо номинаций восток, запад, юг, север, номинацию центр как точку отсчета для говорящего. Номинации сторон света в обоих языках представлены в парадигме других значимых и оценочно противопоставленных оппозиций (например, свет – тьма) и занимают важное место в топонимике. Установлено, что сложные слова, указывающие на промежуточные направления в китайском языке, начинаются с номинаций восток и запад (например, 东北 востоко-север), в русском – с номинаций юг и север (например, северо-запад). Данные лексемы в прямом и переносном значении входят в состав китайских идиом и часто метафоризируются в национальной литературе. В русской идиоматике они представлены единично, в литературе метафоризируются редко. Заключение. Для китайского языкового сознания, по сравнению с русским, символика сторон света значительно более актуальна. Представления о сторонах света в китайской мифологии, литературе и культуре в целом занимают центральное положение. В китайском языке они связаны с представлениями о гендерной и социальной структуре общества, влияют на формы этикета, содержание церемоний, на национальную топонимику, фразеологический фонд и др. В русском языке они обладают меньшим оценочным и коннотативным потенциалом, редко метафоризируются в фольклоре и идиоматике, в литературе и разговорной речи используются как географические ориентиры в системе пространственных координат или указатели направления движения. Introduction. Nominations of the sides of the world are important elements of the category of space in the national language picture of the world. Linguists have long studied locative lexical units, examining their etymology, semantics, pragmatics and idiomatics, metaphorical transformations and linguocultural specificity in diachronic and synchronic aspects. However, the nominations of the sides of the world are rarely in the focus of attention. The aim of this article is to study and describe linguocultural specificity of the lexemes east, west, north, south in Chinese and Russian. Material and methods. The research was carried out due to its linguocultural character. It is based on the methods of observation, lexicographical, contextual and comparative analysis of the material, including Russian and Chinese lexicographical and literary resources. Results and discussion. Semantics, pragmatics, idiomatics and peculiarities of direction nominations metaphorization were studied in the linguocultural aspect. It was found out that in Russian and Chinese languages direction nominations have both universal archetypical and variable ethno-cultural features. A comparative analysis of the etymology and combinability of these units showed that they form a five-component semantic structure, including in addition to nominations of the east, west, south, north the nomination of the center as a point of reference for the speaker. Nominations of the sides of the world in both languages are represented in the paradigm of other meaningful and evaluatively opposed oppositions (for example, light - darkness) and occupy an important place in toponymy. It was found that complex words indicating intermediate directions in Chinese begin with the nominations east and west (for example, 东北 east-north), in Russian - with the nominations south and north (for example, north-west). These lexemes in direct and figurative meanings are part of the Chinese idioms and are often metaphorized in the national literature. In Russian idiomatics, they are present sporadically, and in literature they are not often metaphorized. Conclusion. Compared to the Russian language consciousness, the symbolism of the sides of the world is much more topical for the Chinese language consciousness. In Chinese mythology, literature and culture as a whole, the concept of the sides of the world is central. In the Chinese language they are connected with ideas about the gender and social structure of society, influence the forms of etiquette, the content of ceremonies, the national toponymy, the phraseological fund, etc. In Russian they have less evaluative and connotative potential, they are rarely metaphorized in folklore and idiomatics, in literature and in spoken language they are used as geographical landmarks in the system of spatial coordinates or directional markers.


Author(s):  
TIAN-SHUN YAO

With the word-based theory of natural language processing, a word-based Chinese language understanding system has been developed. In the light of psychological language analysis and the features of the Chinese language, this theory of natural language processing is presented with the description of the computer programs based on it. The heart of the system is to define a Total Information Dictionary and the World Knowledge Source used in the system. The purpose of this research is to develop a system which can understand not only Chinese sentences but also the whole text.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-101
Author(s):  
Marina V. Pimenova ◽  
◽  
Aigul A. Bakirova ◽  

The article analyzes the cognitive signs of the macroconcept universe in Russian linguoculture. The relevance of the research is determined by the prospect of studying a new type of mental structures - symbolic macroconcepts. The purpose of the article is to describe the specifics of the macroconcept universe structure formation from the standpoint of the definition of syncretic primordial signs. The main methods in the work are the historical and etymological analysis of the studied macroconcept representative, descriptive and interpretive methods. During the study, seven motivating signs of the macroconcept universe were noted: 'earth', 'live', ‘world’,‘inhabit’,‘inhabited’,‘settlement’,‘light’. All identified motivating signs are syncretic symbolic primordial signs 'house' (conceptum, according to V. V. Kolesov). Motivating signs express two main symbolic meanings of Russian linguoculture: home is a place where people live, settle; home is the world of people and all living beings, this world-light (unlike that world-light where the souls of the dead go: that world-light is located in the sky), it is built on earth. The macroconcept universe is objectified by erased metaphors of a closed space (in particular, the metaphor of a key), which has an internal volume, center-middle, limits, parts, edges, corners, people live in this house, they live and exist in it, it is inhabited and settle down in Russian linguoculture. The model of the universe in the Russian language picture of the world is three-parted: the middle part in it represents the human world, in which the principle of anthropocentrism is manifested - a person measures space and chooses himself as a reference point. The syncretic primary sign ‘house’ unites in itself all the motivating signs of the studied macroconcept, keeping their relevance to our days. Keywords: macroconcept, motivating signs, first sign, language picture of the world, linguoculture, comparative studies


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (25(52)) ◽  
pp. 27-47
Author(s):  
Olga Grigoryevna Puzyreva

The article describes the interpretation of the theme of love in the author's educational fiction text of the teacher for a foreign audience at the level of Russian language proficiency B1-C1 as a key value-semantic concept of the Russian mental-language picture of the world. The author presents, psychological, pedagogical, methodological and philosophical arguments for the need to include this topic in the proposed cycle of short stories. Special attention is paid to how the speech and "creative-motor " (S. V. Dmitriev) dialogue of the situation of love is interconnected with the surrounding socio-cultural space.


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2(71)) ◽  
pp. 45-66
Author(s):  
Olga Grigoryevna Puzyreva

The article describes the interpretation of the theme of love in the author's educational fiction text of the teacher for a foreign audience at the level of Russian language proficiency B1-C1 as a key value-semantic concept of the Russian mental-language picture of the world. The author presents psychological, pedagogical, methodological and philosophical arguments for the need to include this topic in the proposed cycle of short stories. Special attention is paid to how the speech and "creative-motor " (S. V. Dmitriev) dialogue of the situation of love is interconnected with the surrounding socio-cultural space.


2021 ◽  
pp. 107-121
Author(s):  
Branka Barčot

This paper presents the analysis of Russian animalistic phraseological units included in the Russian-Croatian Phraseological Dictionary (2019). In our research we focused on etalons that have the simile structure. Anthropomorphism and zoomorphism are two antipodes of the same reality within the language picture of the world – in our case it is the Russian language picture of the world. We believed that the anthropocentric perspective of the animal world was stronger than the ecocentric perspective, and that it has influenced the Russian language correspondingly, which has led us to the conclusion that there must be more Russian anthropomorphic similes than zoomomorphic similes. But the analysis that we have performed within the frames of the Russian-Croatian Phraseological Dictionary has not proven our hypothesis. The findings of this study suggest that there is an equal number of anthropomorphic and zoomorphic similes within the analyzed phraseological material.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (Extra-B) ◽  
pp. 46-51
Author(s):  
Usmanova Liliya Abrarovna ◽  
Minakhmetova Aliya Ildarovna ◽  
Arkin Rosy Artuchi

This article is devoted to the linguoculturological competence development among schoolchildren in the process of teaching the Russian language. The object of scientific consideration was the lexeme "rainbow", which refers to the most ancient layer of words and has a deep national and cultural specificity. In accordance with the set tasks of our work, we used descriptive-analytical, stylistic, component, distributive methods of data analysis, the method of the semantic field. An integrated approach to the study of the lexeme "rainbow" implies a multifaceted analysis, including the analysis of dictionary definitions, collection of etymological information, consideration of word-formation relations, study of the paremiological status of a word, its discursive features, identification of traditional and individual author's meanings and, thus, reflection in the form of creative work of students, reflecting the information received about this lexeme... An upbringing approach in Russian language lessons helps students discover aesthetic ways of understanding the world, without which it is impossible to describe the Russian language picture of the world.    


Author(s):  
Nelli A. Krasovskaya ◽  

This article discusses the semantics of lexical units included in the thematic group ‘Plant World’. For a person with a traditional worldview, nature is the basis for the formation of a system of views, values, for numerous rethinking. The material for analysis in the article is provided not by a lexicographic source but by a linguo-geographical one. A collection of maps of the recently published first issue of The Plant World of the Lexical Atlas of Russian Folk Dialects allows us to make rather interesting observations. Work with the material of semantic maps makes it possible not only to establish changes in the semantics of lexical units but also to find areas that are associated with the use of a word in one or another secondary meaning. In some cases, there were created duplicate maps devoted solely to the functioning of lexical units in extended sense. Systemic analysis of maps makes it possible to identify patterns in the semantic shifts of lexemes denoting facts and phenomena of the world around as the main meaning. There have been revealed semantic shifts of lexemes from the thematic group ‘Plant World’ to the field of subject, locative and anthropomorphic registers. Such examples of the extensive use of words are not unexpected for the Russian language. It should also be emphasized that the analysis of comments and other materials accompanying maps allows us to establish the features of shifts in semantics. It has been determined that a shift to the subject and locative semantic register is mainly associated with metonymy mechanisms, while a shift to the area of the anthropomorphic semantic register – with the metaphorical transfer mechanisms. The author draws conclusions concerning both the use of map materials for analyzing the extension of semantics and the features of secondary nominations in lexemes belonging to the thematic group ‘Plant World’.


2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 580-587
Author(s):  
Z. Bekmambetova ◽  

This article discusses the methodological system of studying paremias in Russian language lessons. Linguistic and cultural analysis of paremia allows us to identify the existing value-significant representations of an ethnic group based on accumulated information of a cultural and historical nature, first of all, about a person in the aggregate of certain properties, qualities, activities, and his attitude to the world. Paremias are aphorisms of folk origin, characterized by conciseness of form, reproducibility of meaning and having, as a rule, an edifying meaning. Paremia is a unique object for the study of language and culture, the purpose of which is to study cultural layers in the structure of the meaning of language units. Paremia is capable not only of expressing a conclusion, but also of forming generalized ideas about the laws of life. Since paremias are part of the national language picture of the world, and therefore part of the national language mentality, in this case, in our opinion, it is also possible to talk about the existence of a proverbial mentality, that is, the mentality of the nation, reflected in the paremiological Fund. When studying the discipline “Russian language”, students have the opportunity to master the skills of linguistic and cultural analysis of language units, get acquainted with different types of exercises and tasks, prepare to apply the acquired skills and implement the skills in regular, extracurricular and extracurricular activities.


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