scholarly journals Thorny Way to the East: Expedition to China of Adviser to the Chancellery V. F. Bratishchev in 1757

2021 ◽  
pp. 290-303
Author(s):  
Yu. G. Blagoder

The facts testifying to the intention of the Russian Empire in the middle of the 18th century to establish equal mutually beneficial relations with China is present-ed in the article. Fragments of archival documents (decrees, memoranda, instructions, reports, etc.) about the expedition of the courier V. F. Bratishchev are given. The main attention is paid to the analysis of documents, which provide descriptions of the long preparation of the diplomatic vis-it, negotiations of V. F. Bratishchev with Qing officials in China. The degree of informativeness of documentary sources is assessed. The documents demonstrate the serious intention of the Russian administration to resolve political and economic issues through negotiations that would allow the Russian Empire to strengthen its position in the Far East. The article notes the principles of functioning of the administrative system of the Russian Empire in the middle of the 18th century. The author of this article considers the diplomatic visit of V. F. Bratishchev to be an example of the clash between the principles of Eurocentrism, which were actively gaining positions in the policy of the Russian ruling elite, and the ideas of the inhabitants of the Middle Empire about the superiority of their own civilization, surrounded by barbarians. Studying this historical event and taking into account the diplomatic mistakes made are relevant both for historical science and modern political interstate interaction.

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Victor Tvircun ◽  

Thе present publication is the first in historiography to highlight the unknown pages from the biography of Maria Andreevna Kantakuzino, wife of Foma (Toma) Kantakuzino, Major General of the Russian Army, an associate of Peter the Great. The research is based on documents discovered by the author in the State archives of the Russian Federation. The hallmark of this article is the fact, that the biographical data of Maria Cantacuzino are disclosed in the context of the political events of the 1st quarter of the 18th century, as well as her personal ties and correspondence with statesmen of the Russian Empire, the author reflects the issue of the financial situation of the countess in Russia. At the same time, the publication sheds light on the previously unknown biographical data of Maria Cantacuzino – the time and conditions of her arrival in Russia, the place of residence, as well as the date of her death. This publication, on the basis of archival documents discovered and introduced into scientific circulation, makes it possible to show the property status and possessions of the Cantacuzino family in Russia in the first half of the 18th century, as well as their fate after the death of the owners.


Author(s):  
Б.О. Куценко

В статье анализируется военно-политическая ситуация, сложившаяся на территории Памира и в приграничных землях в период c 1885 по 1902 год. Проблемы, связанные с обострением англо-русского соперничества в Центральной Азии, как и с попытками держав установить свой контроль над пограничными территориями Туркестана, включая ханства Дарваз, Читрал, Рошан и другие, не потеряли своей актуальности в силу их недостаточной изученности. Наличие значительного числа белых пятен в освещении механизмов военно-политического давления на туземное население со стороны Российской и Британской империй, не позволяет в полной мере представить действительное состояние дел в Припамирье, без которого сложно оценить развитие международных отношений конца XIX — начала XX века в целом. На основе архивных документов, ряд из которых впервые вводится в научный оборот, предпринят анализ практических шагов британской и российской дипломатии в отношении пограничных азиатских ханств. Содержание архивных документов позволяет сделать вывод, что политика Великобритании и Российской империи в регионе Памира во многом была обусловлена стратегическими интересами держав как части глобальной политики по установлению своего влияния в регионе Центральной Азии. Автор приходит к выводу, что изменения в балансе военно-стратегического противостояния в регионе, произошедшие на рубеже XIX–XX веков, несли реальную угрозу прямого военного столкновения Российской и Британской империй, что могло стать прологом мировой войны. Несмотря на материальные потери, понесенные Великобританией в период решения памирского вопроса, британская дипломатия сумела извлечь выгоду из своего поражения, превратив памирский вопрос в инструмент давления на Петербург, что ограничило самостоятельность Российской империи при решении проблем в Юго-Восточной Азии и на Дальнем Востоке. The article analyzes the military and political situation in the Pamirs and adjacent regions in the period of 1885–1902. Anglo-Russian rivalry in Central Asia and the countriesʼ attempts to establish control over the territories adjacent to Turkestan (including the Darvaz Khanate, the Chitral Khanate, the Roshan Khanate and other territories) remain largely underinvestigated, and therefore, relevant. The mechanisms of military and political influence exerted by the Russian Empire and the British Empire on the indigenous population of the Pamir region have never been subjected to rigorous analysis. Hence, we cannot properly assess the real situation in the Pamirs, nor can we appreciate the development of international relations in the late 19th — early 20thcenturies. The analysis of previously unstudied archival materials enables the author to investigate practical measures adopted by British and Russian diplomats in relation to the Pamir and the adjoining khanates. The analysis of archival documents enables the author to conclude that the political strategies of both Britain and Russia were largely predetermined by the necessity to establish their dominance over Central Asia. The author concludes that the change in the military and strategic balance in the region at the turn of the 19th– 20th centuries threatened to trigger off an open confrontation between the British Empire and the Russian Empire and could eventually lead to the global military conflict. Despite military losses sustained by Great Britain in an attempt to resolve the Pamir dispute, British diplomats managed to achieve gains by transforming the Pamir dispute into a tool of exerting influence over Russia, which significantly limited the influence of the Russian Empire in Southeast Asia and in the Far East.


Author(s):  
Elena V. Borodina ◽  

The review analyses Die Geburt des Russländischen Imperiums. Herrschaftskonzepte und -praktiken im 18. Jahrhundert. Beiträge zur Geschichte Osteuropas (The Birth of the Russian Empire: Concepts and Practices of Domination in the 18th Century) by Ricarda Vulpius. The author of the monograph focuses on the question of when Russia became an empire. Vulpius pays special attention to the discussion around this problem in relation to the eighteenth century and offers her own solution to the problem using the Begriffsgeschichte methodology. The historian connects such concepts as imperial discourse and colonialism. In her opinion, a major role in the formation of the imperial idea in Russia was played by the development of the territories of Siberia and the Far East, the Caucasus and the lands inhabited by Bashkirs, Kalmyks, and Kazakhs. Despite the thoroughness of the work carried out, the book is not without drawbacks. They are due to the narrowness of the source base of the study and the impossibility of using the Begriffsgeschichte approach in analysing the structures created for the management of the indigenous population of the Russian Empire.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 34-43
Author(s):  
Mamkina Inna N. ◽  

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the legitimization forms in the Russian Empire. It also presents the idea of inextricable connection between the understanding of a historical event or phenomenon and the socio-political processes reflected in law. Therefore, the understanding of the Imperial law system, the insight into the peculiarities and processes of its legitimization formation is the basis of historical studies of the Russian Empire period. The purpose of this paper is to summarize and to give the comparative analysis of the legitimization forms existing on the territory of the Russian Empire and its outskirts in the period of the 18th ‒ early 20th centuries. The methodological basis of the study is a set of historical and legal methods used in the state-legal phenomena study. The study uses the comparative-historical, terminological analysis and comparative law methods. The paper is interdisciplinary, it is written at the intersection of jurisprudence and historical science. The study found a variety of legitimization forms enshrined in Russian Law, which are difficult to classify. It was noted that the classification and hierarchy of Russian Legislation depended on the extent of the monarch’s involvement in the legislative process. The author draws attention to the fact that the legitimization within the spatial and personal scope has some features that are most pronounced toward Siberia. When analyzing the content of a number of Charters and Provisions, specific standards or exemptions regarding this act enactment on the Empire outskirts are often found. The organization of power on the national Empire outskirts was regulated by special acts. The author concludes that despite the variety of legislative forms the Emperor’s will remained above the law and the law-making mechanism provided for its legal confirmation forms. Indeed, from a legal standpoint, such acts weakened the strong arm and the rule of the law, on the other hand, they speed up some decision-making processes. Keywords: the Russian Empire, Siberia, System of Law, sources of Law, form of Law, legislation, autocracy


Author(s):  
Maksim Anisimov

Heinrich Gross was a diplomat of the Empress of Russia Elizabeth Petrovna, a foreigner on the Russian service who held some of the most important diplomatic posts of her reign. As the head of Russian diplomatic missions in European countries, he was an immediate participant in the rupture of both Franco-Russian and Russo-Prussian diplomatic relations and witnessed the beginning of the Seven Years' War, while in the capital of Saxony, besieged by Prussian troops. After that H. Gross was one of the members of the collective leadership of the Russian Collegium of Foreign Affairs. So far there is only one biographic essay about him written in the 19th century. The aims of this article are threefold. Using both published foreign affairs-related documentation and diplomatic documents stored in the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire, it attempts to systematize the materials of the biography of this important participant in international events. It also seeks to assess his professional qualities and get valuable insight into his role both in the major events of European politics and in the implementation of the foreign policy of the Russian Empire in the mid-18th century. Moreover, the account of the diplomatic career of H. Gross presented in this essay aims to generate genuine interest among researchers in the personality and professional activities of one of the most brilliant Russian diplomats of the Enlightenment Era.


Author(s):  
K.Yu. Anders-Namzhilova

The article describes the problem of searching for unknown manuscripts in the study of new spiritual literature that occurred in the Russian Empire at the turn of 18th century. The documents of Moscow Ecclesiastical Censor’s Archive are the main information source of church and religious materials written during that period. The Moscow Ecclesiastical Censor was the first specialized authority established by Synod in 1799 for considering the religious compositions. Compositions which were banned by censors couldn’t be printed and for this reason they become unknown even for modern scientific society. However, a lot of these compositions weren’t lost: they are kept in manuscripts which are dispersed throughout different archive and library funds, that’s why they cannot be attributed without the engagement of the censor committee’s archive documents.


Author(s):  
S. D. Baghdasaryan ◽  
T. A. Samsonenko

The article is devoted to the contribution of Soviet domestic science to the study of the peasant class in the second half of the XVIII century. in the Russian Empire. The position of the peasantry in state policy is analyzed, and the scientific schools of the Soviet period specializing in the study of the system of serfdom are considered. The question is raised about the scientific achievements of Soviet historical science in the complex of using the existing approaches, scientific schools, and the system of knowledge about the development of the peasantry in the Russian Empire in the second half of the XVIII century. The study of social and economic processes of development of the peasant class during the evolution of feudal relations was the most popular topic of scientific research in Soviet historiography. The problems related to the condition of dependent peasants during the period of serfdom in tsarist Russia deserve careful study and continue to arouse interest in the works of Russian researchers.


2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 122-126
Author(s):  
Gulbanu Bolatovna Izbassarova

The Kazakhs Junior Horde, due to external - internal political reasons was the first one who became the part of Russian Empire. Chinggizid Abulkhair was an initiator of the Kazakh society incorporation into the structure of the Russian Empire. The aggravation of the Kazakh-Bashkir, Kazakh-Kalmyk, Kazakh-Dzungar relations leads to a search for a strong overlord. At the beginning of the 18th century, after the Prut campaign, the interests of the Russian Empire moved from the Black Sea to Asia, which is south-east direction. Formation of the imperial concept, change in the concept of Russias historical mission on the international scene forms new strategic and political aims of the Russian Empire. The Academy of Sciences founded in 1724 by the emperor Peter I as well as representatives of local administrations started to explain to the Russian public the acquisition of new lands policy. The reflection of this event to the Russian historiography of the XVIII-XIX centuries is studied in this article. The attention is paid to the study of a concept of citizenship, an interpretation of its character, assessment of the Kazakh khan Abulkhair, the accession initiator by pre-revolutionary historiography representatives. The article considers views of P.I. Rychkov, A.I. Levshin, who are for the first time in their writings, on the basis of archival, authentic sources, gathered a wealth of factual material, scientifically substantiated opinions on the issue of incorporation.


Author(s):  
Pavel Nikolaevich Dudin

Based on the previously unexamined treaties and agreements, this article analyzes the civilian mechanism of ensuring Russia’s interest in Manchuria on the background of establishment and development of statehood of Hulunbuir District, also known as Barga. Having lost the Russo-Japanese War and a number of backbone territories, the Russian Empire took all necessary steps towards retention and strengthening of its influence in the region, was able to form the zones of primary interests, and this control the process of acquisition of relative autonomy by Barga. It is concluded that within the framework of considered agreements, Russia’ national interests in the Far East were reliably protected. It was achieved by the concessions, which by their legal nature significantly differed from the concessions and settlements created by the foreign powers in Eastern China, although were capable of ensuring Russia’s presence and safeguarding the strategic interests. Despite the fact that the created system demonstrated its effectiveness, it did not survive the political crises caused by the revolutionary events and demise of the Russian Empire. China’s leadership took advantage of the situation that unfolded in Russia, and liquidated the autonomy of Outer Mongolia, and later the status of Hulunbuir, stipulated in the agreements.


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