ENHANCING THE PARTICIPATION OF MEN AND WOMEN IN THE MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AT THE BRIDGE WATER SUPPLY PROJECT IN KAKAMEGA COUNTY, KENYA

affects livelihoods, health and the fulfillment of basic needs of women and men. Women and men as the users of water resources need to be involved in the management of water resource. This can effectively be done with proper strategies to mainstream gender in all the management undertaking at the community level. This study sought to investigate on the participation of men and women and strategies to enhance gender mainstreaming in the management of water resources at the Bridge Water Project which had drilled 123 boreholes for use in households, learning and religious institutions in Kakamega County. The study was a case study guided by the equity theory developed by John Stacy Adams in 1963. 10% samples of 13 out of the 123 committees that manage the boreholes were randomly selected as respondents to the study. They include 5 household committees, 6 learning and 2 committees from religious institutions.Â Key informants were heads of selected institutions and the chief of the location where the study was undertaken. The instruments used to collect data were Questionnaires, Focused Group Discussion, Interview Schedule and Observation. Data collected was cross-tabulated for qualitative analysis. The study established that women were discriminated against in terms of participation in management committees despite the fact that they were the main water users. On the basis of strategies, the study identified training and awareness creation on the need for gender equity, dissemination of the affirmative action policy, empowerment and mobilization of women to seek management positions and engagement of a gender expert to guide gender mainstreaming in the management of the project as strategies to enhance gender mainstreaming in the management of the Bridge Water Supply Project.

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Determination of the Irrigation Water Supply Services Cost

Water sector of Russia: problems, technologies, management - Методы оценки и механизмы регулирования водопользования в современных условиях ◽

10.35567/999-4508-2019-1-5 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Water Resources ◽

Water Supply ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Demand Management ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Water Users ◽

Water Charges ◽

Wide Range ◽

Organizational Mechanisms

The article summarizes and analyzes experience in irrigation water charges fixation. Many countries of the world with developed irrigation systems face problems of lack or inadequacy of financial resources to maintain these systems in an efficient state. There is the necessity to find effective financial and organizational mechanisms to address these problems. The purpose of this article is to summarize and analyse the experience of setting fees for the supply of water for irrigation in various socio-economic conditions and to find out possibilities of improving systems of payment collection for the provision of irrigation services and in particular, for irrigation water supply. The analysis is based on a wide range of conditions specific for both developing and developed countries. In addition, the article attempts to assess the experience of using the amount of payment for irrigation water as an incentive for cost recovery to achieve financial sustainability and demand management for the efficient use of water resources. Quotas, water markets, subsidies, as well as information/educational problems have been considered as incentives of water resources demand management. We have considered special features of the tariffs formation in the Central Asia countries. The study has demonstrated that the two-stake tariff implementation will enable to compensate the irrigation services expenses at the level acceptable for water users in case of cultivation of crops generating an adequate income for the tariff’s financing.

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Study on Production, Domestic and Ecological Benefits of Reservoir Water Supply Based on Emergy Analysis

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr8111435 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 1435

Author(s):

Xinjian Guan ◽

Pengkun Jiang ◽

Yu Meng ◽

Haidong Qin ◽

Hong Lv

Keyword(s):

Water Resources ◽

Water Supply ◽

Evaluation Model ◽

Emergy Analysis ◽

Reservoir Water ◽

Water Users ◽

Ecological Benefit ◽

Analysis Theory ◽

Regulation Function ◽

Current Water

As an important water conservancy project, it is necessary to evaluate its water supply benefit. Based on the emergy analysis theory, a reservoir water supply benefits evaluation model (RWSBEM) was established. Firstly, the emergy transformity of natural and engineering water body was calculated. Secondly, the water resource values (WRV) of different water users (industrial, agricultural, domestic, ecological) were calculated. Finally, combined with the water supply situation of the reservoir, the various water supply benefits of the reservoir were calculated. Taking Hekoucun reservoir as an example, its ecological water supply benefit is the largest and agriculture is the smallest, followed by industry and life. The results showed that the trend of WRV was domestic > industry > ecology > agriculture, which reflected the contribution and utility of water resources in different industries. Under the condition of current water resources, the planned water supply benefits of the reservoir can be guaranteed in the wet and normal years, but in the dry years, the ecological benefit will be reduced. Therefore, the industry water-saving needs to be further strengthened, and the interannual regulation function of the reservoir should be applied more effectively to maximize the comprehensive benefits of reservoir water supply.

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A uniform spatial allocation strategy in solving water resources optimization dispatch problem

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201824601057 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 246 ◽

pp. 01057

Author(s):

Jiahui Sun ◽

Xiaohui Lei ◽

Ji Liang ◽

Chao Wang ◽

Liang Men

Keyword(s):

Water Resources ◽

Water Supply ◽

Spatial Scale ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Social Economy ◽

Allocation Strategy ◽

Spatial Allocation ◽

Original Algorithm ◽

Water Users ◽

Water Resources Optimization

Along with social economy development, the total water consumption increased year by year. The conflicts between water supply and water consumption is growing. Water resources optimization dispatch, which is used to allocate water resources to meet the demand of water user on both time scale and spatial scale, plays an important role in water resources management. Aiming at improving the spatial allocation ability of traditional optimization algorithms, a uniform spatial allocation strategy is proposed accordingly. The proposed method is used to improve the performance of optimization algorithm to obtain solutions which can uniform the water supply in spatial scale. Simulation results show that the maximum ratio of water deficiency gained by the proposed method is smaller than that obtained by the original algorithm. The proposed method is effective to balance the demand of water users in spatial scale. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 10th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2018).

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Understanding Regulation of Non-Utility Water Supply Systems from the Household Perspective

10.21203/rs.3.rs-386647/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Iniobong James Ikpeh ◽

Robby Soetanto ◽

Aaron Anvuur

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Group Discussion ◽

Regulatory Compliance ◽

Supply System ◽

Water Supply System ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Water Supply Systems ◽

Research Approach ◽

Water Users ◽

Supply Systems

Abstract PurposeThe article seeks to examine the understanding of regulation of Non-Utility Water Supply Systems (NUWSS) from perspective of water users in households, the behavioural dimensions of regulation and aspects of the non-utility water supply system that can be regulated.Research Method/DesignThe theory of planned behaviour was used to identify determinants to regulatory compliance across the groups of indicators identified for the regulation of water supply systems. To understand household perception of regulation, interviews were conducted, with questions put to water users in households. A qualitative research approach was adopted, using interviews, and focus group discussion with water users in households.FindingsThe findings indicate that households hold varied perceptions on regulation across the components of the water supply system. Specifically, regulatory compliance by households was influenced by crucial elements such as preferential compliance to regulation within specific aspects of the water supply system. Limitations and implicationsThe inference from this research is based on households from one state in Nigeria. Further exploration of this research in multiple cities and states would widen the applicability of the findings in different contexts.Originality/valueThe study examines regulation and regulatory compliance from the perspective of households who predominantly use Non-Utility Water Supply System (NUWSS) in sub-Saharan Africa.

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Water Supply and Water Scarcity

Water ◽

10.3390/w12092347 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 2347 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Vasileios A. Tzanakakis ◽

Nikolaos V. Paranychianakis ◽

Andreas N. Angelakis

Keyword(s):

Water Management ◽

Water Resources ◽

Water Supply ◽

Water Scarcity ◽

Rainwater Harvesting ◽

Climatic Variability ◽

Health Issues ◽

Water History ◽

Water Users ◽

Use Efficiency

This paper provides an overview of the Special Issue on water supply and water scarcity. The papers selected for publication include review papers on water history, on water management issues under water scarcity regimes, on rainwater harvesting, on water quality and degradation, and on climatic variability impacts on water resources. Overall, the issue underscores the need for a revised water management, especially in areas with demographic change and climate vulnerability towards sustainable and secure water supply. Moreover, general guidelines and possible solutions, such as the adoption of advanced technological solutions and practices that improve water use efficiency and the use of alternative (non-conventional) water resources are highlighted and discussed to address growing environmental and health issues and to reduce the emerging conflicts among water users.

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Optimal Allocation of Water Resources from the “Wide-Mild Water Shortage” Perspective

Water ◽

10.3390/w10101289 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1289 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Huaxiang He ◽

Mingwan Yin ◽

Aiqi Chen ◽

Junqiu Liu ◽

Xinmin Xie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Resources ◽

Water Supply ◽

Optimal Allocation ◽

Marginal Utility ◽

Piecewise Linear ◽

Water Shortage ◽

Improved Method ◽

Water Users ◽

The Right

A major objective of the optimization of water resources allocation is to ensure the supply an adequate amount of water to users at the right time and maximize the utilization of water resources. However, in case of insufficient water supply, water shortage is likely to occur intensively for specific water users or in specific periods, referred to as a “concentrated water shortage”. The risk of a concentrated water shortage should be shared across a wider range of users and periods, so that it would have a less severe impact on each calculation unit in each period, which we refer to as the “wide-mild water shortage”. In this study, the nonlinear weight of the water supply objective function can be converted into a piecewise linear weight based on the law of diminishing marginal utility, making it possible to reduce or even eliminate the concentrated water shortage and thus making the allocation of water resources more reasonable. The case study in the Nen River basin in northeast China shows that the improved method results in a significant increase in water shortage units but a significant reduction in water shortage range. As a consequence, water shortage is more uniformly distributed from April to June, which contributes to solving the concentrated water shortage problem in May. However, it should be noted that to what extent the wide-mild water shortage can be realized depends not only on the marginal utility of water demand, but also on the available water supply and the regulative capacity of water supply projects. In spite of this, the improved method enables water to be supplied more suitably for users at the appropriate time, which contributes to improving the utilization of water resources and helping decision-makers better address the problem of concentrated water shortage.

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Ensuring Water Availability to Water Users through Incentive Payment for Ecosystem Services Scheme: A Case Study in a Small Hilly Town of Nepal

Water Economics and Policy ◽

10.1142/s2382624x18500029 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 05 (04) ◽

pp. 1850002 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Rajesh K. Rai ◽

Mani Nepal ◽

Laxmi D. Bhatta ◽

Saudamini Das ◽

Madan S. Khadayat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Ecosystem Services ◽

Water Resources ◽

Willingness To Pay ◽

Water Supply ◽

Water Availability ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Project Design ◽

Incentive Payment ◽

Water Users

This study was carried out to design an incentive payment for an ecosystem services (IPES) scheme in the Baitadi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project of Nepal. The main intention behind the designing of the scheme was to develop strategy for equitable use of water resources and involve communities, watershed and water user, in the sustainable management of water resources. We administered household survey in both the watershed community and water users to elicit their preferences regarding water source management and drinking water supply. A discrete choice experiment was employed in the case of water users which showed that, for them, water quality and quantity are the most important attributes. The estimated annual willingness-to-pay of water users for doubling water availability is NPR 482,076 (USD 4,505) and for doubling the water quantity and the supply of clean water that can be drunk directly from the tap is NPR 1.18 million (USD 10,988). The results of consultations with stakeholders indicate that the construction of public toilets, the regularization of grazing, off-season vegetable farming and drinking water distribution in the upstream area may contribute to maintaining the quality of water while keeping the watershed community satisfied with regard to water-sharing. These activities require NPR 1.17 million (USD 10,987) in the first year and NPR 425,640 (USD 3,978) annually from the second year on. The estimated willingness-to-pay and cost of the watershed activities indicate that implementing IPES in the Baitadi Town Water Supply Project is financially feasible and socially acceptable. Our study recommends the integration of the IPES design into the project design phase in future drinking water scheme, the best option being its integration into the initial environmental examination at the time of project design.

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Inequality and transaction costs in a community-based water supply in rural area adjacent to national park

Journal of Socioeconomics and Development ◽

10.31328/jsed.v4i1.1866 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 94

Author(s):

Ambar Istiyani ◽

Mohamad Shohibuddin

Keyword(s):

Water Resources ◽

Water Supply ◽

Transaction Costs ◽

National Parks ◽

Urban Areas ◽

National Park ◽

Transaction Cost Economics ◽

Community Based ◽

Local Conditions ◽

Water Users

National parks can be sensitive state-property areas since the surrounding communities generally need the parks' resources for their livelihood. This paper focuses on inequality and transaction costs in PAMSIMAS (Community-Based Water Supply and Sanitation), a water sector program in Indonesia’s rural and peri-urban areas. The method used is a case study of PAMSIMAS in Tajuk, a village adjacent to Mount Merbabu National Park in Semarang Regency, Central Java. The data were gathered from documentary studies, in-depth interviews, and observations, and were analyzed using transaction cost economics and institutional analysis. This study found that the rules of PAMSIMAS, especially water pricing mechanisms, enhanced water availability but could not diminish the uncertainty of water access and transaction costs born by water users. Inequalities of endowment, power, and information among the hamlets affected how PAMSIMAS was run. Mobilization of water resources is related to property rights, which should be well-defined. Still, there was an overlapping property institution of Mount Merbabu National Park forest and its water resources; thus, the water user groups had to bear different transaction costs. The study provides suggestions for providing broader 'rules of the game' in rural water management, recognizing local conditions and prospects, acknowledging community rights to resources, and developing inclusive community participation.JEL Classification D23; P48; Q15

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Feasibility Assessment of a Water Supply Reliability Index for Water Resources Project Planning and Evaluation

Water ◽

10.3390/w11101977 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 1977 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Boris Po-Tsang Chen ◽

Chang-Shian Chen

Keyword(s):

Water Resources ◽

Water Supply ◽

Reliability Index ◽

Project Planning ◽

Future Research ◽

Local Conditions ◽

Planning Stage ◽

Feasibility Assessment ◽

Water Users ◽

Supply Reliability

In order to estimate water supply potential, the effects of shortages on water users, and the uncertainty of local headspring conditions during the planning stage of reservoir construction, the Shortage Index (SI) is often employed. However, the criterion used in the SI is difficult to adjust to satisfy local conditions and objectives. The SI also employs an ambiguous definition of value. Thus, this study adopted a water supply reliability index (WSRI) as an alternative to the SI for providing the criterion for water resources project planning. The value of the WSRI is easily understood, because it is defined according to the real water supply situation and it has a strong linear relationship with values of SI. For any given water supply system, the estimated results derived from this study could serve as an additional remark on different SI values to explain the relevant water supply considerations. In addition, for a new planning site, the estimated results of this study could provide another way for engineers to evaluate the maximum water supply capability. Consequently, an interesting avenue of investigation in future research would be the incorporation of the WSRI with the risk of deficit frequency in establishing an efficient and transparent bottom-up approach for water resources management, involving all the relevant stakeholders.

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Challenging Drinking Water Affordability and Wastewater Services in Urban Environments

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-6529 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Joost Buurman ◽

Stefanos Xenarios ◽

Eduardo Araral ◽

Corinne Ong

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Water Resources ◽

Water Supply ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Urban Environments ◽

Urban Centers ◽

Core Element ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Sustainable Living ◽

Water Users

The urbanization trend is an undeniable fact worldwide in large and small cities. &#160;This trend demands the allocation of vast amount of water resources in cities for drinking and sanitation purposes to ensure a sustainable living. &#160;The sufficient and good water quality as well as the provision of adequate wastewater services is a core element for the sustenance of urban centers independently of its scale.Many of the water supply and wastewater authorities (WWS) are currently facing major challenges on the continuous and uninterrupted provision of services. &#160;Rapid urbanization, aged infrastructure, water scarcity, poor water quality and network loses are some of the challenges to be currently met.The response to many of the above issues demands the increase of operational and maintenance costs that have to be born mostly or entirely by the users. A big debate on the affordability of the urban dwellers to cover the water supply and waste expenditures is currently ongoing.The current study will assess the affordability of water users in urban centers to cover the basic consumption and secure a minimum amount of water.&#160; Also, the study will investigate water affordability indicators among different cities for the sustainable operation of the WWS in 21st century.We will assess 5 different type of urban types to better capture the water affordability trends at large. Namely, the following types will be assessed a) New cities with rapid urbanization b) Old cities with existent aged network c) Water scarce cities with difficulty to access water sources d) Hazard prone cities with high vulnerability on water-risk problems e) Water sufficient cities, which however take measures on securitization of water resources. Examples from developing and developed countries will be drawn to examine the affordability issue in context specific and case-specific studies.

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