Internal-External Control of Reinforcement and Participation in Team, Individual, and Intramural Sports

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond A. Di Giuseppe
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
External Control ◽  
Intramural Sports ◽  
High School Freshmen ◽  
Athletic Activities ◽  
Individual Sports

167 high school freshmen were given the Rotter I-E scale. Ss were categorized into those participating in team sports, individual sports, intramural sports, and no athletic activities. An analysis of variance of mean I-E scores for the four groups yielded a nonsignificant F ratio. This outcome does not support the previous research which shows team-sport participants scored higher on internal control.

scholarly journals Body Composition in Various Age Groups Among Individual and Team Sport

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-309
Author(s):  
Manzoor Ahmad Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Average Difference ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Game Players ◽  
Individual Sports

The study aimed to compare the Body Composition in Various Age Groups among Individual and Team Sport. A total of one hundred twenty (120) subjects, comprising 60 Individual and 60 Team sport of district Kulgam J&K, further out of 60 individual sports players 20 players were of the age group between 20-25, ( 20 ) players were of the age group between 25- 30 and 20 players were of the age group between 30-35. the same procedure was followed for 60 team sports players. The Subjects were selected by using purposive sampling. The age of the subjects ranged between 20-25, the second group 25-30, and the third group 30-35. To analyze and compare the Body Composition and fat percentage in three different age groups among individual sports and team sports, the Following equipment and test were used: the data related to Fat Percentage was measured by Skinfold Calipers. BMI: it was estimated by Stadiometer and weighing machine. ).the data that was collected after applying standard testing kits were written in separate columns and was cross-checked for all three different age groups. Individual and team sports of district kulgam. Then the analysis of data was carried out by applying various statistical techniques like average., standard deviation and through the application of formula of t-test to find out the significant difference of all selected physical variables I,e BMI and fat percentage in various age groups among individual and team sports players of kulgam district the level of significance as per norm was kept as (p<0.05). the mean and standard deviation of BMI in 20-25 age group individual game players is ( 22.02 ±2.20) respectively, and the mean and standard deviation of BMI in 20-25 age group of team sports players is (18.01 ±1.81), with an average difference of 4.01. ). Hence individual sports players were found with a higher BMI than team sports players under the 20-25 age group. BMI in the 25-30 age group individual game players is (23.09±1.76) respectively, and the mean and standard deviation of BMI in 25-30 age group of team sports players is (20.07±3.36), with an average difference of 3.02. ). Hence under this age group, the individual sports players were found with a higher BMI than team sports groups. The mean and standard deviation of BMI in 30-35 age group individual game players is (19.30±2.07) respectively, and the mean and standard deviation of BMI in 30-35 age group of team sports players is (22.17 ±3.47), with an average difference of 2.87. Hence, team sports players were found with a higher BMI under the age group than individual sports players. The mean and standard deviation of fat percentage in 20-25 age group individual game players is (11.09±4.83) respectively, and the mean and standard deviation of fat percentage in 20-25 age group of team sports players is (9.02±4.18), with an average difference of 2.17.).Hence under this age group, individual sports players were found fatty as compared to team sports players. The mean and standard deviation of fat percentage in 25-30 age group individual game players is (10.01±3.53) respectively, and the mean and standard deviation of BMI in 25-30 age group of team sports players is (14.04±7.48), with an average difference of 4.13. ). Hence under this age group, team sports players were found fatty as compared to individual sports players. The mean and standard deviation of BMI in 30-35 age group individual game players is (14.08±2.81) respectively, and the mean and standard deviation of fat percentage in 30-35 age group of team sports players is (18.01±5.64), with an average difference of 3.64. Hence under this age group, team sports players were found fatty as compared to individual sports players

scholarly journals Examination of Cognitive Flexibility Levels of Young Individual and Team Sport Athletes

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Şehmus Aslan
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
School Students ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Sports

The purpose of this study was to compare the level of cognitive flexibility of individual and team athletes who are students. The study included a total of 237 volunteer athletes, comprising 140 males (59.1%) and 97 females (40.9%) with a mean age of 18.98 ± 2.18 years (range, 16-26 years) who were licensed to participate in individual and team sports. Study data were collected using the Cognitive Flexibility Scale developed by Martin and Rubin (1995), which consists of 12 items in total. International validity and reliability studies were conducted by Martin and Rubin, and Turkish validity and reliability studies were conducted by Çelikkaleli on high school students (Çelikkaleli, 2014). The scores of the Cognitive Flexibility Scale were found to be higher in the team sports athletes compared with the individual sports athletes (p<0.05). No difference was determined between the levels of cognitive flexibility in male and female athletes. The results indicated that the cognitive flexibility levels of team athletes are higher than those of individual athletes.

Physique Anxiety and Disordered Eating Correlates in Female Athletes: Differences in Team and Individual Sports

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne M. Haase
Keyword(s):  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Social Physique Anxiety ◽  
Social Evaluation ◽  
Bulimic Symptoms ◽  
Sport Type ◽  
Bulimic Symptom ◽  
Individual Sports

As female athletes participating in physique-salient sports report similar levels of social physique anxiety (SPA) and disordered eating symptoms compared with those in nonphysique salient sports, alternative factors contributing to disordered eating require consideration, specifically participation in sport type (team vs. individual). This study examined SPA and disordered eating correlates in female athletes (N= 137) in two sport types (team sports and individual sports). Individual sport athletes exhibited higher SPA,F(1, 135) = 22.03,p< .001; dieting, Brown and Forsythe’sF(1, 57.05) = 43.79,p< .001; and bulimic behavior, Brown and Forsythe’sF(1, 59.92) = 13.45,p= .001 than team sport athletes. SPA and sport type together predicted 44% of dieting and 22% of bulimic symptom variance, suggesting that individual-sport athletes with higher SPA experienced greater disordered eating. Involvement in individual sports where physique is more open to social evaluation may contribute to dieting and bulimic symptoms among female athletes.

scholarly journals Differences in the attitudes to sport psychology consulting between individual and team sport athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dáire Rooney ◽  
Robin C. Jackson ◽  
Neil Heron
Keyword(s):  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Sport Type ◽  
Or Team ◽  
Individual Sports ◽  
Willingness To Consult ◽  
Univariate Analyses

Abstract Background The purpose of the present study was to investigate how an athlete’s participation in either an individual or team sport is related to their attitude toward sport psychology consulting and their willingness to consult a sport psychology practitioner. Method The Sport Psychology Attitudes-Revised form (SPA-R) (Martin, et al., Sport Psychol 16:272-90, 2020) was completed by 120 athletes from individual and team sports. A 2 (Type of sport: individual and team) × 2 (Gender) multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted with attitudes towards sport psychology as dependent variables. To identify attitudes that accentuated the differences related to type of sport, follow-up univariate analyses were performed. Results Results revealed that overall athletes involved in individual sports reported more positive attitudes towards sport psychology consulting than athletes involved in team sports. In particular, the athletes involved in individual sports were more likely to have greater confidence in sport psychology consulting. The findings also show that gender may mediate this association, indicated by a nearly significant two-way interaction effect for gender and type of sport (individual versus team) regarding confidence in sport psychology. The source of this marginal result was a larger effect of sport type for females than for males. Conclusions The findings of this study imply that athletes involved in individual sports are more likely to have positive attitudes towards sport psychology compared to athletes competing in team-based sports, with females more likely to view sport psychology positively than compared to their male counterparts. The results may go some way to assist sport psychologists to understand and address athletes’ concerns and to improve receptivity to sport psychology services.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMPETITIVE STATE ANXIETY AMONG TEAM SPORT AND INDIVIDUAL SPORT ATHLETES IN IRAN

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soltani Hossein ◽  
Hojati Zahra ◽  
Reza Attarzadeh Hossini Seyed
Keyword(s):  
State Anxiety ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Persian Version ◽  
Cognitive Anxiety ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Sports ◽  
One Way Anova

Purpose: With respect to the fact that every sport field has its own special nature, the aim of present study was to compare competitive state anxiety among team sport and individual sport athletes in Iran. Material: The statistic sample included 120 male athletes, 60 athletes in individual sports (wrestling, taekwondo and karate) and 60 athletes in team sports (futsal, volleyball and basketball). The research instrument employed was the Persian version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2. This inventory was distributed among the subjects about 30 minutes before the first competition. Finally by one-way ANOVA data was analyzed. Results: The results indicated that the mean score of somatic anxiety and cognitive anxiety among individual sport athletes was significantly higher than that of team sport athletes (p0.05). Conclusion: It seems the being part of a team alleviates some of the pressure experienced by those who compete alone. It seems the individual sport athletes may be more exposed to evaluation and more engaged in their own skills and abilities than team sport athletes given that responsibility for performance is not distributed across several performers.

scholarly journals Individual and Team Sports-related Hospitalizations for Traumatic Brain Injuries in Pediatric Patients (104)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10_suppl5) ◽  
pp. 2325967121S0025
Author(s):  
Matthew Siegel ◽  
Michael Patetta ◽  
Mark Orland ◽  
Abhishek Deshpande ◽  
Mark Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
The United States ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injuries ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Loss Of Consciousness ◽  
Individual Sports ◽  
Total Charges

Objectives: Pediatric sport participation continues to increase in the United States with a corresponding increase in sports related concussions or traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). Based on this impact, it is important to recognize which sports are at elevated risk, identify patient and hospital-associated risk factors for hospital admission and length of stay, as well as understand billing costs for both individual and team sport participants. Improved awareness may help avoid disproportionate treatments, reduce economic burdens, and allow physicians to more effectively manage these injuries. Methods: Pediatric patients (ages 5-18) from 2008 to 2014 were identified from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS). ICD-9 CM codes were used to include 894 patients who were hospitalized with a concussion resulting from either participating in an individual (N = 451) or team sport (N = 443) (Figure 1). An adjusted odds ratio was calculated using demographic and hospital information. Welch ANOVA was performed to evaluate differences in length of hospital stay and total charges between cohorts. This was repeated for a loss of consciousness subgroup analysis within each cohort. Results: Younger athletes in individual sports were more likely to have associated loss of consciousness, be self-pay, experience a greater number of procedures, and require an operating room procedure. (Table 1). When compared to team sports, TBI patients in individual sports had significantly longer (p < 0.001) and costlier (p < 0.001) hospital stays (Table 2). The only significant finding that was worse in team sports was that loss of consciousness led to greater total charges (p < 0.001) (Table 2). For team sports, American tackle football, (43.6%) and for individual sports, bike riding, (28.2%) were the most frequent sports associated with TBIs in their respective cohorts (Table 3). Conclusions: Individual sport TBIs may be associated with longer and more expensive hospitalizations. The explanation is likely multifactorial but may be complicated by reduced awareness and reduced compliance with strict return to play protocols in individual sports. Safety education information at a young age, clear discharge instructions, and baseline health assessments when possible may help mitigate these findings.

Internal-External Control: Studied through the Use of Proverbs

1973 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 611-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Thomas Friedman ◽  
Guy J. Manaster
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
External Control ◽  
Factorial Structure ◽  
External Scale ◽  
Single Construct

This study investigated the factorial structure and the construct validity of the factors based on responses to a 25-item Internal-External Control Proverbs Test. 488 university students were given the series of proverbs in a battery that included the Rotter Internal-External scale. Responses to proverbs were factor analyzed, the factors subjected to analysis of variance by sex and year in school of S, and the factors correlated with the total external score from Rotter's scale. The results point to a single construct, internal control, and two broad types of subconstructs under the aegis of external control, situational and behavioral potential.

Beliefs in Internal-External Control of Reinforcement and Participation in Group and Individual Sports

1969 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 551-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Lynn ◽  
Joseph G. Phelan ◽  
Vernon L. Kiker
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
External Control ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Individual Sports ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
School Activity

Three groups of 30 12- to 15-yr.-old males, students of California junior high schools, matched for age and IQ, were tested on the Rotter I-E Scale. Group A (school basketball players) were considered to be group sports participants, Group B (gymnasts) individual sportsmen, and Group C non-participants in any school activity. A significant difference in the direction of internal control for group sports participants was noted. Individual sports participants and non-participants were alike in being significantly higher in external control than group players. Further research on the relationship between internal control and self-esteem seems warranted for group sports participants.

Dimensions of Levenson's Locus of Control with Australian High School Students

1982 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung-Mook Hong ◽  
Carolyn Bartenstein
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
External Control ◽  
School Students ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Scale Characteristics

The Levenson Locus of Control Questionnaire was completed by 91 male and 82 female Australian high school students. Principal component analysis gave three interpretable factors: General External Control, Internal Control and Powerful Others Control. This factor pattern is different from those of Levenson (1974) and Walkey (1979). Further analyses utilizing mean scale scores and correlations showed some agreements and disagreements with these previous studies on scale characteristics. Evidence for the multidimensionality of the questionnaire and suggestions for further research on locus of control of high school students were also presented.

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