Orienting Responses as a Function of Age and Task Complexity

1976 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 543-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger L. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Stimulus Content ◽  
Stimulus Offset ◽  
Age Related Changes ◽  
And Task

Age-related differences in the elicitation and habituation of orienting responses to the onset and offset of stimuli have been suggested by several authors. Electrodermal and cardiac orienting responses to the onset and offset of a visual stimulus were measured in three age groups (4 yr., 7 yr., and undergraduate). Each S made one of three judgments: non-signal (observe stimulus), content (color of stimulus), and duration (length of time stimulus presented). Few age differences were found in elicitation or habituation of orienting responses to stimulus onset or offset. There was a trend for elicitation of orienting responses to stimulus offset to be age-related, but the failure to find any other age-related changes made this difference somewhat questionable. Instructions as to the judgment to be made by S were the primary determinants of orienting responses to stimulus onset and offset across all age groups.

scholarly journals Age Differences in the Required Coefficient of Friction During Level Walking Do Not Exist When Experimentally-Controlling Speed and Step Length

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 542-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis E. Anderson ◽  
Christopher T. Franck ◽  
Michael L. Madigan
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
Positive Effect

The effects of gait speed and step length on the required coefficient of friction (COF) confound the investigation of age-related differences in required COF. The goals of this study were to investigate whether age differences in required COF during self-selected gait persist when experimentally-controlling speed and step length, and to determine the independent effects of speed and step length on required COF. Ten young and 10 older healthy adults performed gait trials under five gait conditions: self-selected, slow and fast speeds without controlling step length, and slow and fast speeds while controlling step length. During self-selected gait, older adults walked with shorter step lengths and exhibited a lower required COF. Older adults also exhibited a lower required COF when walking at a controlled speed without controlling step length. When both age groups walked with the same speed and step length, no age difference in required COF was found. Thus, speed and step length can have a large influence on studies investigating age-related differences in required COF. It was also found that speed and step length have independent and opposite effects on required COF, with step length having a strong positive effect on required COF, and speed having a weaker negative effect.

scholarly journals Age-related changes in behavioural and emotional problems in Smith–Magenis syndrome measured with the Developmental Behavior Checklist

2020 ◽  
pp. 174462951990105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Elisabeth Nag ◽  
Terje Nærland
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Emotional Problems ◽  
Chromosome 17 ◽  
Adaptive Behaviour ◽  
Genetic Syndrome ◽  
Developmental Behavior ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Autism Symptomatology ◽  
Behavioural And Emotional Problems ◽  
Age Related Changes

Smith–Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a genetic syndrome most often caused by a deletion on chromosome 17 or more rarely by a mutation in the retinoic acid-induced 1 gene. The aim of this study was to investigate the Developmental Behavior Checklist (DBC) profile of persons with SMS and the associations between behavioural and emotional problems, age, gender, adaptive behaviour and autism symptomatology. Twenty-eight persons with SMS were represented by their parents in this study. DBC Total scores are reduced with age, but they still show a mean that is clearly above the cut-off of 46. The differences between the age groups <9 years and 9–17 years ( p = 0.024) and between the age groups <9 years and >18 years ( p = 0.007) are significant. We found a significant decrease in behavioural and emotional problems with age in SMS. We did not find a relationship between adapted behaviour and communication and behavioural and emotional problems.

scholarly journals Neural Correlates of Age-Related Changes in Precise Grip Force Regulation: A Combined EEG-fNIRS Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alisa Berger ◽  
Fabian Steinberg ◽  
Fabian Thomas ◽  
Michael Doppelmayr
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Motor Control ◽  
Force Control ◽  
Grip Force ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Dominant Hand ◽  
Grip Force Control ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Changes

Motor control is associated with suppression of oscillatory activity in alpha (8–12 Hz) and beta (12–30 Hz) ranges and elevation of oxygenated hemoglobin levels in motor-cortical areas. Aging leads to changes in oscillatory and hemodynamic brain activity and impairments in motor control. However, the relationship between age-related changes in motor control and brain activity is not yet fully understood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate age-related and task-complexity-related changes in grip force control and the underlying oscillatory and hemodynamic activity. Sixteen younger [age (mean ± SD) = 25.4 ± 1.9, 20–30 years] and 16 older (age = 56.7 ± 4.7, 50–70 years) healthy men were asked to use a power grip to perform six trials each of easy and complex force tracking tasks (FTTs) with their right dominant hand in a randomized within-subject design. Grip force control was assessed using a sensor-based device. Brain activity in premotor and primary motor areas of both hemispheres was assessed by electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Older adults showed significantly higher inaccuracies and higher hemodynamic activity in both FTTs than did young adults. Correlations between grip force control owing to task complexity and beta activity were different in the contralateral premotor cortex (PMC) between younger and older adults. Collectively, these findings suggest that aging leads to impairment of grip force control and an increase in hemodynamic activity independent of task complexity. EEG beta oscillations may represent a task-specific neurophysiological marker for age-related decline in complex grip force control and its underlying compensation strategies. Further EEG-fNIRS studies are necessary to determine neurophysiological markers of dysfunctions underlying age-related motor disabilities for the improvement of individual diagnosis and therapeutic approaches.

scholarly journals Investigation of Age-Related Changes in the Skin Microbiota of Korean Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1581
Author(s):  
Minseok Kim ◽  
Tansol Park ◽  
Jung Im Yun ◽  
Hye Won Lim ◽  
Na Rae Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Korean Women ◽  
Skin Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Distribution ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Changes

The microbiota of human skin is influenced by host and environmental factors. To determine if chronological age influences the composition of the skin microbiota on the forehead and hands, 73 Korean women were sorted into one of three age groups: (1) 10–29 years (n = 24), (2) 30–49 years (n = 21), and (3) 50–79 years (n = 28). From the 73 women, 146 skin samples (two skin sites per person) were collected. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was then conducted to analyze the skin microbiota. The overall microbial distribution varied on the forehead but was similar on the hands across the three age groups. In addition, the composition of the skin microbiota differed between the forehead and hands. Commensal microbiota, such as Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Cutibacterium, and Corynebacterium, which contribute to maintaining skin health via dominant occupation, were affected by increasing age on forehead and hand skin. Alpha diversity indices increased significantly with age on forehead skin. This study indicates that older people may be more susceptible to pathogenic invasions due to an imbalanced skin microbiota resulting from age-related changes. The results of our study may help develop new strategies to rebalance skin microbiota shifted during aging.

scholarly journals Age Related Changes in Weight of the Thymus Gland of Bangladeshi People

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-12
Author(s):  
Meherunnessa Begum ◽  
Uttam Kumar Paul ◽  
Md Jahangir Alam
Keyword(s):  
Related Problem ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thymus Gland ◽  
Thymus Weight ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Key Words Thymus ◽  
Age Related Changes

Context: Thymus is intimately related to the immuno regulatory mechanism of the body, its weight in general as well as at different age in a particular population might also be related to the overall immune status of that population. Thus the knowledge of the weight of the thymus at different ages may be helpful in planning of the medical and surgical treatment of thymus related problem as well as dealing patients from immunologic aspects Objective: To measure the age related changes in weight of the thymus gland of Bangladeshi people Study design: A descriptive type of study Place and period of study: The study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, IPGMR Dhaka from October 1996 to March 1997. Materials: 40 (forty) thymuses from Bangladeshi cadaver of either sex were taken for this study. Method: The collected samples were divided into four age groups ranged from still born to sixty years old individuals and comparative studies were done between different age groups. Result: The thymuses increased significantly in weight steadily through the increasing age groups from the still born babies to <16yrs and then declines through the age still higher. Conclusion: In the present study the weight of the thymus increases through the increasing age groups and then declined. Key words: Thymus; Weight DOI: 10.3329/bja.v8i1.6101 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy January 2010, Vol. 8 No. 1 pp. 10-12

scholarly journals ANGER, LOVE, SADNESS: DO EMOTION WORDS HAVE THE SAME SEMANTIC MEANING ACROSS AGE-GROUPS?

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S841-S842
Author(s):  
Madeline J Nichols ◽  
Jennifer A Bellingtier ◽  
Frances Buttelmann
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Semantic Meaning ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Emotion Words ◽  
Emotion Word ◽  
Age Related

Abstract Every day we use emotion words to describe our experiences, but past research finds that the meanings of these words can vary. Furthermore, historical shifts in language use and experiential knowledge of the emotions may contribute to age-differences in what these emotion words convey. We examined age-related differences in the valence, arousal, and expression connoted by the words anger, love, and sadness. We predicted age-related differences in the semantic meanings of the words would emerge such that older adults would more clearly differentiate the positivity/negativity of the words, whereas younger adults would report higher endorsement for the conveyed arousal and expression. Participants included American and German older adults (N=61; mean age=68.98) and younger adults (N=77; mean age=20.77). Using the GRID instrument (Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, 2013), they rated each emotion word for its valence, arousal, and expression when used by a speaker of the participant’s native language. Across emotions and dimensions, older adults were generally more moderate in their understanding of emotion words. For example, German older adults rated anger and sadness as suggesting the speaker felt less bad and more good than the younger adults. American older adults rated love as connoting the speaker felt more bad and less good than younger adults. Arousal ratings were higher for German younger, as opposed to older, adults. Cultural differences were most pronounced for sadness such that German participants gave more moderate answers than American participants. Overall, our research suggests that there are age-related differences in the understanding of emotion words.

Effect of aging on tracheal mucociliary clearance in beagle dogs

1987 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 1331-1334 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Whaley ◽  
B. A. Muggenburg ◽  
F. A. Seiler ◽  
R. K. Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Gamma Camera ◽  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Velocity Measurements ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Changes ◽  
Made In

Tracheal mucous velocity measurements were made in 24 beagle dogs in five age groups, using a gamma camera to detect movement of instilled 99mTc-macroaggregated albumin. Age groups were defined as immature (9–10 mo), young adult (2.8–3.0 yr), middle aged (6.7–6.9 yr), mature (9.6–9.8 yr), and aged dogs (13.6–16.2 yr). Mean velocities were 3.6 +/- 0.4 (SE) mm/min in the immature dogs, 9.7 +/- 0.6 mm/min in the young adults, 6.9 +/- 0.5 mm/min in the middle-aged dogs, 3.5 +/- 0.8 mm/min in the mature dogs, and 2.9 +/- 0.5 mm/min in the aged dogs. Tracheal mucous velocity was significantly (P less than 0.05) greater in the young adult and middle-aged groups compared with the immature, mature, and aged dogs. This pattern of age-related changes was noted to be similar to age-related changes described for certain pulmonary function measurements.

scholarly journals Age-related changes in muscle thickness and echo intensity of trunk muscles in healthy women: comparison of 20–60s age groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 120 (8) ◽  
pp. 1805-1814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megumi Ota ◽  
Tome Ikezoe ◽  
Takehiro Kato ◽  
Hiroshige Tateuchi ◽  
Noriaki Ichihashi
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Trunk Muscles ◽  
Echo Intensity ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Changes
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