Visual vs Auditory Encoding of Linguistic Material in Comparison of Sentences and Pictures

1980 ◽  
Vol 51 (3_suppl2) ◽  
pp. 1051-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger D. Carlson ◽  
John H. Schacke
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Female Undergraduate ◽  
Alternative Strategies ◽  
Visual Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Linguistic Input ◽  
Linguistic Material ◽  
Auditory Encoding

The present study was designed to determine if there is a facilitating effect of aural vs visual linguistic input in comprehension of a sentence which expresses a spatial relationship between objects in a picture, e.g., “Star is above square.” The sample was composed of 10 male and 10 female undergraduate students in psychology. One group was presented with sentences aurally to compare with tachistoscopically presented pictures, while another was presented written sentences along with pictures. The main finding was that reaction times were significantly less in the auditory group than the visual group, while there was no statistically significant difference in errors. Several previous findings relating to the characteristics of sentence types were replicated. It was concluded that several alternative strategies are made possible when stimuli are presented aurally which are probably due to the compatibility of listening and looking tasks.

scholarly journals An Anthropometric Comparison of Inner Canthal Distance, Outer Canthal Distance and Canthal Index in the Indian and Nepalese Undergraduate Students of Nepalgunj Medical College

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-14
Author(s):  
N Adhikari ◽  
M N Ambekar ◽  
S KC
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Female Undergraduate ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Facial Aesthetics ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Indian Male

 Background: The canthal distances are one of the most important aspects in ascessing the facial aesthetics. Several authors have described changes in the canthal distances attributable to race and gender.Aims and Objectives: To compare the inner canntahl distance, outer canthal distance and canthal index in between Nepalese and Indian undergraduate students of Nepalgunj Medical College.Materials and Methods: The study was conducted to compare canthal distances and canthal index among 320 (160 Indians: 100 male,60 female and 160 Nepalese: 100 male and 60 female) undergraduate students of Nepalgunj Medical College of age group 18-24 years at Department of Anatomy, Chisapani, Banke. Inner canthal distance(ICD) and Outer canthal Distance(OCD) were measured by using round end spreading caliper and Canthal Index were calculated by ICD/OCD *100. The value obtained was compared among Indian and Nepalese students in both sexes by using student t-test.Result: The study showed that there was no any significant difference on the value of inner and outer canthal distances and canthal index observed between Nepalese and Indian population except on the value of canthal index which was significantly different between Indian male and Nepalese male population. However, when the comparison was done between the sexes, inner and outer canthal distances and canthal index of males are larger than females except on the value of canthal index of Indian males and Indian females which was non-significant.Conclusion: There occurred a sexual dimorphism within Indian and Nepalese population except on canthal index of Indian male and Indian female but there wasn't any significant differences between Nepalese and Indian population of same sex except on canthal index of Indian male and Nepalese male. JNGMC,  Vol. 14 No. 2 December 2016, Page: 12-14

scholarly journals Howe’s dental cast analysis of students at the University of Sumatera Utara

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Hilda Fitria Lubis ◽  
Tiopan Beltsazar Sinurat
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Female Undergraduate ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Arch Width ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The University ◽  
Cast Analysis

Background: Cast analysis is the measurement of the upper and lower arch in a 3-dimensional occlusal relationship. Howe’s Analysis can be used to observe total tooth material, arch length, and basal arch width. Howe’s Analysis was conducted to analyse abnormalities of both teeth and the jaw to help diagnose and plan dental care. Purpose: To analyse the difference in total tooth material, arch length, basal arch width, and Howe’s Index between male and female undergraduate students from the University of Sumatera Utara who are of Proto-Malay origin. Methods: Ninety-six samples comprised of 48 male and 48 female students were recruited through the purposive sampling method. All samples were undergraduate students at the University of Sumatera Utara and of Proto-Malay origin, aged between 18 to 26, and have met the exclusion and inclusion criteria. We measured the variables using a digital caliper to measure basal arch width and arch length and Moorrees’ method to measure total tooth material. Data were analysed statistically using an independent t-test to compare means between groups (p<0.05). Results: The male samples’ average value of total tooth material 98.49 mm±3.79, arch length 45.55 mm±2.28, basal arch width 41.07 mm±2.83, and Howe’s Index were 41.71 %±2.63, respectively. The female samples had a lower value compared to the male samples, 94.51 mm, 43.27 mm, 36.89 mm, and 39.05 % respectively. There was a significant difference in the total tooth material, arch length, basal arch width, and Howe’s Index between male and female undergraduate students from the University of Sumatera Utara of Proto-Malay origin (p=0.001; p<0.05). Conclusion: The average measurement of total tooth material, arch length, basal arch width, and Howe’s Index was higher in male than female undergraduate students from the University of Sumatera Utara of Proto-Malay origin.

scholarly journals Eating behaviours of normal and overweight female undergraduate students in positive and negative emotions

Food Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-119
Author(s):  
S. Sidek ◽  
N.A.A. Mat Hassan ◽  
A.H. Hamirudin ◽  
W.A. Mohd. Abu Bakar ◽  
T. Irfan Unal
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Junk Food ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Female Undergraduate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Positive And Negative Emotions

Emotional well-being affects eating behaviour, whether making an individual eat less or more than they normally do. This paper aimed to compare eating behaviour between normal and overweight female undergraduate students in response to positive and negative emotions. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 166 female university students. Data collection involved the assessments of participants’ anthropometric measurements to obtain body mass index (BMI) and two self-administered questionnaires to measure of eating behaviour in positive and negative emotions; Emotional Appetite Questionnaire (EMAQ) and Eating Junk Food Questionnaire (EJFQ). Data from the two groups were compared to obtain differences in eating behaviour between normal and overweight female undergraduate students in response to positive and negative emotions. Both normal (Mean = 5.96±1.05) and overweight (Mean = 5.60±0.81) participants reported no changes in the levels of eating under positive emotions. The results also showed that both BMI categories “ate less” when they experienced negative emotions. For EJFQ, there was no significant difference in eating junk food between normal and overweight participants in response to positive emotions. However, the results revealed that the overweight group has more tendency to choose pizza (X 2 (1) = 6.879), p = 0.009) and cake (X 2 (1) = 7.458, p = 0.006) than the normal group under negative emotions. These results offer an insight that both BMI groups have almost similar eating-related concerns and thus intervention programs can be constructed on distressing eating-related thoughts and emotions among female undergraduate students

Effects of Audience Response Systems on Student Achievement and Long-Term Retention

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 1431-1439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selcuk Karaman
Keyword(s):  
Academic Success ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Course Design ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Audience Response ◽  
Multiple Choice Questions ◽  
Audience Response Systems ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Response Systems

The effects of audience response systems (ARS) on students' academic success and their perceptions of ARS were examined in this study. Participants, comprising 44 undergraduate students, were randomly assigned to a control or treatment group. The course design was the same for both groups and the instructor prepared the multiple-choice questions in advance; students in the control group responded to these questions verbally whereas the treatment group used ARS. Two paper-based examinations were used to measure the learning of concepts and skills that were taught. Students' perceptions of ARS were collected via a questionnaire. Results showed that ARS usage has a significant learning achievement effect in the first 4 weeks but not at the end of the second 4 weeks. There was no significant difference in retention between either group. Students perceived the ARS tool positively, finding it very enjoyable and useful.

Musical pantophagy: Is there an effect on changes in preference resulting from repeated exposure?

2021 ◽  
pp. 030573562098729
Author(s):  
Rebecca R Johnston ◽  
Gina M Childers
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Classical Music ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
Repeated Exposure ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Preference Rating ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Music Consumption ◽  
Post Test

The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of musical pantophagy, classical music consumption, and initial receptivity to select musical examples on changes in preference rating resulting from a program of repeated exposure. Participants included undergraduate students enrolled in a section of music appreciation at a large Southeastern university ( n = 67). Data were collected using a research designed preference rating measure (PRM) administered during a 5-week period within which there were eight test measures. Participants were divided into quartiles. Pre- to post-test measures resulted in a general positive trend for all participants. Comparisons of Q1 (lowest pantophagy) and Q3 (highest pantophagy) on PRMs 1–8 yielded no differences between groups, and PRM 8 was significantly different from PRM 1 for both groups. The same comparisons for Q1 (non-Classical music consumption) indicated significant difference with large effect size and for Q1 (lowest initial receptivity) indicated significant difference. Results suggest that regardless of musical pantophagy, repetition is an effective means by which to increase affective response to music, and that students who do not currently consume formal art music and who have low initial receptivity may report greater increases in affective response to music over time.

“Going Backward”: Effects of age and fatigue on posterior-directed falls in Parkinson disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Evan V. Papa ◽  
Rita M. Patterson ◽  
Nicoleta Bugnariu
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Parkinson Disease ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Angular Displacement ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Peak Knee ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fatiguing Exercise

BACKGROUND: Nearly half of persons with Parkinson disease (PD) report fatigue as a factor in their fall history. However, it is unknown whether these self-reported falls are caused by a sensation of fatigue or performance fatigue. OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate the influences of performance fatigue and age on postural control in persons with PD. METHODS: Individuals with PD (n = 14) underwent postural control assessments before (T0) and immediately after (T1) fatiguing exercise. Biomechanical data were gathered on participants completing a treadmill-induced, posterior-directed fall. Performance fatigue was produced using lower extremity resistance exercise on an isokinetic ergometer. Repeated measures ANCOVAs were used with age as a covariate to determine the effects of performance fatigue on biomechanical variables. RESULTS: After adjustment for age, there was a statistically significant difference in peak center of pressure (COP) latency during the support phase of recovery. Pairwise comparisons demonstrated a decrease in peak ankle displacement from T0 to T1. Age was also found to be significantly related to reaction time and peak knee displacement while participants were fatigued. CONCLUSIONS: The decreased peak COP latency, along with decreased ankle angular displacement, suggest that persons with PD adopt a stiffening strategy in response to backward directed falls. Postural stiffening is not uncommon in persons with PD and could be a risk factor for falls. Older individuals with PD demonstrate slower mobility scores and decreased reaction times in the setting of fatigue, suggesting a combined effect of the aging and fatigue processes.

The interplay of glossing with text difficulty and comprehension levels

2021 ◽  
pp. 136216882110204
Author(s):  
Seyede Faezeh Hosseini Alast ◽  
Sasan Baleghizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
First Language ◽  
Think Aloud ◽  
Text Difficulty ◽  
L2 Reading ◽  
Think Aloud Protocols ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
L2 Reading Comprehension ◽  
Underlying Processes

The aim of this experiment was to investigate how glossing influences second language (L2)reading comprehension in relation to text difficulty and the two local and global meaning representations. Fifty-eight undergraduate students were asked to read three easy, moderate, and difficult texts and, following each passage, answer twenty comprehension questions targeting local and global concepts in one of the two first-language-glossed and unglossed conditions. Half of the participants in each group were supposed to think aloud while reading. The results revealed a significant difference between the performance of glossed and unglossed groups on comprehension of local concepts in all three difficulty levels. However, the impact of glossing on comprehension of global concepts was significantly influenced by text difficulty. The qualitative analysis of think-aloud protocols suggested a substantial difference in glossing functionality on fluency between the easy and the difficult texts. Furthermore, it is suggested that revisiting the glossing effect in combination with text difficulty on the reading product and underlying processes might reconcile some divergent hypotheses on glossing impact on fluency.

scholarly journals Pain, Culture and Pedagogy: A Preliminary Investigation of Attitudes Towards “Reasonable” Pain Tolerance in the Grassroots Reproduction of a Culture of Risk

2021 ◽  
pp. 003329412098809
Author(s):  
Paul K. Miller ◽  
Sophie Van Der Zee ◽  
David Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Total N ◽  
Sporting Culture ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Relationship

In recent years a considerable body of psychological research has explored the relationship between membership of socio-cultural groups and personal pain perception. Rather less systematic attention has, however, been accorded to how such group membership(s) might influence individual attitudes towards the pain of others. In this paper, immersion in the culture of competitive sport, widely regarded as being exaggeratedly tolerant of risky behaviours around pain, is taken as a case-in-point with students of Physical Education (PE) in tertiary education as the key focus. PE students are highly-immersed in competitive sporting culture both academically and (typically) practically, and also represent a key nexus of cross-generational transmission regarding the norms of sport itself. Their attitudes towards the pain that others should reasonably tolerate during a range of activities, sporting and otherwise, were evaluated through a direct comparison with those of peers much less immersed in competitive sporting culture. In total, N=301 (144 PE, 157 non-PE) undergraduate students in the UK responded to a vignette-based survey. Therein, all participants were required to rate the pain (on a standard 0-10 scale) at which a standardised “other” should desist engagement with a set of five defined sporting and non-sporting tasks, each with weak and strong task severities. Results indicated that PE students were significantly more likely to expect others to persevere through higher levels of pain than their non-PE peers, but only during the sport-related tasks – an effect further magnified when task severity was high. In other tasks, there was no significant difference between groups, or valence of the effect was actually reversed. It is argued that the findings underscore some extant knowledge about the relationship between acculturated attitudes to pain, while also having practical implications for understanding sport-based pedagogy, and its potentially problematic role in the ongoing reproduction of a “culture of risk.”

On the Hypothesized Physiological Correspondence between Perceptual and Imagery Processes

1991 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 827-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vezio Ruggieri
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Mental Image ◽  
Female Undergraduate ◽  
External Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

This research examined some aspects of the interaction between imagery and perception of 16 male and 84 female undergraduate students in psychology. The data indicate that, when a subject is imagining with open eyes, a modification in the external stimulation of the retina, produced by covering the eyes, strongly modifies the imaginative activity. The majority of the subjects observed a loss of mental image. In 54% of the subjects the loss of image was provoked by covering only one of the two eyes. Other subjects presented interesting alterations of the mental image. The observed differences among subjects are interpreted by hypothesizing a correspondence between perceptual and imaginative styles that could employ common neurophysiological structures at central and perhaps peripheral levels.

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