The Relationship between Parental Social Class and Endorsement of Items on the Protestant Ethic and Conservatism Scales

1985 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 919-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Virginia Gonsalves ◽  
Godwin Anthony Bernard
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Protestant Ethic ◽  
Class Background ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ethic Scale

The influence of family background, especially parental social class on offsprings' value orientations has led to much debate. The correlations between parental social class and endorsement of the Mirels and Garrett Protestant Ethic Scale and Wilson and Patterson's Conservatism Scale for a sample of 108 undergraduates were significant between lower-class background and endorsement on both scales.

The Relationship between the Protestant Ethic and Social Class for Afro-Caribbeans and Afro-Americans

1983 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 645-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Virginia Gonsalves ◽  
Godwin Anthony Bernard
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Protestant Ethic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ethic Scale

A comparison of the endorsement patterns on the Protestant Ethic scale indicated that the mean for 20 Afro-Caribbeans exceeded that of 22 Afro-Americans. However, middle-class individuals from the latter group gave most favorable endorsements of the items.

scholarly journals People from lower social classes elicit greater prosociality: Compassion and deservingness matter

2021 ◽  
pp. 136843022098207
Author(s):  
Niels J. Van Doesum ◽  
Paul A. M. Van Lange ◽  
Joshua M. Tybur ◽  
Ana Leal ◽  
Eric Van Dijk
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Target Class ◽  
Dictator Games ◽  
The Uk

People are quick to form impressions of others’ social class, and likely adjust their behavior accordingly. If social class is linked to prosociality, as literature suggests, then an interaction partner’s class should affect prosocial behavior, especially when costs or investments are low. We test this expectation using social mindfulness (SoMi) and dictator games (DG) as complementary measures of prosociality. We manipulate target class by providing information regarding a target’s (a) position on a social class ladder, and (b) family background. Three studies using laboratory and online approaches ( Noverall = 557) in two nations (the Netherlands [NL], the UK), featuring actual and hypothetical exchanges, reveal that lower class targets are met with greater prosociality than higher class targets, even when based on information about the targets’ parents (Study 3). The effect of target class was partially mediated by compassion (Studies 2 and 3) and perceived deservingness of the target (Study 3). Implications and limitations are discussed.

scholarly journals Partner Commitment in Close Relationships Mitigates Social Class Differences in Subjective Well-Being

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacinth Jia Xin Tan ◽  
Michael W. Kraus ◽  
Emily Impett ◽  
Dacher Keltner
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
The Relationship

Close relationships can be a source of positive subjective well-being for lower-class individuals, but stresses of lower-class environments tend to negatively impact those relationships. The present research demonstrates that a partner’s commitment in close relationships buffers against the negative impact of lower-class environments on relationships, mitigating social class differences in subjective well-being. In two samples of close relationship dyads, we found that when partners reported low commitment to the relationship, relatively lower-class individuals experienced poorer well-being than their upper-class counterparts, assessed as life satisfaction among romantic couples (Study 1) and negative affect linked to depression among ethnically diverse close friendships (Study 2). Conversely, when partners reported high commitment to the relationship, deficits in the well-being of lower-class relative to upper-class individuals were attenuated. Implications of these findings for upending the class divide in subjective well-being are discussed.

Rules of address in Italy: a sociological survey

1975 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Bates ◽  
Laura Benigni
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Actual Behavior ◽  
Address Forms ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
The Social ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractStudies of address forms have almost always concentrated on a single set of rules, as they would be used by one idealized speaker. We proposed instead to examine the use of address pronouns in Italy as a function of the classical sociological parameters of age, sex and social class. A modified version of the Brown and Gilman questionnaire was administered in interviews with 117 Italian adults. Results indicate a powerful age—class interaction in overall degree of formality. Young upper class Ss are by far the least formal of the social groups — a particularly interesting finding, since Brown and Gilman's original study was drawn entirely from this population. Lower class youth are the most formal, with older Ss falling in between. Most Italians are likely to expect to receive the same address form that they give; the only clearly functional non-reciprocal relationships involve differences in age rather than status. The relationship of the results to political measures are also discussed. Several issues are examined from the point of view of sociolinguistic ‘ideals’ tapped by the questionnaire, vs. actual behavior in social settings. (Address forms (T/V pronouns); social class, age, and sex differences; Italy (Rome).)

Protestant Ethic and Performance: A Re-Examination

1981 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 335-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Ganster
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Power ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Protestant Ethic ◽  
Sorting Task ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ethic Scale ◽  
High Statistical Power

An experiment was conducted to examine the relationship between endorsement of the Protestant Ethic and work performance and satisfaction. Employing an electronic sorting task with 95 subjects, the study did not confirm earlier findings of Merrens and Garrett (1975), despite high statistical power. Results question the interpretation of the Protestant Ethic scale as an indicant of work attitudes and behavior.

Social Class and Reaction to Physical Disability

1965 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Dow
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Physical Disability ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Actual Behavior ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Class Level ◽  
The Face ◽  
Class Information ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

In this study the relationship between social class membership and reaction to physical disability was examined. It was hypothesized that this reaction would be conditioned by the relative emphasis attached to physique, and that this emphasis varied inversely with social class level, that is, the lower class would be expected to react more severely to physical impairment than would the middle class. Information was obtained on the families' definition of the problem, their intellectual optimism or pessimism, their actual behavior under these circumstances, and the relative emphasis which they attached to physique. The results showed that the majority of parents and children were well informed and generally quite optimistic about the problem. On the behavioral level, however, some families were able to cope more effectively than others; larger families managing a more balanced adjustment than smaller families. Lastly, most parents attached little significance to physique, and this seemed to facilitate their optimism in the face of disability. Over-all, there was no significant class bias in any of the above positions.

scholarly journals Youth transitions and job quality

2018 ◽  
pp. 271-293
Author(s):  
Marianna Filandri ◽  
Tiziana Nazio ◽  
Jacqueline O’Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Young People ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Job Quality ◽  
Successful Outcome ◽  
Direct Channel ◽  
Cross Sectional

This chapter explores how youth unemployment, discontinuous employment, and working in low-quality jobs affect individuals’ subsequent occupational conditions. Using cross-sectional and longitudinal EU-SILC data (2005–2012) for five countries, the chapter distinguishes between different types of good and bad jobs, examining the effect of family background on successful transitions. Findings show that young people from families of higher social class have better chances of making transitions into good-quality jobs than do youth from lower class families. Securing a good entry job is crucial to achieving a successful outcome, whereas experiencing either brief periods of unemployment or employment continuity has limited effects. These mechanisms are evident across all countries considered. The findings reinforce established knowledge on patterns of stratification, evidencing a direct channel of social transmission of inequalities through education and an indirect channel through better labor market entries.

Social Class and Political Involvement in Age Graded and Non-Age Graded Associations

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-310
Author(s):  
James E. Trela
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Older People ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Political Interest ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
Political Involvement ◽  
The Relationship

This paper examines the relationship between social class and political involvement after retirement and seeks to determine whether this relationship is differentially mediated by participation in non-age graded and age graded associational contexts. Controlling for the age structure of association memberships, the relationships between social class and political activity and several measures of political interest are examined for 304 retired people. Strong and moderate relationships were found for individuals without memberships and those with non-age graded memberships exclusively. No relationships were found for members of age graded associations only. The absence of a relationship between social class and political involvement for those individuals who confine their formal associational activity to age peers is explained by positing the existence of a generational community which insulates lower class older people from class related cross-pressures and invidious distinctions which depress political involvement in other contexts.

scholarly journals Contact Heterogeneity as a Mediator of the Relationship between Social Class and Altruistic Giving

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 237802312096933
Author(s):  
Andreas Tutić ◽  
Ulf Liebe
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
The United States ◽  
Occupational Prestige ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Interaction Rituals ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect

Research on the relationship between social class and altruistic giving has provided inconsistent evidence. Using the dictator game, in which one participant is endowed with a certain amount of money and has to allocate this amount between herself and another individual, several studies found that higher-class actors have a lower tendency toward altruistic giving than lower-class actors; other studies found the opposite pattern. We show that social class has a positive effect on altruistic giving in the dictator game with a sizeable sample of residents of the United States using both an objective measure of social class—that is, a composite of income, education, and occupational prestige—and a subjective measure. Shedding more light on the mechanisms underlying the positive effect of social class, it is demonstrated that class affects altruistic giving not so much by differences in empathic concern but by differences in the marginal utility of money and contact heterogeneity. It is argued that the latter effect can be derived from Collins’s theory of interaction rituals and class cultures.

The Sport Participation–Social Class Relationship among a Selected Sample of Female Adolescents

1987 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia A. Hasbrook
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Parental Influence ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Economic Opportunity ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Life Chances ◽  
Life Styles ◽  
Class Background ◽  
The Relationship

This study proposed and tested a theoretical explanation of how social class background influences sport participation. Two theoretical constructs of social class were operationalized within the context of sport participation and tested to determine how well they explained the social class-sport participation link: life chances/economic opportunity set (the distribution of material goods and services), and life-styles/social psychological opportunity set (values, beliefs, and practices). Life chances consisted of the availability and usage of sport equipment, facilities or club memberships, and instruction. Life-styles consisted of selected parental achievement and gender role expectations that encourage, fail to encourage, or discourage sport participation. Social class background was determined by father’s occupation as ranked in the Duncan Socioeconomic Index. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to a stratified random sample of high school students, with some questionnaires eliminated to control for cultural and/or racial differences and variation in parental influence. The construct validity of the instrument was supported by factor analytic results. The test-retest reliability of the questionnaire was r = .956. Partial correlation analyses revealed that while individual life chances/economic opportunity set variables explained a greater portion of the relationship between sport participation and social class background than did the individual variables of life-styles/social psychological opportunity set, a combination of all three economic opportunity set variables and two social-psychological opportunity set variables accounted for more than 50% of the relationship between sport and class.

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