Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Carbon Gels Adsorption: A Commentary

Abstract This work is aimed at highlighting the recent progress of resorcinol-formaldehyde carbon gels adsorption of water pollutants. The synthesis strategies of the carbon gels were discussed to shed some light on the development of mesoporous matrix of carbon gel via the agglomeration of colloidal particles. The surface area of adsorbent can reach as high as 3000 m2/g by CO2 activation, while the surface functionalities are introduced through modification techniques for improving the removal performance. However, most of the recent studies are inclined at batch mode of adsorption with lack of information on the scale-up of the process in continuous mode. Carbon gel is a special class of porous material that can be moulded into desired size, hence a promising adsorbent candidate for monoliths and packings in column adsorption. Therefore, more dedicated works should be established to materialize the applications of carbon gel in column adsorption, particularly at industrial scale.

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Preliminary evaluation of resorcinol-formaldehyde carbon gels for water pollutants removal

Acta Chimica Slovaca ◽

10.1515/acs-2017-0009 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 54-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini ◽

Seiichiro Yoshida ◽

Takeshi Mori ◽

Shin R. Mukai

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Specific Surface ◽

Surface Area ◽

Specific Surface Area ◽

Resorcinol Formaldehyde ◽

Water Pollutants ◽

Carbon Gels ◽

Oxidized Carbon ◽

Carbon Gel ◽

Pollutants Removal

Abstract The present work was aimed to evaluate the suitability of resorcinol-formaldehyde carbon gels as adsorbent for water pollutants removal. The carbon gels were characterized using N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm for specific surface area, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) for surface functional groups. Methylene blue and cesium were employed as model water pollutants. Results show that the un-oxidized carbon gel, despite its lower specific surface area (333 m2/g) displayed a 118 mg/g removal of methylene blue, that is higher than 35 mg/g by the oxidized carbon gel (418 m2/g). The evaluation of adsorption kinetics revealed a lower pseudo-first order rate constant of 0.088 h-1 for 10 mg/L methylene blue adsorption. A positive effect of surface oxidation was demonstrated for cesium adsorption. On molar basis, however, the oxidized carbon gel exhibits a selective removal towards methylene blue compared to cesium. Carbon gel is a promising candidate for water pollutants removal, and further treatment needs to be sought to boost its performance.

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Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: A Promising Drug Delivery Technology

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology ◽

10.37285/ijpsn.2009.2.2.3 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 509-516

Author(s):

S. Pragati ◽

S. Kuldeep ◽

S. Ashok ◽

M. Satheesh

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles ◽

Large Scale ◽

Colloidal Particles ◽

Scale Up ◽

Lipid Nanoparticles ◽

Scale Production ◽

Research Activity ◽

New Approach ◽

Solid Lipid

One of the situations in the treatment of disease is the delivery of efficacious medication of appropriate concentration to the site of action in a controlled and continual manner. Nanoparticle represents an important particulate carrier system, developed accordingly. Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000 nm and composed of macromolecular material. Nanoparticles could be polymeric or lipidic (SLNs). Industry estimates suggest that approximately 40% of lipophilic drug candidates fail due to solubility and formulation stability issues, prompting significant research activity in advanced lipophile delivery technologies. Solid lipid nanoparticle technology represents a promising new approach to lipophile drug delivery. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are important advancement in this area. The bioacceptable and biodegradable nature of SLNs makes them less toxic as compared to polymeric nanoparticles. Supplemented with small size which prolongs the circulation time in blood, feasible scale up for large scale production and absence of burst effect makes them interesting candidates for study. In this present review this new approach is discussed in terms of their preparation, advantages, characterization and special features.

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Scaling-up production of plant endophytes in bioreactors: concepts, challenges and perspectives

Bioresources and Bioprocessing ◽

10.1186/s40643-021-00417-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Seedhabadee Ganeshan ◽

Seon Hwa Kim ◽

Vladimir Vujanovic

Keyword(s):

Crop Production ◽

Process Development ◽

Hazard Analysis ◽

Scale Up ◽

Process Technology ◽

Lack Of Information ◽

Agriculture Industry ◽

Start Up ◽

Plant Growth Promoting ◽

Agriculture And Food

AbstractThe benefit of microorganisms to humans, animals, insects and plants is increasingly recognized, with intensified microbial endophytes research indicative of this realization. In the agriculture industry, the benefits are tremendous to move towards sustainable crop production and minimize or circumvent the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The research leading to the identification of potential plant endophytes is long and arduous and for many researchers the challenge is ultimately in scale-up production. While many of the larger agriculture and food industries have their own scale-up and manufacturing facilities, for many in academia and start-up companies the next steps towards production have been a stumbling block due to lack of information and understanding of the processes involved in scale-up fermentation. This review provides an overview of the fermentation process from shake flask cultures to scale-up and the manufacturing steps involved such as process development optimization (PDO), process hazard analysis (PHA), pre-, in- and post-production (PIP) challenges and finally the preparation of a technology transfer package (TTP) to transition the PDO to manufacturing. The focus is on submerged liquid fermentation (SLF) and plant endophytes production by providing original examples of fungal and bacterial endophytes, plant growth promoting Penicillium sp. and Streptomyces sp. bioinoculants, respectively. We also discuss the concepts, challenges and future perspectives of the scale-up microbial endophyte process technology based on the industrial and biosafety research platform for advancing a massive production of next-generation biologicals in bioreactors.

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Evaluation of Fixed-Bed Cultures with Immobilized Lactococcus Lactis ssp. Lactis on Different Scales

The Open Biotechnology Journal ◽

10.2174/1874070701711010016 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 16-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rebecca Faschian ◽

Ilyas Eren ◽

Steven Minden ◽

Ralf Pörtner

Keyword(s):

Dilution Rate ◽

Lactococcus Lactis ◽

Scale Up ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Fixed Bed Reactor ◽

Batch Mode ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Fixed Beds ◽

Pilot Scale Reactor

Fixed-bed processes, where cells are immobilized within macroporous carriers, are a promising alternative to processes with suspended cells. A scale-up concept is presented in order to evaluate the performance as part of process design of fixed-bed processes. Therefore,Lactococcus lactiscultivation in chemostat and batch mode was compared to fixed bed cultures on three different scales, the smallest being the downscaledMultifermwith 10 mL fixed bed units, the second a 100 mL fixed-bed reactor and the third a pilot scale reactor with 1 L fixed bed volume. As expected, the volume specific lactate productivity of all cultivations was dependent on dilution rate. In suspension chemostat culture a maximum of 2.3 g·L-1·h-1was reached. Due to cell retention in the fixed-beds, productivity increased up to 8.29 g·L-1·h-1at a dilution rate of D = 1.16 h-1(corresponding to 2.4·µmax) on pilot scale. For all fixed bed cultures a common spline was obtained indicating a good scale-up performance.

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Formation of resorcinol-formaldehyde hollow nanoshells through a dissolution–regrowth process

Nanoscale ◽

10.1039/d0nr01143f ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (28) ◽

pp. 15460-15465

Author(s):

Shuai Zhou ◽

Yaocai Bai ◽

Wenjing Xu ◽

Ji Feng ◽

Xiaojing Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Shell Thickness ◽

Colloidal Particles ◽

Resorcinol Formaldehyde ◽

Hollow Nanostructures

Dissolution and regrowth of resorcinol formaldehyde (RF) colloidal particles can occur spontaneously when they are subjected to etching in solvents such as ethanol and tetrahydrofuran, resulting in the formation of hollow nanostructures with controllable shell thickness.

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A Radial Flow Contactor for Ambient Air CO2 Capture

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10031080 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 1080 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Qian Yu ◽

Wim Brilman

Keyword(s):

Radial Flow ◽

Flow Reactor ◽

Operation Mode ◽

Scale Up ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Fixed Bed Reactor ◽

Batch Mode ◽

Radial Flow Reactor ◽

Continuous Application

Direct air capture (DAC) of CO2 can address CO2 emissions from distributed sources and produce CO2 from air virtually anywhere that it is needed. In this paper, the performance of a new radial flow reactor (RFR) for CO2 adsorption from ambient air is reported. The reactor uses a supported amine sorbent and is operated in a batch mode of operation or semi-continuously, respectively without or with sorbent circulation. The radial flow reactor, containing 2 kg of the adsorbent, is successfully scaled up from the experimental results obtained with a fixed bed reactor using only 1 g of the adsorbent. In the batch operation mode, the sorbent in the annular space of the RFR is regenerated in situ. With sorbent circulation, the RFR is loaded and unloaded batchwise and only used as an adsorber. A sorbent batch loaded with CO2 is transported to and regenerated in an external (fluid bed) regenerator. The RFR unit is characterized by a low contacting energy (0.7–1.5 GJ/ton-CO2) and a relatively short adsorption time (24–43 min) compared to other DAC processes using the same types of sorbents. The contactor concept is ready for further scale-up and continuous application.

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Liposomes: From Bangham to Supercritical Fluids

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr8091022 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 1022 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paolo Trucillo ◽

Roberta Campardelli ◽

Ernesto Reverchon

Keyword(s):

Encapsulation Efficiency ◽

Operating Cost ◽

Scale Up ◽

Drug Carriers ◽

Short Review ◽

Batch Mode ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Process Scale Up ◽

Solvent Residue ◽

Aqueous Core

Liposomes are spherical vesicles made up of an aqueous core surrounded by phospholipids. These delivery systems (DS) are largely employed as drug carriers in several industrial fields, such as pharmaceutical and nutraceutical fields. The aim of this short review is to provide a fast overview on the main fundamentals of liposomes, thought as a compact guide for researchers and students that want to approach this topic for the first time. The mini-review will focus on the definitions, production methods and characterization protocols of the liposomes produced, making a critical comparison of the main conventional and supercritical based manufacturing methods available. The literature was analyzed deeply from the first works by Dr. Bangham in 1965 to the most recent supercritical fluid applications. The advantages and disadvantages of conventional and high-pressure processes will be described in terms of solvent elimination, production at the nanometric (50–300 nm) and micrometric level (1–100 μm) and encapsulation efficiency (20–90%). The first proposed methods were characterized by a low encapsulation efficiency (20–40%), resulting in drug loss, a high solvent residue and high operating cost. The repeatability of conventional processes was also low, due to the prevalent batch mode. Supercritical-assisted methods were developed in semi-continuous layouts, resulting in an easy process scale-up, better control of liposome dimensions (polydispersity index, PDI) and also higher encapsulation efficiencies (up to 90%).

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Recent Progress in the Engineering of Polymeric Membranes for CO2 Capture from Flue Gas

Membranes ◽

10.3390/membranes10110365 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 365

Author(s):

Yang Han ◽

Yutong Yang ◽

W. S. Winston Ho

Keyword(s):

Gas Separation ◽

Co2 Capture ◽

Flue Gas ◽

Large Scale ◽

Recent Progress ◽

Scale Up ◽

Polymeric Membranes ◽

Separation Performance ◽

Separation Membranes ◽

Gas Separation Membranes

CO2 capture from coal- or natural gas-derived flue gas has been widely considered as the next opportunity for the large-scale deployment of gas separation membranes. Despite the tremendous progress made in the synthesis of polymeric membranes with high CO2/N2 separation performance, only a few membrane technologies were advanced to the bench-scale study or above from a highly idealized laboratory setting. Therefore, the recent progress in polymeric membranes is reviewed in the perspectives of capture system energetics, process synthesis, membrane scale-up, modular fabrication, and field tests. These engineering considerations can provide a holistic approach to better guide membrane research and accelerate the commercialization of gas separation membranes for post-combustion carbon capture.

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