scholarly journals OPTIMISATION OF GROWING CONDITIONS OF EUROPEAN MISTLETOE HYPERPARASITIC FUNGUS (PHAEOBOTRYOSPHAERIA VISCI): EFFECT OF DIFFERENT MEDIA AND ANTIBIOTICS / OPTIMALIZÁCIA RASTOVÝCH PODMIENOK PHAEOBOTRYOSPHAERIA VISCI, HYPERPARAZITICKEJ HUBY IMELA BIELEHO: VPLYV RÔZNYCH ŽIVNÝCH MÉDIÍ A ANTIBIOTÍK

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-47
Author(s):  
Ildikó Varga ◽  
Tivadar Baltazár ◽  
Miloš Pejchal
Keyword(s):  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Viscum Album ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Oatmeal Agar ◽  
Colony Diameter ◽  
Mycelia Growth ◽  
Growing Conditions

Abstract European mistletoe (Viscum album) is an evergreen, perennial, hemiparasitic shrub, which is able to infect more than 450 woody species. Besides mechanical pruning, a hyperparasitic fungus (Phaeobotryosphaeria visci) could be a successful candidate to develop an effective biocontrol agent against mistletoe. It was necessary to find antibiotics which make the isolation easier and do not effect mycelia growth negatively under strain. Furthermore, we wanted to define a medium for optimal growth under in vitro laboratory conditions. Three different media (potato-dextrose agar, modified oatmeal agar, ¼ PDA + V8 agar) and four antibiotics (kanamycin, ampicillin, rifampicin, nystatin) were tested. Oatmeal agar and potato-dextrose agar are optimal to maintain the fungal strains, the colony diameter was 9 cm on the 12th day. All tested antibiotics are useful, except nystatin.

In vitro growth of some species of Ascochyta Lib.

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 1076-1083
Author(s):  
Tomasz Kosiada
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
In Vitro Growth ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Oatmeal Agar ◽  
The Family ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

AbstractFungi from the genus Ascochyta are generally facultative saprotrophs, which cause diseases in both monocots and dicots. Over 1 000 species belonging to this genus have been identified, 18 of which infect monocot plants from the family Poaceae. This study analyses the effects of temperature and light on the growth of selected fungi which infect monocots (A. agrostidis, A. avenae, A. brachypodii, A. desmazieri, A. digraphidis, A. ducis-aprutii, A. festucae, A. graminea, A. hordei, A. hordei var. americana, A. hordei var. europea, A. hordei var. hordei, A. melicae, A. phleina, A. skagwayensis, A. sorghi, A. stipae, A. zeicola), grown on three types of media; Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), Coon’s agar (CN) and oatmeal agar (OMA). The fastest growth among the analyzed fungi at low temperatures was found in Ascochyta melicae, while at high temperatures it was A. zeicola. The fastest in vitro growth (average of all fungi) was observed on CN medium at 20°C (3.4 mm/day), while the lowest on OM medium at 5°C (1.0 mm/day). Radial mycelial growth in dark and the light conditions varied. On average, all isolates grew faster in the dark (3.1 mm/day) than in the light (1.9 mm/day). The greatest effect on the production of pycnidia was found for the isolates. Variation in growth and production of pycnidia depended on temperature, medium and lighting for fungi from the genus Ascochyta infecting monocots. Such variation indicates a potential occurrence of these fungi in different environments.

scholarly journals ​In-vitro Effect of Different Abiotic Stresses on the Growth and Sporulation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing Anthracnose of Mango

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kannan ◽  
V. Dhivya
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Oatmeal Agar ◽  
Vitro Effect

Background: Mango productivity was very much affected due to a major fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing anthracnose mango rot. The present study was carried out to investigate the influence of abiotic factors for the support of superficial growth of isolated fungus and finding a minimum inhibitory concentration of different fungicides. Methods: Among four different culture media tested, the highest radial growth and sporulation of the fungus were recorded in Oatmeal agar (OMA) (84 mm) followed by Conn’s agar (CA), Czapek Dox agar (CDA) and Potato dextrose agar (PDA). Among the different pH tested, pH 7.0 was found to be the best in supporting the good radial growth (69 mm) followed by pH 6.0 (56 mm), pH 5.5 (49 mm), pH 7.5 (43 mm) and pH 8.0 (37 mm). Among the various temperature tested, 25oC (69.32) was found to be the best followed by 20oC (52.53 mm), 30oC (65.23 mm) and 35oC. Result: Among the fungicides tested, Zineb 68% + Hexaconazole 4% WP (avtar) was found best as the radial growth was observed to be 45, 41, 36, 32, 25 mm at 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 ppm, respectively as compared to 80 mm in control. The fungicide Tricyclazole 18% + Mancozeb 62% WP (Merger) was found to be the least effective in checking the radial growth of C. gloeosporioides even at 100 ppm concentration.

scholarly journals Biocontrol Activity of the Local Strain ofMetschnikowia pulcherrimaon Different Postharvest Pathogens

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sezai Türkel ◽  
Mihriban Korukluoğlu ◽  
Mümine Yavuz
Keyword(s):  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Grape Juice ◽  
Local Strain ◽  
Penicillium Roqueforti ◽  
Food Spoilage ◽  
Mycelia Growth ◽  
Biocontrol Activity ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Rhizopus Sp

The strains of the yeastMetschnikowia pulcherrimahave strong biocontrol activity against various microorganisms. Biocontrol activity ofM. pulcherrimalargely depends on its iron immobilizing pigment pulcherrimin. Biocontrol activity of pulcherrimin producing strain,M. pulcherrimaUMY15, isolated from local vineyards, was tested on different molds that cause food spoilage.M. pulcherrimaUMY15 was a very effective biocontrol agent againstPenicillium roqueforti,P. italicum,P. expansum, andAspergillus oryzaein in-vitro plate tests. However, the inhibitory activity ofM. pulcherrimaUMY15 was less effective onFusarium sp.andA. nigerspecies in biocontrol assays. In addition,M. pulcherrimaUMY15 strain completely inhibited the germination and mycelia growth ofA. oryzae,A. parasiticus, andFusariumsp. spores on artificial wounds of apples when they coinoculated withM. pulcherrimaUMY15. Moreover, when coinoculated,M. pulcherrimaUMY15 strain also inhibited the growth ofP. roqueforti,P. italicum,P. expansum,A. oryzae,Fusarium sp., andRhizopus sp. in grape juice, indicating thatM. pulcherrimaUMY15 can be used as a very effective biocontrol yeast against various species of postharvest pathogens, including   Penicillium,Aspergillus,Fusarium, andRhizopus.

scholarly journals Optimized Protocol for In Vitro Pollen Germination in Yam (Dioscorea spp.)

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 795
Author(s):  
Jean M. Mondo ◽  
Paterne A. Agre ◽  
Robert Asiedu ◽  
Malachy O. Akoroda ◽  
Asrat Asfaw
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Germination ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Medium Composition ◽  
Assessment Protocol ◽  
Critical Problems ◽  
Growing Conditions

Yam (Dioscorea spp.) plants are mostly dioecious and sometimes monoecious. Low, irregular, and asynchronous flowering of the genotypes are critical problems in yam breeding. Selecting suitable pollen parents and preserving yam pollen for future use are potential means of controlling these constraints and optimizing hybridization practice in yam breeding programs. However, implementing such procedures requires a robust protocol for pollen collection and viability testing to monitor pollen quality in the field and in storage. This study, therefore, aimed at optimizing the pollen germination assessment protocol for yam. The standard medium composition was stepwisely modified, the optimal growth condition was tested, and in vivo predictions were made. This study showed that the differences in yam pollen germination percentage are primarily linked to the genotype and growing conditions (i.e., medium viscosity, incubation temperature, and time to use) rather than the medium composition. The inclusion of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the culture medium caused 67–75% inhibition of germination in D. alata. Although the in vivo fertilization was dependent on female parents, the in vitro germination test predicted the percentage fruit set at 25.2–79.7% and 26.4–59.7% accuracy for D. rotundata and D. alata genotypes, respectively. This study provides a reliable in vitro yam pollen germination protocol to support pollen management and preservation efforts in yam breeding.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Two New Fungicides Against Colletotrichum Kahawae Infecting Coffee in Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
Samuel Musime Malaka ◽  
Getrude Okutoyi Alwora ◽  
Shem Nchore Bonuke
Keyword(s):  
Negative Control ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Coffee Berry ◽  
Control Data ◽  
Colony Diameter ◽  
Colletotrichum Kahawae ◽  
Poisoned Food Technique ◽  
Positive Controls

Coffee Berry Disease(CBD) caused by Colletotrichum kahawae is a destructive fungal disease of coffee in Kenya, leading to a loss of about 75%. This study aimed to assess the In Vitro efficacy of two fungicides:- CRI 1 (Pyraclostrobin 150 g/L + Fluxapyroxad 75 g/L) and CRI 2 (Pyraclostrobin 128 g/Kg + Boscalid 252 g/Kg) against C. kahawae using poisoned food technique on Potato Dextrose Agar. A total of 170 coffee berries with C. kahawae symptoms were purposively collected from both sprayed and unsprayed plots. Ten rates of each of the two fungicides were assessed ranging from 0.01% to 0.1% at an interval of 0.01%. Two commercial standard fungicides Pyraclostrobin 250 g/L at 0.04% and Tebuconazole 200 g/L + Trifloxystrobin 100 g/L at 0.1% were used as positive controls. Fungal inoculum in PDA media devoid of the fungicide acted as the negative control. Data on colony diameter was collected after every 24 hours for 13 days. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of the data on colony diameter was done using CoStat software version 6.400. The results revealed that all the rates of CRI 1 and CRI 2 fungicides controlled the colony diameter of C. kahawae compared to the control treatment. CRI 1 fungicide suppressed the growth of C. kahawae even at the lowest concentration of 0.01% with a percentage control of 64.74 %. The highest concentration of 0.1% had a percentage control of 66.15% . CRI 1 is more effective in controlling C. kahawae since it controls the fungus at a rate even lower than Pyraclostrobin 250 g/L which had a percentage control of 66.10 at a recommended rate of 0.04% and Tebuconazole 200 g/L + Trifloxystrobin 100 g/L fungicides which had a percentage control of 65.76 at a recommended rate of 0.1%. CRI 1 also hade a better percentage control as compared to CRI 2. CRI 2 had a percentage control of 54.63% at the highest rate of 0.1% and a percentage control of 35.60% at the lowest rate of 0.01% . Further studies on CRI 1 and CRI 2 fungicides should be carried out for yield assessment in the field.

scholarly journals In vitro evaluation of fungicide and bio-fungicides against isolates of Alternaria solani Sorauer

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 2295-2301
Author(s):  
CRISTINA MIHAESCU ◽  
MONICA STURZEANU ◽  
ALIN DIN
Keyword(s):  
Early Blight ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Mycelia Growth ◽  
Growth Of Fungi ◽  
High Inhibition

In vitro control of Alternaria solani included studies of different fungicides, essential oils basil and ethyl extract of Allium cepa. In Romania in the case of tomato culture it is very low due to several production constrains including diseases. One such disease is the early blight caused by fungus Alternaria solani (Ell.) Martin. The isolate used in this study was obtained from tomato and it was cultivated on three culture media: potato dextrose agar (PDA), malt extract agar and Czapek Dox medium. Using chlorothalonil, thiophanate methyl, prochloraz, tebuconazole and cooper sulphate, they were evaluated in order to control colony growth of fungi, at the concentrations recommended in agriculture by the specialized literature. The extract of Allium concentration with three levels (3%, 75% and 100%) significantly stronger effect on reducing mycelia growth, reducing spore germination and causing high inhibition percentage of A. solani. The fungal effect of the essential oil basil is very low being close to that of the control.

Effect of the endophytic plant growth promoting Enterobacter ludwigii EB4B on tomato growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.E.A. Bendaha ◽  
H.A. Belaouni
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Enterobacter Ludwigii ◽  
Tomato Growth

SummaryThis study aims to develop a biocontrol agent against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL) in tomato. For this, a set of 23 bacterial endophytic isolates has been screened for their ability to inhibit in vitro the growth of FORL using the dual plate assay. Three isolates with the most sound antagonistic activity to FORL have been qualitatively screened for siderophore production, phosphates solubilization and indolic acetic acid (IAA) synthesis as growth promotion traits. Antagonistic values of the three candidates against FORL were respectively: 51.51 % (EB4B), 51.18 % (EB22K) and 41.40 % (EB2A). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolates EB4B and EB22K were closely related to Enterobacter ludwigii EN-119, while the strain EB2A has been assigned to Leclercia adecarboxylata NBRC 102595. The promotion of tomato growth has been assessed in vitro using the strains EB2A, EB4B and EB22K in presence of the phytopathogen FORL. The treatments with the selected isolates increased significantly the root length and dry weight. Best results were observed in isolate EB4B in terms of growth promotion in the absence of FORL, improving 326.60 % of the root length and 142.70 % of plant dry weight if compared with untreated controls. In the presence of FORL, the strain EB4B improved both root length (180.81 %) and plant dry weight (202.15 %). These results encourage further characterization of the observed beneficial effect of Enterobacter sp. EB4B for a possible use as biofertilizer and biocontrol agent against FORL.

Uji Toksisitas Beberapa Fungisida Nabati terhadap Penyakit Layu Fusarium (Fusarium oxysporum) pada Tanaman Kentang (Solanum tuberosum L.) secara In Vitro (Toxicity Test of several Biofungicides in controlling Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) in Potato Plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) by In Vitro)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Ghea Dotulong ◽  
Stella Umboh ◽  
Johanis Pelealu
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
In Vitro Toxicity ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
Colony Diameter ◽  
In Vitro Toxicity Test

Uji Toksisitas Beberapa Fungisida Nabati terhadap Penyakit Layu Fusarium (Fusarium oxysporum) pada Tanaman Kentang (Solanum tuberosum L.) secara In Vitro (Toxicity Test of several Biofungicides in controlling Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) in Potato Plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) by In Vitro) Ghea Dotulong1*), Stella Umboh1), Johanis Pelealu1), 1) Program Studi Biologi, FMIPA Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado 95115*Email korespondensi: [email protected] Diterima 9 Juli 2019, diterima untuk dipublikasi 10 Agustus 2019 Abstrak Tanaman kentang (Solanum tuberosum L.) adalah salah satu tanaman hortikultura yang sering mengalami penurunan dari segi produksi dan produktivitasnya, akibat adanya serangan penyakit layu yang salah satunya disebabkan oleh Fusarium oxysporum. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi toksisitas beberapa fungisida nabati dalam mengendalikan penyakit Layu Fusarium (F. oxysporum) pada tanaman kentang (Solanum tuberosum L.) secara In Vitro. Metode Penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode umpan beracun. Data dianalisis dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan Analisis Varian (ANAVA) yang dilanjutkan dengan menggunakan metode BNT (Beda Nyata Terkecil). Hasil Penelitian, diperoleh nilai toksisitas fungisida nabati tertinggi yaitu pada ekstrak daun sirsak dengan nilai HR (69,44%), kategori berpengaruh, ditandai dengan diameter koloni 2,75 cm (100ppm) dan yang terendah toksisitasnya yaitu pada ekstrak daun jeruk purut dengan nilai HR (49,81%), kategori cukup berpengaruh ditandai dengan diameter koloni 3,75 cm (25ppm). Semakin tinggi konsentrasi yang diujikan maka semakin tinggi toksisitas dari fungisida nabati yang diberikan.Kata Kunci: fungisida nabati, Fusarium oxysporum, tanaman kentang, In Vitro Abstract Potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the horticulture plants which often decreases in terms of production and productivity, due to the attack of wilt, one of which is caused by Fusarium oxysporum. The purpose of this study was to determine the toxicity of several biofungicides in controlling Fusarium wilt (F. oxysporum) in potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Vitro. The research method used was the In Vitro method with the poison bait method. Data were analyzed by Completely Randomized Design with Variant Analysis (ANAVA), followed by the BNT method. The results showed that the highest biofungicide toxicity value was soursop leaf extract with HR values (69.44%), influential categories, characterized by colony diameter 2.75 cm (100ppm) and the lowest toxicity, namely in kaffir lime leaf extract with a value of HR (49.81%), quite influential category was characterized by colony diameter of 3.75 cm (25ppm). The higher the concentration tested, the higher the toxicity of the biofungicide given.Keywords: biofungicides, Fusarium oxysporum, Potato Plants, In Vitro.

Long-term in vitro Storage Technique of Valuable Birch Genotypes and Plant Production on its Basis

2019 ◽  
pp. 57-67
Author(s):  
T.M. Tabatskaya ◽  
N.I. Vnukova
Keyword(s):  
Plant Production ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Ex Vitro ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
In Vitro Storage ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Regenerated Plants ◽  
Growing Conditions

A technique for the long-term (up to 27 years) in vitro storage of valuable birch genotypes under normal (25 °C, 2.0 klx, 16-h day and 8-h night) and low temperature (4 °C, 0.5 klx, 6-h day and 18-h night) growing conditions on hormone-free media has been described. The study explored for the first time the influence of different strategies to store the clones of Betula pubescens and B. pendula var. сarelica (6 genotypes) on the regenerative capacity of collection samples, adaptive potential of regenerated plants and plant production by the in vitro and ex vitro techniques. It was established that both storage strategies provided a persistently high survival rate (82-100%) and regenerative capacity of in vitro shoots (the multiplication coefficient of 4.2-6.3 and rhizogenic activity of 90-100%). The clones retained their characteristics of height growth under the in vitro and ex vitro conditions, and demonstrated intraclonal homogeneity and lack of signs of somaclonal variability. The plants showed substantial interspecific differences at the stage of multiplication and transfer to the greenhouse. The highest percentage of acclimated plants (75-98% depending on the clone genotype) was obtained after planting of micro plants straight in the greenhouse, which simplified the technology and made plant production less costly. long-term in vitro storage, birch, species, genotype, micropropagation, ex vitro adaptation, plant material

scholarly journals Characteristics of Phomopsis juglandina (Sacc.) Hohn. Associated with Dieback of Walnut in the Climatic Conditions of Southern Romania

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Cristina Mihaescu ◽  
Daniel Dunea ◽  
Adrian Gheorghe Bășa ◽  
Loredana Neagu Frasin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Temperature ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
Optimal Growth Temperature ◽  
Conidial State ◽  
Optimal Ph

Phomopsis juglandina (Sacc.) Höhn., which is the conidial state of Diaporthe juglandina (Fuckel) Nitschke, and the main pathogen causing the dieback of branches and twigs of walnut was recently detected in many orchards from Romania. The symptomatological, morphological, ultrastructural, and cultural characteristics, as well as the pathogenicity of an isolate of this lignicolous fungus, were described and illustrated. The optimum periods for infection, under the conditions prevailing in Southern Romania, mainly occur in the spring (April) and autumn months (late September-beginning of October). Strong inverse correlations (p < 0.001) were found between potential evapotranspiration and lesion lengths on walnut branches in 2019. The pathogen forms two types of phialospores: alpha and beta; the role of beta phialospores is not well known in pathogenesis. In Vitro, the optimal growth temperature of mycelial hyphae was in the range of 22–26 °C, and the optimal pH is 4.4–7. This pathogen should be monitored continuously due to its potential for damaging infestations of intensive plantations.

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